DNA and RNA Structures, Malaria Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

  • Ribose sugar, amino acid, nitrogen base
  • Ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
  • Deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base, amino acid
  • Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base (correct)

    • Which pairs of nitrogen bases are found in DNA?

  • Cytosine with Thymine
  • Adenine with Thymine (correct)
  • Guanine with Uracil
  • Adenine with Uracil

    • How does RNA differ from DNA?

  • RNA contains thymine instead of uracil
  • RNA has a circular structure while DNA is linear
  • RNA uses ribose sugar while DNA uses deoxyribose sugar (correct)
  • RNA is double stranded while DNA is single stranded

    • What is the structure of DNA?

    <p>Double helix and linear in eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CRISPR stand for?

    <p>Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of CRISPR in genetic modification?

    <p>To selectively modify a specific DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with Plasmodium?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does RNA play in protein synthesis?

    <p>It transports amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does gRNA play in the CRISPR/Cas-9 system?

    <p>It guides the Cas-9 enzyme to the specific target DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of modifying mosquito genes that are involved in immune responses?

    <p>To make them more resistant to the Plasmodium parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PAM sequence do in the CRISPR system?

    <p>It is the location where the DNA is cut by the Cas-9 enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can CRISPR be used to ensure that modified genes are passed to almost all offspring?

    <p>By creating a gene drive mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is achieved through the gene knock-out process?

    <p>A faulty gene is silenced or rendered non-functional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary aim of using CRISPR technology with mosquitoes?

    <p>To impede the transmission of malaria by altering mosquito genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical action does the Cas-9 enzyme perform during the CRISPR process?

    <p>It cleaves the DNA at a targeted site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gene drive technology specifically ensure in genetically modified mosquitoes?

    <p>Rapid dispersal of modified traits throughout the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a consequence of editing genes that affect mosquito reproduction?

    <p>It helps spread resistance traits through the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical requirement for successful CRISPR targeting?

    <p>The target sequence needs to be adjacent to a PAM sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the nuclear entry process in CRISPR, what happens to the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex?

    <p>It enters the nucleus and prepares for DNA binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CRISPR technology contribute to the fight against malaria?

    <p>By editing mosquito genes to interrupt the parasite's lifecycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using the gene knock-in process in CRISPR?

    <p>A new gene sequence is inserted to restore normal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of mosquitoes is primarily targeted to modify malaria transmission susceptibility?

    <p>Genetic traits related to resistance against Plasmodium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential impact does CRISPR technology have on malaria transmission?

    <p>It aims to make mosquitoes resistant to malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential economic benefit of using CRISPR against malaria?

    <p>Higher productivity in healthier populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ethical considerations associated with genetically modifying mosquitoes?

    <p>Cultural resistance may arise in local communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of releasing genetically modified mosquitoes into the wild?

    <p>It may cause unintended changes to local ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Cas enzyme play in CRISPR technology?

    <p>It allows for precise targeting of genes in genetic modifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might wild mosquitoes develop resistance to CRISPR-based modifications?

    <p>Through natural selection and survival of the fittest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary goals of using CRISPR in malaria control?

    <p>Preventing the transmission of Plasmodium by mosquitoes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a long-term ecological concern of gene drives in mosquitoes?

    <p>Increased vulnerability of non-target species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the simplicity of CRISPR technology?

    <p>The simplicity of creating guide RNAs makes it scalable for genome editing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor for the success of CRISPR in combating malaria globally?

    <p>Collaboration among countries for equitable access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Structure and Function

    • DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides.
    • Nucleotides include deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G).
    • A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
    • The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the DNA's structure.
    • DNA carries genetic information in the sequence of base pairs.
    • Genes are specific DNA sequences that code for proteins.
    • DNA is linear in eukaryotes and circular in prokaryotes.

    RNA Structure and Function

    • RNA is a single-stranded molecule.
    • RNA is similar to DNA, using nucleotides.
    • RNA nucleotides contain ribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, G).
    • A pairs with U, and C pairs with G.
    • RNA facilitates protein synthesis through transcription and translation or delivers proteins.

    Malaria Overview

    • Malaria is a fatal disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite.
    • Transmission occurs through infected mosquitoes.
    • The parasite multiplies in the mosquito's midgut and salivary glands.
    • Infection enters the human bloodstream through the mosquito's bite.

    CRISPR Technology

    • CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, is a bacterial immune system.
    • Scientists adapted CRISPR for genome editing.
    • CRISPR allows precise targeting and editing of DNA sequences.
    • It can modify genes, turn genes on/off, or introduce new genes without altering the existing sequence beyond the target.

    CRISPR for Malaria Resistance in Mosquitoes

    • CRISPR aims to modify mosquitoes to prevent malaria transmission.
    • Targeting genetic modifications in mosquitoes that impact Plasmodium development or transmission.
    • Genes involved in malaria development are tailored for resistance.
    • Modifying immune responses, reproduction, or parasite infection mechanisms in mosquitoes.

    CRISPR Mechanism

    • CRISPR/Cas9 systems require a guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9 enzyme.
    • gRNA guides Cas9 to the target DNA sequence within the organism's genome.
    • Cas9 acts as "molecular scissors," cutting the DNA at the target site.
    • PAM (Protospacer Adjacent Motif) signals a Cas9 enzyme cut point within the DNA sequence.
    • The DNA repair mechanisms in the cell allow a new DNA sequence to insert, or the insertion or deletion of bases in the gene.

    Gene Drive Mechanism

    • Gene drives ensure that edited genes are passed on to most offspring.
    • Designed to modify both copies of a gene during reproduction, increasing the trait's spreading within a population.
    • Modifying mosquitoes for malaria resistance is a practical application.
    • The edited genes help the mosquito's immune system, and hinder the Plasmodium parasite in the midgut and reproductive organs.

    CRISPR Applications and Impacts

    • CRISPR applications reduce reliance on insecticides and drugs to control malaria.
    • Potential for global malaria eradication by spreading resistance traits quickly through the mosquito population.
    • Potential positive impacts on global health and healthcare costs.
    • Potential negative impacts on ecosystems and species diversity, as well as unknown long term effects.
    • Ethical concerns surrounding genetic modifications and ecological safety are warranted.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental structures and functions of DNA and RNA, including their nucleotide components and roles in genetic information and protein synthesis. Additionally, gain insight into malaria, a disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite and its transmission through mosquitoes.

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