Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are common risk factors for Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following are common risk factors for Parkinson's Disease?
- Age
- Family History
- Environmental Exposures
- Head Trauma
- All of the above (correct)
What is the most effective treatment for motor symptoms in Parkinson's Disease?
What is the most effective treatment for motor symptoms in Parkinson's Disease?
- Beta-blockers
- Dopamine Agonists
- Anticonvulsants
- Levodopa/Carbidopa (correct)
What is the primary goal of non-pharmacological treatments for Parkinson's Disease?
What is the primary goal of non-pharmacological treatments for Parkinson's Disease?
To manage motor symptoms and improve the quality of life.
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of levodopa/carbidopa?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of levodopa/carbidopa?
COMT inhibitors are used to reduce tremor intensity.
COMT inhibitors are used to reduce tremor intensity.
What is the main difference between resting tremor and postural or kinetic tremor?
What is the main difference between resting tremor and postural or kinetic tremor?
Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for Essential Tremor?
Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for Essential Tremor?
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an option for Parkinson's Disease patients who are resistant to medications.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an option for Parkinson's Disease patients who are resistant to medications.
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antihistamines?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antihistamines?
What is the most common type of vertigo?
What is the most common type of vertigo?
Which of the following medications is commonly used to reduce fluid buildup in Meniere's Disease?
Which of the following medications is commonly used to reduce fluid buildup in Meniere's Disease?
Vestibular rehabilitation is primarily used for conditions like BPPV and vestibular neuritis.
Vestibular rehabilitation is primarily used for conditions like BPPV and vestibular neuritis.
Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with dizziness?
Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with dizziness?
What is the most common type of seizure?
What is the most common type of seizure?
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of generalized seizures?
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of generalized seizures?
Genetic mutations are the only cause of epilepsy.
Genetic mutations are the only cause of epilepsy.
What are the two main types of epilepsy based on the area of the brain affected?
What are the two main types of epilepsy based on the area of the brain affected?
Which of the following is a first-line treatment for focal seizures?
Which of the following is a first-line treatment for focal seizures?
Status epilepticus is defined as a continuous seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without recovery of consciousness in between them.
Status epilepticus is defined as a continuous seizure lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without recovery of consciousness in between them.
Which of the following medications is NOT used in the first-line treatment of status epilepticus?
Which of the following medications is NOT used in the first-line treatment of status epilepticus?
What is the most important aspect of managing epilepsy long-term?
What is the most important aspect of managing epilepsy long-term?
Which of the following types of headache is characterized by a throbbing pain that is often unilateral and may be accompanied by nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia?
Which of the following types of headache is characterized by a throbbing pain that is often unilateral and may be accompanied by nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia?
Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for migraine headaches?
Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for migraine headaches?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a non-pharmacological treatment option for migraines.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a non-pharmacological treatment option for migraines.
Which of the following drugs is a first-line abortive medication for migraines?
Which of the following drugs is a first-line abortive medication for migraines?
Ergots are a second-line treatment option for migraine attacks, but their use is contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Ergots are a second-line treatment option for migraine attacks, but their use is contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Which of the following medications is a first-line preventive treatment for migraines?
Which of the following medications is a first-line preventive treatment for migraines?
What is the most common type of headache?
What is the most common type of headache?
Which of the following conditions is typically treated with oxygen therapy?
Which of the following conditions is typically treated with oxygen therapy?
Lithium is a second-line treatment option for cluster headaches.
Lithium is a second-line treatment option for cluster headaches.
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of corticosteroids?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of corticosteroids?
What is the main goal of non-pharmacological treatments for headaches?
What is the main goal of non-pharmacological treatments for headaches?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of triptans?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of triptans?
CGRP antagonists are a second-line treatment option for cluster headaches.
CGRP antagonists are a second-line treatment option for cluster headaches.
What is the most important consideration for patients when they are taking anti-epileptic medications?
