DNA Base Pairing and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the smallest part of DNA that may represent a gene?

Intron

Plasmids

Anticodon

Cistron (correct)

What is the role of the initiator tRNA in the translation process?

It attaches to the A site of the ribosome

It binds to the small subunit of the ribosome

It attaches the first amino acid (methionine) to the ribosome (correct)

It pairs with the next mRNA codon at the A site

What is the name of the site on the ribosome where the initiator tRNA first binds?

Small subunit binding site

P site (correct)

Anticodon site

A site

What is the role of the anticodon on the incoming tRNA during translation?

It pairs with the next mRNA codon at the A site Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the ribosome?

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the closer loops of DNA material?

Plasmids Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA according to Chargaff's rule?

The number of purine bases is equal to the number of pyrimidine bases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA?

To store information about the proteins that make up the organism. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the functional unit of inheritance in DNA?

Gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of telomeres in chromosomes?

To prevent problems during cell division. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the less densely packed form of DNA?

Chromatin Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the p arm and q arm of a chromosome?

The p arm is the short arm, and the q arm is the long arm. Signup and view all the answers

What does the codon AUG represent?

Start codon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is incorrect?

The code overlaps, and codons are not read sequentially. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of tRNA/soluble RNAs in protein synthesis?

To transport individual amino acids to the ribosomes based on the codon sequence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following codons represents a stop/termination codon?

UAA Signup and view all the answers

In the process of protein synthesis, what happens when an amino acid combines with ATP?

An amino acyl adenylate is formed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mRNA?

Carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm for protein formation Signup and view all the answers

During protein synthesis, what is the role of tRNA?

Transfers amino acid molecules to ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rRNA in protein synthesis?

Constitutes 40-50% of ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing transcription in protein synthesis?

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA ligase in protein synthesis?

Joins Okazaki fragments together Signup and view all the answers

How many codons make up a coding triplet in the genetic code?

64 Signup and view all the answers

What event causes protein synthesis to stop?

The ribosome reaches a stop codon on mRNA Signup and view all the answers

When the ribosome shifts by one codon, where does the tRNA previously at the A site move to?

P site Signup and view all the answers

Where does the peptide bond formation occur during protein synthesis?

A site Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of guanine and cytosine in protein synthesis?

Forming peptide bonds with amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which tRNA site contains the amino acid that participates in forming the peptide bond?

A site Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Central Dogma and Protein Synthesis

Anticodon: a set of nucleotides used in the formation of a polypeptide chain
Cistron: the smallest part of DNA that represents a gene
Intron: smaller sub-units of DNA that cannot represent a gene
Plasmids: closed loops of DNA material

Ribosomes and mRNA

Ribosomes consist of a small subunit and a large subunit
Initiator tRNA binds to the P site on the small subunit
mRNA binds to the ribosome at the A site
The large subunit joins the small subunit to form a functional ribosome

Codons and Amino Acids

Codons: sequences of three nucleotides that specify an amino acid
Initiator codon (AUG) starts protein synthesis
Stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) terminate protein synthesis
The first two bases of a codon are more significant and important

Characteristics of the Genetic Code

Universal: all organisms have the same codon for each amino acid
Degenerate code: more than one codon can specify the same amino acid
Continuous: the code is read sequentially, with no overlap

Protein Synthesis Stages

Transcription: generating mRNA from DNA
Translation: decoding mRNA to form a polypeptide chain
Formation of a Polypeptide Chain: amino acids are activated and transported to the ribosomes

Transcription

Enzyme-dependent process of generating mRNA from DNA
Catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme
Three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination

Translation

Process by which ribosomes translate/decode the information carried by mRNA
Production of 20 amino acids
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm (ribosomes)

The Genetic Code

Codons/Coding triplet: groups of three adjacent bases that specify an amino acid
64 codons in the genetic code
Most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon

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Description

Test your knowledge on DNA base pairing, including the significance of A=T and G=C in Chargaff's Rule, and the functions of DNA in storing genetic information. Explore concepts like genes, chromosomes, and chromatin.