DMAIC: Control Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of Control Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) in the control phase?

  • To identify potential failures in the improved process and ensure effective controls are in place. (correct)
  • To identify cost reduction opportunities during the project implementation phase.
  • To analyze customer feedback and incorporate it into current processes.
  • To streamline communication between team members during the project.

Which of the following is NOT a basic element of the Control FMEA?

  • Listing the project budget and potential cost overruns. (correct)
  • Associating one or more failure modes to each Control element.
  • Assigning risks based on the severity, occurrence, and detectability of failure modes.
  • Listing the actions/tasks used to control each Improve element.

What role does the Install Coordinator play in the provided FMEA example regarding customer no-shows?

  • Managing customer complaints and providing refunds for missed appointments.
  • Approving customer appointments and managing the installation schedule.
  • Confirming each appointment in person and reverting the appointment back to sales if confirmation fails. (correct)
  • Training installers on how to handle customer no-shows effectively.

In the context of Control FMEA, what does 'remedial action plan' primarily define?

<p>The checks and balances put in place to detect non-compliance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a control plan?

<p>To detail process steps, key inputs, outputs, and response plans for monitoring performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the material, what is a key characteristic of an effective control plan?

<p>It ensures the process consistently meets customer requirements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When preparing a control plan, which aspect needs to be concentrated on?

<p>What needs to be monitored, who will monitor the process, and what actions to take if specifications are unmet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of process mapping is typically used in the Define phase to identify key input and output variables?

<p>SIPOC or high-level process flow diagrams. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question is NOT directly answered by a control plan?

<p>What customer segment is most profitable? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of control plans, what does the term 'Contingency Plan Element' refer to?

<p>Actions planned when processes deviate from their intended path. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of identifying root causes and correcting them temporarily?

<p>Corrective action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between 'Compensate', 'Correct', and 'Prevent' in contingency and remedial plans?

<p>'Compensate' involves making adjustments without identifying the root causes; 'Correct' identifies and corrects the root causes temporarily; 'Prevent' identifies and permanently corrects the root causes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In process control, what is the role of visual controls and dashboards?

<p>To visually display key business metrics and highlight areas of concern at a glance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of a good dashboard?

<p>It’s short, showing key metrics against targets and trends. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering the accuracy of process documentation for Quality, why is 'correctness' important?

<p>To ensure the trustworthiness of the process for employees. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When developing process documentation, what’s a pitfall to avoid?

<p>Omitting information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of developing process procedures, why is it important to 'Document why you need this procedure'?

<p>To specify the impact on quality, cost, delivery, or safety. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process of developing procedures, what should one do after reconciling and revising a written procedure?

<p>Produce materials needed to start using the procedure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Deployment Plan?

<p>To define a step-by-step guide on how to implement improvements and leverage them for maximum ROI. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the material, what should a deployment plan include?

<p>Relevant information about tasks, issue tracking, and roles/responsibilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When creating a deployment plan, what should be considered as an OUTPUT?

<p>The implementation task list. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the creation of a Deployment Plan, what factor might prevent deployment?

<p>Allowing the sponsor/champion to rush completion to the detriment of establishing solid control methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a communication plan?

<p>To guide the transition from project team to process owner and organization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key question does a handoff communication plan address?

<p>Who needs to know what, and when do they need to know it? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a Handoff Communication Plan, what does 'Media' refer to?

<p>Written documentation, events, or one-on-one communications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a training plan in the context of process improvement?

<p>Increasing the capability of people to support changes in process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When creating a training plan, what key element should be addressed?

<p>Why is a change in process needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to training implementation, what critical element needs cataloging?

<p>Skills and Aptitudes needed (The Demand). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After identifying the required skills and the current workforce skills, what step follows in a training plan?

<p>Identifying differences and shortages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal after executing the deployment plan and training?

<p>Project action plan Solidified. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided materials, what constitutes a source of internal change within an organization?

<p>Corporate mission and objectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered a source of external change?

<p>Laws/Regulations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical emotional reaction to change that should be considered?

<p>Concern regarding the transition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the material, what is the crucial initial step in Kotter's Change Management Model?

<p>Establish a sense of urgency. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kotter, what is the purpose of generating short-term wins?

<p>To boost employee morale and demonstrate the value of change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Change Acceleration Process (CAP) model, what is the first step in leading change?

<p>Creating a shared need. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be kept in mind to make sure projects are handed-off successfully?

<p>Metrics are important, and the process is stable and in control. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a Control FMEA from a Process FMEA?