What is the most important consideration for patients when they are taking anti-epileptic medications?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of valproic acid?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of valproic acid?
Lamotrigine is often used as a first-line treatment for both focal and generalized seizures.
Lamotrigine is often used as a first-line treatment for both focal and generalized seizures.
Which of the following is a second-line treatment for intractable seizures that is less frequently used due to its adverse effects?
Which of the following is a second-line treatment for intractable seizures that is less frequently used due to its adverse effects?
Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine that can be used for the management of status epilepticus and for acute seizure control.
Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine that can be used for the management of status epilepticus and for acute seizure control.
What is the most widely used non-pharmacological therapy for the management of epilepsy?
What is the most widely used non-pharmacological therapy for the management of epilepsy?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
Secondary brain injury occurs at the time of the initial impact or insult.
Secondary brain injury occurs at the time of the initial impact or insult.
Which of the following medications is NOT a commonly used first-line treatment for increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
Which of the following medications is NOT a commonly used first-line treatment for increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
LMWH is a preferred long-term option for DVT prophylaxes in patients with TBI.
LMWH is a preferred long-term option for DVT prophylaxes in patients with TBI.
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used for?
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used for?
Which of the following is a common risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease?
Which of the following is a common risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease?
Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are all examples of NMDA receptor antagonists.
Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are all examples of NMDA receptor antagonists.
Which of the following medications is FDA-approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease?
Which of the following medications is FDA-approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease?
Risperidone is an antipsychotic medication that is FDA-approved for the treatment of aggression in dementia.
Risperidone is an antipsychotic medication that is FDA-approved for the treatment of aggression in dementia.
Which of the following non-pharmacological strategies is NOT recommended for the management of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Which of the following non-pharmacological strategies is NOT recommended for the management of Alzheimer’s Disease?
What are the three main types of medications used to treat Alzheimer’s Disease?
What are the three main types of medications used to treat Alzheimer’s Disease?
Aducanumab was withdrawn from the Canadian market due to a lack of evidence showing clinical benefit.
Aducanumab was withdrawn from the Canadian market due to a lack of evidence showing clinical benefit.
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of memantine?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of memantine?
What is the most important aspect of monitoring patients with Alzheimer’s Disease?
What is the most important aspect of monitoring patients with Alzheimer’s Disease?
Pharmacists play a significant role in preventing polypharmacy in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.
Pharmacists play a significant role in preventing polypharmacy in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.
Which of the following is a key consideration for pharmacists when managing patients with Alzheimer’s Disease?
Which of the following is a key consideration for pharmacists when managing patients with Alzheimer’s Disease?
It is essential to provide education to caregivers about fall risk and wandering in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.
It is essential to provide education to caregivers about fall risk and wandering in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of cholinesterase inhibitors?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of cholinesterase inhibitors?
The main goal of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease is to prevent or slow down cognitive decline.
The main goal of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease is to prevent or slow down cognitive decline.
What are the key highlights of the provided document?
What are the key highlights of the provided document?
Which of the following is NOT a central cause of dizziness?
Which of the following is NOT a central cause of dizziness?
Which of the following is a risk factor for dizziness?
Which of the following is a risk factor for dizziness?
Which non-pharmacological therapy is used primarily for conditions like BPPV and vestibular neuritis?
Which non-pharmacological therapy is used primarily for conditions like BPPV and vestibular neuritis?
Low-salt diet for Meniere's disease is implemented to reduce fluid retention in the inner ear.
Low-salt diet for Meniere's disease is implemented to reduce fluid retention in the inner ear.
What are the classic symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?
What are the classic symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a surgical option for Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following is a surgical option for Parkinson's Disease?
Essential Tremor is always caused by genetic mutations.
Essential Tremor is always caused by genetic mutations.
Which of the following is a first-line treatment for Essential Tremor?
Which of the following is a first-line treatment for Essential Tremor?
What is the main characteristic of Essential Tremor?
