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Questions and Answers
What does DNA code for?
What does DNA code for?
DNA codes for or instructs the production of all protein in a cell.
Where is the code hidden in the DNA molecule?
Where is the code hidden in the DNA molecule?
The code is hidden in the order of the nitrogen bases of the DNA molecule.
Who proved Transformation of DNA (mouse experiment)?
Who proved Transformation of DNA (mouse experiment)?
Griffith
Who proved that DNA is the genetic code (enzyme & extract experiment)?
Who proved that DNA is the genetic code (enzyme & extract experiment)?
Who confirmed that DNA was the genetic code (blender radioactive bacteriophage experiment)?
Who confirmed that DNA was the genetic code (blender radioactive bacteriophage experiment)?
In 1949, who observed that for each organism he studied, the amount of adenine always equaled the amount of thymine (A=T)?
In 1949, who observed that for each organism he studied, the amount of adenine always equaled the amount of thymine (A=T)?
The amount of guanine always equaled the amount of cytosine (G=C).
The amount of guanine always equaled the amount of cytosine (G=C).
The amount of adenine and thymine and of guanine and cytosine is consistent between different organisms.
The amount of adenine and thymine and of guanine and cytosine is consistent between different organisms.
What holds the nitrogenous bases together in DNA?
What holds the nitrogenous bases together in DNA?
What always pairs with purines on one strand of DNA?
What always pairs with purines on one strand of DNA?
Who proposed the structure for DNA in 1953?
Who proposed the structure for DNA in 1953?
What shape is DNA?
What shape is DNA?
What is each strand of DNA composed of?
What is each strand of DNA composed of?
What are nucleotides composed of?
What are nucleotides composed of?
What groups do nucleotides have?
What groups do nucleotides have?
Which of the following are Purines?
Which of the following are Purines?
Purines have 2 rings.
Purines have 2 rings.
What is the sugar phosphate backbone position?
What is the sugar phosphate backbone position?
What unzips the DNA?
What unzips the DNA?
What adds in base pairs to the new strands going from the 3' to 5' on the template DNA strand?
What adds in base pairs to the new strands going from the 3' to 5' on the template DNA strand?
What proofreads the bases to make sure the bases match?
What proofreads the bases to make sure the bases match?
What glues the fragments together?
What glues the fragments together?
What closes the strands?
What closes the strands?
Flashcards
DNA's function
DNA's function
DNA contains the instructions for the production of all protein in a cell.
Genetic code location
Genetic code location
The order of nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) within the DNA molecule.
Griffith's transformation
Griffith's transformation
Griffith's experiment showed that genetic information could be transferred between dead and living bacteria.
Avery's experiment conclusion
Avery's experiment conclusion
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Hershey-Chase confirmation
Hershey-Chase confirmation
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Chargaff's rule
Chargaff's rule
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Hydrogen bonds in DNA
Hydrogen bonds in DNA
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Purines
Purines
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Pyrimidines
Pyrimidines
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Base pairing rule
Base pairing rule
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Nucleotide
Nucleotide
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DNA shape
DNA shape
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Sugar-phosphate backbone
Sugar-phosphate backbone
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Helicase function
Helicase function
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DNA Polymerase III function
DNA Polymerase III function
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DNA Polymerase I function
DNA Polymerase I function
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DNA Ligase function
DNA Ligase function
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Lagging Strand
Lagging Strand
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Leading strand
Leading strand
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Replication fork
Replication fork
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Chromosomes
Chromosomes
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Chromatin composition
Chromatin composition
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Histones
Histones
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Prokaryotic DNA structure
Prokaryotic DNA structure
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Direction DNA Polymerase III synthesizes the strand
Direction DNA Polymerase III synthesizes the strand
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Wilkins & Franklin contribution
Wilkins & Franklin contribution
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Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick
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DNA gyrase
DNA gyrase
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Nucleosome
Nucleosome
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DNA Replication
DNA Replication
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Study Notes
- DNA is genetic material
- DNA codes for or instructs the production of all protein in a cell
- The code is hidden in the order of the nitrogen bases of the DNA molecule
Griffith's Experiment
- Griffith proved transformation of DNA in a mouse experiment
Avery’s Experiment
- Oswald Avery and scientists proved that DNA is the genetic code via enzyme and extract experiments
Hershey & Chase
- Hershey & Chase confirmed DNA was the genetic code, using radioactively labeled bacteriophage experiments.
Chargaff's Observations
- In 1949, Erwin Chargaff observed that for each organism he studied, the amount of adenine always equaled the amount of thymine (A=T)
- The amount of guanine always equaled the amount of cytosine (G=C)
- The amount of A, T, G, and C varied between different organisms
- Weak hydrogen bonds hold the bases together
- A-T have 2 bonds
- C-G have 3 bonds
- This is called base pairing
Base Pairing
- Purines on one strand of DNA always pair with pyrimidines on the other strand.
- Wilkins and Franklin used X-ray diffraction to study the structures of molecules
- X-ray diffraction of DNA suggested that the DNA molecule was a tightly coiled helix composed of 2 or 3 chains of nucleotides.
Watson and Crick
- In 1953, Crick and Watson proposed a structure for DNA based on x-ray evidence by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
- DNA is a double helix of two strands twisted around each other
- Each strand is composed of linked nucleotides
- Nucleotides consist of: phosphate group; five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose); and a nitrogen-containing base
Nucleotides
- DNA is a polymer of subunits called nucleotides
- There is a 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, & a nitrogenous base
Structure of DNA
- Nucleotides have 2 groups: purines and pyrimidines
- Purines(Adenine & Guanine) have 2 rings
- Pyrimidines (Cytosine & Thymine) have 1 ring
- Sugars & phosphates form the backbone of the chain, and the nitrogenous bases stick out from the chain
- The sugar phosphate backbone is in the 5'-3' position and is determined by the carbon phosphate bonding position
DNA and Chromosomes
- Prokaryotes' DNA is a circular loop in the cytoplasm
- Eukaryotes have up to 1000 times the DNA and keep it in chromosomes
- DNA must be folded and coiled to fit in the cell and the human DNA is over 3 meters long
- Chromosomes are made of super-coiled chromatin
- Chromatin is DNA coiled around the protein Histone
- DNA and Histones combine to make a bead-like structure
Replication
- Before a cell divides it must replicate its DNA
- Enzymes often work in hundreds of places at a time to replicate the DNA
- An enzyme unzips the DNA (helicase)
- An enzyme adds in base pairs to the new strands (DNA Polymerase III), going from the 3' to 5' on the template DNA strand -(3' is sugar and 5' is phosphate)
- Another enzyme proofreads the bases to make sure the bases match (DNA Polymerase I)
- The top strand is copied continuously
- The bottom strand is copied in fragments and an enzyme glues the fragments together (DNA Ligase)
- DNA gyrase closes the strands
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Description
Explore the role of DNA as genetic material, coding for protein production. Learn about key experiments by Griffith, Avery, and Hershey & Chase that confirmed DNA's role. Understand Chargaff's observations and the principles of base pairing, with A=T and G=C.