<p>A Control FMEA focuses specifically on the dynamics of the control phase, while a Process FMEA broadly analyzes the entire process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome if the objectives of a procedure are not clearly stated?

<p>The audit can't determine if objectives are being achieved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should changes to actual practices be made, relative to the documented procedures?

<p>After confirming the impact of discrepancies and identifying better practices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for auditing a procedure that has been put into routine use?

<p>As specified in the overall control plan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the 'How to track issues and resolve them' element in Deployment Plans?

<p>To ensure smooth problem resolution during deployment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is documenting new opportunities that arise during a project important for handing off?

<p>This ensures these are fed into future project selections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of tracking 'Time Tracking Codes' to a project?

<p>Aids in future planning for resource allocation and project costing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'Deployment is a Journey Not a Destination' imply in change management?

<p>Deployment demands continuous process improvement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to describe a good dashboard?

<p>Short, complete with key metrics against targets, trends, and visual clarity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a control element fails, what is the purpose of the 'Contingency Plans' element?

<p>Detailing action plans for failure prevention or actions when a failure occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the general rules of process documentation?

<p>Compliance to documented processes should be easy to check. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked with internal suppliers and customers during procedure development?

<p>The content of the documents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily determines the success when designing employee training?

<p>Training is focused on the audience needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of 'Measurements' in sustaining gains after project completion?

<p>Measurements should be established for monitoring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's the potential impact if the team retain project responsibility after the project has been handed off?

<p>Incomplete knowledge transfer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Control FMEA is used to identify potential failures in the improved process and ensure effective controls are in place.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Control FMEA is primarily focused on dynamics discussed in the Define phase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Listing the X's or process steps and their improvement solutions is a basic element of the Control FMEA.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assigning risks in the Control FMEA is purely based on the occurrence of failure modes, ignoring severity and detectability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Control FMEA, remedial plans specifically aim at preventing failure modes from occurring in the first place.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Control Plan solely focuses on documenting process steps and does not link them to necessary input and output measurements.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Control Plans ensure that the process meets the company's requirements but may revert to the way it previously operated.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Providing predictive insights, facilitating adjustments before defects occur, is a characteristic of Control Plans.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In process mapping for the Define phase, complex tools like Value Stream Maps are typically used to identify key variables.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compensating actions that address a problem without identifying the root cause are as effective as preventative measures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual controls and dashboards provide an easy way to see key business metrics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A good dashboard should contain no more than 15 metrics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual controls are used to limit readability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dashboards only show key Metrics and do not include targets.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Process documentation ensures compliance with specific standards and procedures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Employees do not need understand process documentation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is important for processes to be accurate and unconsistent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Documentation should be very difficult to access.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A risk with procedures involves a lack of involvement from employees.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A checklist should not be used when developing procedures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deployment plans provide relevant information about tasks and responsibilities during all stages.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deployment plans do not define who does what.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Training plans can be an input in the deployment process.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rushing the completion of a project after deployment is good.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effective handoff of a project requires a transition from the GB and team to process owner and organization.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only a select few stakeholders need to know about the new process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the handoff of training process specifications only one person benefits from this.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only an internal part of change is training.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Training requirements should not be focussed on the audience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skills and aptitudes dont need to be identified in training.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skills of the workforce don't need to be identified.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A training program can be implemented to close the gap in quality.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Execute deployment can only be done internally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deployment is not a destination but a journey.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You dont need to show how the training is good for the person being trained.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A robust suite of Metrics in place is no needed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Balanced score cards are crucial for metrics.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Benchmarking is useful.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Time tracking codes shouldn't be closed off.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Change can not be inevitable.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Control FMEA should be used to control each Define element.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Control FMEA is a tool to identify potential failures in the improved process.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual controls and dashboards are optional components of the control phase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Control FMEA, assigning risks is based on the longevity, occurrence, and detectability of the failure modes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A control plan ensures the process consistently meets customer requirements.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Control plans are useful in Six Sigma projects.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Analyze phase detailed process mapping will be used to monitor the improved process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reviewing the documentation is not necessary when improving a process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The deployment plan outlines an approach and execution planned for the deployment of the project design.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both internal and external factors can initiate organizational change.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'training plan' identifies the differences, shortages, and overages in needed skills.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Handoff Communication plan, knowledge transfer to key stakeholders is not important.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary need for communication plans is to only keep the project team informed of project status.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kotter's change management model, creating a sense of urgency is the last step to implement a lasting change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regards to visual dashboards, it is better to implement a complicated visual dashboard so users are able to see all the data points related to a process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Control FMEA

A tool to identify potential failures in an improved process and ensure effective controls are in place to detect or prevent failures.