What is the main characteristic of Essential Tremor?
A ______ is a transient disturbance in brain function due to abnormal electrical activity.
A ______ is a transient disturbance in brain function due to abnormal electrical activity.
Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for seizures?
Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for seizures?
Which of the following is NOT a type of seizure?
Which of the following is NOT a type of seizure?
Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for focal seizures?
Which of the following medications is a first-line treatment for focal seizures?
What is the primary goal of surgical therapy for refractory focal seizures?
What is the primary goal of surgical therapy for refractory focal seizures?
Which of the following dietary interventions is used to manage seizures?
Which of the following dietary interventions is used to manage seizures?
Status epilepticus refers to a single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes.
Status epilepticus refers to a single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is crucial for drugs like phenytoin, valproic acid, and carbamazepine to ensure appropriate levels and avoid toxicity.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is crucial for drugs like phenytoin, valproic acid, and carbamazepine to ensure appropriate levels and avoid toxicity.
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of phenytoin?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of phenytoin?
Which of the following is a common side effect of valproic acid?
Which of the following is a common side effect of valproic acid?
Which of the following is a common side effect of carbamazepine?
Which of the following is a common side effect of carbamazepine?
Many antiepileptic drugs are teratogenic, so regular pregnancy testing and counseling are essential for women of childbearing age.
Many antiepileptic drugs are teratogenic, so regular pregnancy testing and counseling are essential for women of childbearing age.
What is the recommended dosage of levetiracetam for adults?
What is the recommended dosage of levetiracetam for adults?
What is the loading dose range for phenytoin?
What is the loading dose range for phenytoin?
What is the main goal of treatment for status epilepticus?
What is the main goal of treatment for status epilepticus?
The Epley maneuver is a physical therapy technique used for BPPV, involving repositioning displaced otoliths.
The Epley maneuver is a physical therapy technique used for BPPV, involving repositioning displaced otoliths.
What category of headache is characterized by recurrent, moderate-to-severe throbbing headaches, often unilateral, associated with nausea, photophobia, or phonophobia?
What category of headache is characterized by recurrent, moderate-to-severe throbbing headaches, often unilateral, associated with nausea, photophobia, or phonophobia?
What is thought to be the underlying mechanism of Tension-Type Headaches?
What is thought to be the underlying mechanism of Tension-Type Headaches?
Which of the following is NOT a general measure for all types of headaches?
Which of the following is NOT a general measure for all types of headaches?
What are the first-line treatments for acute migraine headaches?
What are the first-line treatments for acute migraine headaches?
Which of the following is a first-line treatment option for Tension-Type Headaches?
Which of the following is a first-line treatment option for Tension-Type Headaches?
Which of the following is NOT a first-line treatment option for Cluster Headaches?
Which of the following is NOT a first-line treatment option for Cluster Headaches?
Rebound headaches are a common side effect of overusing acute headache treatments.
Rebound headaches are a common side effect of overusing acute headache treatments.
What is the primary goal of treatment for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
What is the primary goal of treatment for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
Which of the following is a first-line injectable DMT for MS?
Which of the following is a first-line injectable DMT for MS?
Which of the following is a first-line oral DMT for MS?
Which of the following is a first-line oral DMT for MS?
Natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody, is used to block lymphocyte migration into the CNS and is effective for both relapsing-remitting and primary progressive MS.
Natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody, is used to block lymphocyte migration into the CNS and is effective for both relapsing-remitting and primary progressive MS.
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of interferon beta treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of interferon beta treatment?
What is the primary treatment for acute exacerbations in MS?
What is the primary treatment for acute exacerbations in MS?
Which of the following is a common side effect of ocrelizumab?
Which of the following is a common side effect of ocrelizumab?
Alemtuzumab, a monoclonal antibody, is used to deplete CD52+ T and B cells, and it is associated with a high risk of autoimmune conditions, including thyroid and kidney problems.
