32 Questions
What is the significance of the little dashes (apostrophes) next to the 5 and 3 in deoxyribose?
Indicate the directionality of carbon atoms in deoxyribose
What structural difference exists between Thymine and Uracil?
Differ by a methyl group on Thymine
Why do regions rich in A-T in double-stranded DNA tend to separate more easily?
Higher number of hydrogen bonds between A-T pairs
Why is drawing a 3D double helix structure of DNA considered super important?
To depict the hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs
In which biological molecule is the Stem Loop structure commonly found?
tRNA
What makes ATP unstable and easily breakable?
High energy stored in phosphate bonds
Which carbon in deoxyribose is referred to as 5’?
The carbon with a phosphate group
What is the main reason for the ease of separation of A-T rich regions in double-stranded DNA?
A-T forms fewer hydrogen bonds than G-C
What does the presence of a methyl group differentiate Thymine from Uracil in DNA?
Polarity of the nitrogenous base
Why is it important to draw the 3D double helix structure of DNA accurately?
To visualize hydrogen bonding between bases
What does the Stem Loop structure in tRNA indicate about its function?
It stabilizes tRNA structure
In terms of stability, what feature of ATP makes it easily breakable?
High energy bond between phosphate groups
During DNA transcription, what role does RNA polymerase play?
Binds to the DNA near the start site of transcription
In prokaryotic cells, which type of rRNA is involved in initiation complex formation?
5S rRNA
What occurs during the termination stage of the translation process?
The ribosome releases the polypeptide chain
Which protein regulates gene expression by enhancing transcription?
Activators
In eukaryotic cells, what is the composition of a ribosome's large subunit?
60S rRNA and proteins
What is the function of the small ribosomal subunit during translation initiation?
Binds to the initiator tRNA
How do repressors affect gene expression?
Block RNA polymerase binding or recruit DNA-modifying enzymes
What is the main role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
Translating codon-anticodon pairs into amino acids
What type of RNA forms the structural backbone of ribosomes?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Which stage of translation involves creating peptide bonds between amino acids?
Elongation
During RNA transcription, what serves as a template for synthesizing a complementary RNA copy?
DNA
Which types of nucleotides are used to synthesize a complementary RNA copy during transcription?
rNTPs
In the context of transcription, what is the function of mRNA?
Transfers genetic code to ribosomes
What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein biosynthesis?
Binds to amino acids and transfers them onto polypeptide chains
Which genetic information molecule carries unique sequences due to specific base pairing rules?
mRNA
What is the primary product encoded by most human genes?
'Primary' mRNA product
How do tRNA molecules recognize specific codons on mRNA?
Via their anticodons
What is the unique shape characteristic of each tRNA species that aids in its function?
'Cloverleaf' shape
Which cellular process involves decoding mRNA sequences to create proteins?
'Translation'
What is the main reason for cells to produce proteins based on genetic instructions?
Enable metabolic reactions.
Learn about the structure of DNA and RNA, including monomeric units, deoxyribose carbons, and the differences between thymine and uracil. Understand the regions of double-stranded DNA that need to separate during processes like replication and transcription.
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