Control Plan

A detailed document linking process steps to key input/output measurement details, with a response plan for out-of-control conditions.

Why Use Control Plans?

They provide predictive information, enabling adjustments before defects occur, ensuring goals are consistently met.

Dashboards

A visual display of key business metrics, offering a quick overview of concerns and their magnitude.

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Process Documentation - General Rules

Compliance, practical, economical, accessible, and understandable by employees.

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Deployment Plan

A step-by-step guide for the final stage of a project to implement improvements and maximize ROI across the organization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Handoff Communication Plan

Transition from the Green Belt team to the process owner, ensuring key people know what they need to about the new process.

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Training Plan

A plan focused on the learning needs of the audience that will be trained.

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Change Considerations

Acknowledge emotional concern, understand the transition, and emphasize the necessity of following up.

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Kotter's Change Model

A model with 8 steps: Create Urgency, Form a Coalition, Create Vision, Communicate, Remove Obstacles, Create short-term wins, Sustain Acceleration, Make it Stick

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Force Field Analysis

Driving forces need to outweigh the restraining forces.

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Control FMEA: Basics

Five basic elements: listing process steps, actions to control improvements, failure modes, prevention plans, and risk assignment.

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Control FMEA Purpose

Ensures all necessary elements of the control phase are addressed.

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Good Dashboard

A visual aid that shows trends and comparisons to goals, improving readability using color.

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Quality Documentation Attributes

They must be accurate, consistent, structured, and compliant with regulations.

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Developing Procedures: Pitfalls

Not involving employees, skipping testing, and omitting needed information.

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Deployment Plan: Purpose

Ensure smooth deployment for all and provides information on tasks, issue tracking, and roles.

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Deployment Plan: Inputs

Deployment goals, responsibilities, communication, issue tracking, contingency, and training.

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Deployment Plan: Outputs

Implementation list, communication, issue tracking, contingency, and training.

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Communication During Handoff

Transition from team to process owner with communication about what they need to know, when necessary

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Change: Awareness

Acknowledge inevitable shifts from internal or external sources and to accommodate a transition

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Effectiveness Equation

Technical strategy, people strategy, and sustainable change.

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Deployment Plan Purpose

Step-by-step guide answering what, when, where, how, and by whom tasks are to be done .

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Study Notes

  • DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) is a methodology that focuses on improving process quality and efficiency.
  • The control Phase of the DMAIC Model is is about controlling the process and validating project benefits.
  • The control phase should include Control Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, Control Plan, Visual Controls and Dashboards, Document Process Procedures, Updated Development Plan, Communication Plan, Training Plan, Execute Deployment Plan, Other Opportunities, Report Out / Hand-off / Closure and Managing Change.

Control Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

  • Control FMEA is a tool for identifying potential failures in an improved process.
  • Control FMEA ensures controls are in place to detect or prevent failure.
  • It ensures that all elements of the control phase are addressed.
  • A Control FMEA Worksheet can be created to properly monitor the critical X's
  • Control FMEA is similar to the Process FMEA from the Analyze Phase, but focused solely on the dynamics of the control phase.
  • Use the Control FMEA as a basis for Control Plans.
  • Five basic elements of the Control FMEA:
    • Listing the X's or process steps and their improve solutions
    • Listing the actions/tasks that will be used to control each Improve element
    • Associating one or more failure modes to each Control element
    • Determining and preventing contingency and remedial plans, checks and balances, for these failure modes
    • Assigning risks based on the severity, occurrence and detectability of the failure modes to affect the project goal

Control Plans

  • Control plans ensure the process consistently meets customer requirements.
  • Control plans ensure the process does not revert to the way it previously operated.
  • They provide predictive information for adjustments to be made before defects occur.
  • Control plans are a major difference between Six Sigma and other quality initiatives.
  • A control plan is a detailed document linking process steps to key input and output measurement details.
  • The control plan is for monitoring process performance and providing a response plan if an out-of-control condition occurs.
  • In preparing a control plan, concentrate on:
    • What needs to be monitored
    • Who is going to be keeping the process functioning properly
    • How are they going to monitor
    • Where will the monitoring be conducted
    • Where should the plan reside
    • What will be done if the monitoring detects a condition outside of the customer's specifications
  • Different types of process mapping for different purposes:
    • In Define, simple process mapping, typically SIPOC or high-level process flow, identifies key input and output variables
    • In Measure, complex mapping, like info flow maps or value stream maps, better understand processes and identify KPIV's
    • In Control, process mapping, detailed at measure or control points, is used to monitor improved processes. Cross-functional maps show event sequences
  • Contingency actions are usually less successful and preventative actions will last longer