Alemtuzumab, a monoclonal antibody, is used to deplete CD52+ T and B cells, and it is associated with a high risk of autoimmune conditions, including thyroid and kidney problems.
Cladribine, a chemotherapeutic agent, works by killing lymphocytes and it is associated with a high risk of opportunistic infections and lymphopenia.
Cladribine, a chemotherapeutic agent, works by killing lymphocytes and it is associated with a high risk of opportunistic infections and lymphopenia.
What is the main goal of monitoring for MS treatment?
What is the main goal of monitoring for MS treatment?
What is the most common type of MS?
What is the most common type of MS?
What is the primary symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?
What is the primary symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?
Which of the following is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease?
Which of the following is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease?
Donepezil, Rivastigmine, and Galantamine are all examples of cholinesterase inhibitors used to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
Donepezil, Rivastigmine, and Galantamine are all examples of cholinesterase inhibitors used to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
Which of the following is a common side effect of cholinesterase inhibitors?
Which of the following is a common side effect of cholinesterase inhibitors?
What is the primary indication for Memantine?
What is the primary indication for Memantine?
Lecanemab is a disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's Disease that targets amyloid-beta aggregates.
Lecanemab is a disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's Disease that targets amyloid-beta aggregates.
Aducanumab is a disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's Disease that is currently available in Canada.
Aducanumab is a disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's Disease that is currently available in Canada.
Antipsychotics, like Risperidone, are FDA-approved for aggression in dementia.
Antipsychotics, like Risperidone, are FDA-approved for aggression in dementia.
Which of the following is NOT recommended for treating Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)?
Which of the following is NOT recommended for treating Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)?
It is crucial to monitor patients taking cholinesterase inhibitors for their heart rate, GI symptoms, and weight loss.
It is crucial to monitor patients taking cholinesterase inhibitors for their heart rate, GI symptoms, and weight loss.
Which of the following is a common side effect of Memantine?
Which of the following is a common side effect of Memantine?
What are the major risk factors for developing Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?
What are the major risk factors for developing Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to assess the severity level of TBI.
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to assess the severity level of TBI.
Which of the following is a common symptom of TBI?
Which of the following is a common symptom of TBI?
What are the major goals of non-pharmacological management for TBI?
What are the major goals of non-pharmacological management for TBI?
Which of the following is NOT a first-line treatment for ICP control in TBI?
Which of the following is NOT a first-line treatment for ICP control in TBI?
High-dose corticosteroids are generally recommended for treating TBI due to their effectiveness.
High-dose corticosteroids are generally recommended for treating TBI due to their effectiveness.
The use of phenytoin or levetiracetam is recommended as a 7-day prophylaxis for seizure prevention in TBI patients with GCS < 10 or those who have experienced a penetrating injury.
The use of phenytoin or levetiracetam is recommended as a 7-day prophylaxis for seizure prevention in TBI patients with GCS < 10 or those who have experienced a penetrating injury.
Mechanical methods of DVT prophylaxis are initially recommended, and LMWH or heparin can be used later when there is no contraindication.
Mechanical methods of DVT prophylaxis are initially recommended, and LMWH or heparin can be used later when there is no contraindication.
It is recommended to maintain normothermia (normal body temperature) and a blood glucose level of 6–10 mmol/L in TBI patients.
It is recommended to maintain normothermia (normal body temperature) and a blood glucose level of 6–10 mmol/L in TBI patients.
Monitoring for ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is crucial in TBI patients to ensure proper brain function.
Monitoring for ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is crucial in TBI patients to ensure proper brain function.
Pharmacists' role in TBI management includes ensuring appropriate medication therapy and monitoring for drug-related problems.
Pharmacists' role in TBI management includes ensuring appropriate medication therapy and monitoring for drug-related problems.
Essential Tremor is a rare condition.
Essential Tremor is a rare condition.
