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Questions and Answers
What does DNA stand for?
What is the main function of DNA in cells?
Why is the study of DNA important?
What is the structure of DNA?
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What are the components of a nucleotide?
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What is the base pair rule in DNA?
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What holds the sides of the DNA ladder together?
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What is unique about the base pair rule C-G or G-C?
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Where is DNA found?
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What is the significance of the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
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What is used to transport DNA instructions to the ribosomes?
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What sugar is found in RNA?
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What is the diameter of DNA?
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How far could the DNA of an average human stretch?
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What is used to break open cells during DNA extraction?
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What is the purpose of enzymes such as proteases and ribonucleases during DNA extraction?
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What is a key advantage of the fluorometric method over spectrophotometric DNA quantitation?
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What is the purpose of genotyping?
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What is the change in folding structure of a protein caused by heating or exposure to certain chemicals?
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What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?
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What is the technique used to create multiple copies of DNA from a sample?
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What is the first step in studying or working with nucleic acids?
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What is the purpose of Southern blotting?
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What type of genetic variation consists of a single nucleotide mutation at a specific locus?
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What is the bond that links nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule?
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What is the term for the process of separating the two strands of DNA?
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What is the primary function of DNA polymerase enzyme?
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What is the most common type of RNA that is analyzed in genetic material manipulation?
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What is the basis of separation of molecules in gel electrophoresis?
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In which part of the cell is DNA typically located?
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What is the purpose of loading molecular-weight standard samples in gel electrophoresis?
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What is the direction of movement of nucleic acids in gel electrophoresis?
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What is the primary purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique?
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What is the function of primers in the PCR process?
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What is the benefit of using Taq polymerase in PCR?
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What is the first step in the reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) process?
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What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis in nucleic acid analysis?
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What is the enzyme responsible for converting RNA to DNA in RT-PCR?
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What is the term for the process of converting RNA to DNA?
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What is the purpose of PCR in genetic analysis?
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Study Notes
DNA Facts
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a molecule that stores genetic information in cells.
- DNA copies itself exactly for new cells.
- Chromosomes are made of DNA.
- DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.
Importance of DNA Study
- The study of DNA is essential to all life on earth.
- Medical benefits of DNA study include disease detection, treatment, and prevention.
- DNA study is important for the development of crops.
- DNA study is used in forensics.
DNA Structure
- DNA is a polymer composed of repeating subunits called nucleotides.
- DNA consists of two long strands, each a chain of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides consist of phosphate, carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogen base.
- The two strands twist around a central axis to form a double helix.
Nitrogenous Bases
- There are four types of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
- Adenine can bond only with thymine (A-T or T-A).
- Cytosine can bond only with guanine (C-G or G-C).
- This is called the base pair rule.
DNA Translation
- DNA is in the nucleus.
- To make proteins, DNA must get its instructions to the ribosomes.
- DNA uses messenger RNA (mRNA) to transport its instructions.
RNA
- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) consists of only one strand of nucleotides.
- RNA has ribose (a 5C sugar) NOT deoxyribose.
- RNA has uracil (U) as a nitrogenous base NOT thymine.
DNA by the Numbers
- Each cell has about 3 meters of DNA.
- The average human has 300 trillion cells.
- The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times.
- DNA has a diameter of only 0.000000002 meters (2 x10-9m).
DNA and RNA Extraction
- To study or manipulate nucleic acids, DNA or RNA must first be isolated or extracted from cells.
- DNA or RNA extraction involves breaking open cells, destroying unwanted macromolecules, and separating the desired molecules.
- Fluorometric DNA quantitation provides key advantages such as increased sensitivity, high selectivity for double-stranded DNA, and improved contaminant tolerance.
DNA Analysis
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotyping is a process for analyzing genetic differences among individuals.
- SNP genotyping is used to identify disease-related mutations in various species.
- Electrophoresis is a method for separating and analyzing large molecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, by migrating a colloidal solution through a gel under the influence of an electric field.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique for creating multiple copies of DNA from a sample.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size.
- Gel electrophoresis depends on the negatively-charged ions present on nucleic acids at neutral or basic pH.
- Nucleic acids are loaded into a slot near the negative electrode of a porous gel matrix and pulled toward the positive electrode at the opposite end of the gel.
- Smaller molecules move through the pores in the gel faster than larger molecules, separating them on the basis of size.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- PCR is a technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA for further analysis.
- PCR is used for cloning gene fragments, identifying contaminant foreign DNA, and amplifying DNA for sequencing.
- Primers—short pieces of DNA complementary to each end of the target sequence—are combined with genomic DNA, Taq polymerase, and deoxynucleotides.
- Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is similar to PCR, but cDNA is made from an RNA template before PCR begins.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of DNA, its structure, and importance in the field of biology and medicine. It includes topics such as chromosomes, genetic information, and protein synthesis.