Visual Controls and Dashboards

  • A dashboard is a visual display of key business metrics, available at a glance. -Dashboards quickly highlight concerns and their degree.
  • A good dashboard will be short, showing key metrics against targets, and showing trends.
  • It should consist of one page with no more than 4-6 metrics ,and be visual with colors to show status or performance to goals

Process Documentation

  • General purpose of documenting processes includes ensuring compliance. -It provides a means for implementing a company's objectives and policies.
  • And ensure all process participants can perform the new process
  • General rules for documentation include compliance being easy to check.
  • It should be practical, economical, and easily accessible
  • Employees should be able to understand their roles and responsibilities and be able to respond to situations accordingly
  • Attributes of quality documentation include correctness, structure, compliance with standards, and suitability for audit.
  • The documentation should be organized for accessibility and demonstrate compliance with best practices and regulations.
  • For audit suitability, it must be visible and straightforward, addressing accountability, and objectives must be stated clearly for easy auditing.
  • Common pitfalls occur by not involving affected employees in creating the procedure, not testing it and omitting details.
  • Lowering the importance of procedures due to having not them or bad management
  • A checklist exist when developing procedures, specify impact on quality, cost, delivery or safety. The key steps are:
    • Find maps or flowcharts of the broader process that the process under consideration is related to so you can see how this piece fits in bigger picture and is the "should be” process
    • Map the “As is” state (the actual state) of the process under consideration by walking through the process yourself and relate the maps by describing requirements your process
    • Find what outputs are used by downstream customers as well as create updated work area layouts

Deployment plan

  • The deployment plan is a step-by-step guide for the final project stage, fully implementing improvements, and leveraging them across the organization for maximum ROI.
  • The plan outlines the scope, approach, and execution planned for the deployment of the project deliverables.
  • It provides all deployment participants with a smooth transition to the new process.
  • The Deployment plan describes each step of the deployment process at each deployment location.
  • This may include deployment at one site or multiple sites.
  • May deploy for one deployment for a phased deployment.
  • A deployment plan defines all work steps for complete deployment and specifies who does them, answering what, when, where, how, and by whom.
  • Inputs include deployment goals, success factors, roles, responsibilities, team communication, issue tracking, contingency plans, and the training plan.
  • Outputs include implementation task list, communication plan, issue/change request tracking method, contingency plan, and training plan.

Communication Plan

  • Transition from the GB and team to process owner and organization is included in the communication plan.
  • A communication plan will establish who needs to know what, when, and what communication methods to use.
  • It identifies key stakeholders and ensures knowledge transfer.

Training Plan

  • Training focuses upon learning needs of an audience.
  • It must explain why change is needed and its benefits.
  • Training needs to show the right way to do things and the new skill under the supervision of the trainer.
  • Steps for Training
    • Indentify skils and aptitudes needed
    • Identify and catalogue the performance and capability in the workforce
    • Identify the differences and shortages etc
  • Build and implement trainings and leaning to close the the gaps

Execute Deployment Plan

  • During this plan look for critical pathways and also consider factors that might prevent deployment.
  • When you see what might occur you will have a new plan and team if needed

Managing Change

  • Change is a journey not a destination, it’s important to understand all that impacts change in an organization.
  • Q x A = E, an equation exists that contains emotion related to change.
  • Quality is Technical Strategy (Project Approach, Process Approach, etc.).
  • Acceptance is People Strategy (Change Approach).
  • Effectiveness is Sustainable Change.
  • Sources of Change can be Internal or External
  • Internal sources include company mission, objectives, strategy, mergers/acquisitions, new product introduction and movement to global markets.
  • External sources include market forces, laws/regulations, tariffs, competition, demographics, and technology.
  • Be aware change that generates emotional concern, and people usually do not like the transition
  • Remember to observe before you change, you MUST understand before suggest change
  • Kotter's Change Management Model is eight steps
    • Create Urgency by highlighting the need for change.
    • Form a Guiding Coalition to lead effort.
    • Develop Vision and Strategy with a compelling vision.
    • Communicate the Vision to all stakeholders.
    • Remove Obstacles that hinder change.
    • Generate Short-Term Wins to build momentum.
    • Sustain Acceleration by continuing to push forward.
    • Make it Stick by reinforcing new behaviors.

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