What are the risk factors for early seizures after a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? (Select all that apply)
What are the risk factors for early seizures after a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? (Select all that apply)
What are the common symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI)? (Select all that apply)
What are the common symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI)? (Select all that apply)
What are the two main types of seizures?
What are the two main types of seizures?
What are the three phases of status epilepticus management?
What are the three phases of status epilepticus management?
Which antiepileptic drug is contraindicated in pregnancy?
Which antiepileptic drug is contraindicated in pregnancy?
What are the two main pharmacological treatment goals in Parkinson's Disease?
What are the two main pharmacological treatment goals in Parkinson's Disease?
Which of these is NOT a common side effect of beta-blockers?
Which of these is NOT a common side effect of beta-blockers?
What are the types of headache?
What are the types of headache?
Triptans are contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Triptans are contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease.
NSAIDs can be used to treat severe migraine attacks.
NSAIDs can be used to treat severe migraine attacks.
What are the two main types of pharmacological therapies for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
What are the two main types of pharmacological therapies for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
What are the three main subtypes of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
What are the three main subtypes of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
What are the common side effects of interferon beta-la therapy?
What are the common side effects of interferon beta-la therapy?
Glatiramer acetate is safe to use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Glatiramer acetate is safe to use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
What is the main goal of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
What is the main goal of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
What are the main risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease (AD)? (Select all that apply)
What are the main risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease (AD)? (Select all that apply)
What are the two main pharmacological therapies used to manage symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
What are the two main pharmacological therapies used to manage symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
Donepezil is a type of NMDA receptor antagonist.
Donepezil is a type of NMDA receptor antagonist.
What is the main goal of non-pharmacological management of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
What is the main goal of non-pharmacological management of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
Risperidone is FDA approved for aggression in dementia.
Risperidone is FDA approved for aggression in dementia.
Which of these is NOT a common side effect of antipsychotics?
Which of these is NOT a common side effect of antipsychotics?
Benzodiazepines are recommended for the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).
Benzodiazepines are recommended for the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).
What are the two main goals of the pharmacist's role in managing patients with dementia?
What are the two main goals of the pharmacist's role in managing patients with dementia?
The pharmacist should educate caregivers about the benefits of non-drug interventions.
The pharmacist should educate caregivers about the benefits of non-drug interventions.
Flashcards
Peripheral dizziness causes
Peripheral dizziness causes
Dizziness originating from the inner ear or related structures.
BPPV
BPPV
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo; a common vertigo type from otolith displacement in semicircular canals.
Meniere's Disease
Meniere's Disease
Inner ear disorder causing vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss due to fluid imbalance.
Vestibular Neuritis/Labyrinthitis
Vestibular Neuritis/Labyrinthitis
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Central dizziness causes
Central dizziness causes
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Stroke/TIA
Stroke/TIA
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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Migrainous Vertigo
Migrainous Vertigo
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Epley Maneuver
Epley Maneuver
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Vestibular Rehabilitation
Vestibular Rehabilitation
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Low-salt Diet
Low-salt Diet
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Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone)
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone)
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Antiemetics (e.g., meclizine, dimenhydrinate)
Antiemetics (e.g., meclizine, dimenhydrinate)
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Diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide)
Diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide)
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Antihistamines (e.g., meclizine)
Antihistamines (e.g., meclizine)
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Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam)
Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam)
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Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Parkinson's Disease (PD)
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Essential Tremor (ET)
Essential Tremor (ET)
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Levodopa/Carbidopa
Levodopa/Carbidopa
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Dopamine Agonists
Dopamine Agonists
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MAO-B Inhibitors
MAO-B Inhibitors
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COMT Inhibitors
COMT Inhibitors
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Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol)
Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol)
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Primidone
Primidone
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Status Epilepticus
Status Epilepticus
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Focal Seizures
Focal Seizures
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Generalized Seizures
Generalized Seizures
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Benzodiazepines (Status Epilepticus)
Benzodiazepines (Status Epilepticus)
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TBI Definition
TBI Definition
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TBI Severity
TBI Severity
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Primary TBI Injury
Primary TBI Injury
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Focal TBI Injury
Focal TBI Injury
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Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)
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Secondary TBI Injury
Secondary TBI Injury
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GCS Eye Response
GCS Eye Response
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GCS Verbal Response
GCS Verbal Response
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GCS Motor Response
GCS Motor Response
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TBI Epidemiology
TBI Epidemiology
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TBI Incidence
TBI Incidence
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Hemodynamic Support
Hemodynamic Support
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Ventilation
Ventilation
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EVD (External Ventricular Drain)
EVD (External Ventricular Drain)
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Surgical Hematoma Evacuation
Surgical Hematoma Evacuation
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Decompressive Craniectomy
Decompressive Craniectomy
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Sedation
Sedation
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Propofol
Propofol
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Control ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
Control ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
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Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
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Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation
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Mannitol
Mannitol
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Hypertonic Saline
Hypertonic Saline
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Seizure Prophylaxis
Seizure Prophylaxis
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DVT Prophylaxis
DVT Prophylaxis
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Infection Prophylaxis
Infection Prophylaxis
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Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis
Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis
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Temperature Control
Temperature Control
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Glycemic Control
Glycemic Control
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Nutrition
Nutrition
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Primary Injury
Primary Injury
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Focal Injury
Focal Injury
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Diffuse Axonal Injury
Diffuse Axonal Injury
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Secondary Injury
Secondary Injury
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Study Notes
Dizziness Pharmacotherapy Overview
- Dizziness is a symptom with various causes, including vertigo, disequilibrium, presyncope, and lightheadedness.
- Dizziness can be classified as peripheral or central in origin.
- Peripheral causes include BPPV (most common), Meniere's disease, vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis.
- Central causes include stroke/TIA, multiple sclerosis, and migrainous vertigo.
- Risk factors for dizziness include age, head trauma, neurological disorders, cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and medication use.
Non-Pharmacological Therapy
- Vestibular rehabilitation helps retrain the brain for balance problems, often used for BPPV and vestibular neuritis.
- The Epley maneuver is a physical therapy technique for repositioning otoliths in BPPV.
- Dietary changes (low-salt diet for Meniere's) can reduce fluid retention in the inner ear.
- Hydration and avoiding triggers (like dehydration, and orthostatic hypotension) are important for dizziness management.
Pharmacological Therapy (Page 2)
- First-line treatments for BPPV typically involve non-pharmacological interventions like Epley maneuver.
- Corticosteroids may be used in acute vestibular neuritis to reduce inflammation.
- Antiemetics (e.g., meclizine, dimenhydrinate) can help relieve symptoms.
- Diuretics are used for Meniere's disease to reduce fluid buildup.
- Antihistamines and benzodiazepines can help with vertigo attacks (acute).
- Triptans are used for acute migrainous vertigo.
- Beta-blockers or anticonvulsants can be used for prevention of migraines associated with vertigo.
Side Effects of Common Medications (Page 2)
- Antihistamines can cause drowsiness, dry mouth, and blurred vision.
- Benzodiazepines can cause dependence and withdrawal if used long-term.
- Corticosteroids may lead to weight gain, hyperglycemia, and osteoporosis.
- Diuretics can cause dehydration and orthostatic hypotension.
Important Points for Pharmacists (Page 3, and more)
- Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment.
- Counsel patients on potential side effects of vertigo treatments (especially sedation).
- Monitor for drug interactions, particularly in older adults.
- Lifestyle modifications, such as fall prevention strategies, can be helpful.
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Description
This quiz explores the pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological approaches to managing dizziness. It covers the causes, classifications, and risk factors of dizziness, along with effective therapeutic interventions like vestibular rehabilitation and dietary modifications. Test your knowledge on the various treatments available for this multifaceted symptom.
