Diversity of Living Things

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  • Lack of membrane-bound organelles
  • Ability to perform binary fission
  • Presence of a nucleoid
  • Larger size (correct)

In the lytic cycle of a virus, what is the final outcome of the host cell's action?

  • Lysis of the host cell (correct)
  • Budding off viral particles from the membrane
  • Integration of viral DNA into the host genome
  • Replication of the viral genome without damage

What is the primary role of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?

  • Cell division
  • Protein synthesis
  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Energy production through respiration

What kind of genetic variation occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material?

<p>Crossing over (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the heart's four chambers?

<p>To pump blood and separate pulmonary and systemic circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents the structure of DNA?

<p>The double helix is formed by nucleotide base pairing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

<p>Four haploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sex chromosomes determine in an organism?

<p>The biological sex of the organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gregor Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

<p>Certain traits do not affect the inheritance of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A species that is introduced to a new environment and outcompetes native species is referred to as a(n):

<p>Invasive species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between biodiversity and ecological stability?

<p>Higher biodiversity contributes to increased ecological stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a threat to biodiversity?

<p>Sustainable fishing practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following domains includes organisms with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

<p>Eukarya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification system that uses a two-part naming system for species is known as:

<p>Binomial nomenclature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most specific level of classification in the taxonomic hierarchy?

<p>Species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the domains Bacteria and Archaea?

<p>Type of cell wall composition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a direct human benefit derived from biodiversity?

<p>The use of medicinal plants from the rainforest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is typically used in a dichotomous key to identify organisms?

<p>Habitat preference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a cultural value related to biodiversity?

<p>The use of certain plants in traditional medicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bacteria and Archaea

Single-celled organisms with no nucleus, found in diverse environments, including your gut and extreme conditions.

Eukaryotic Cell

A type of cell characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Endosymbiosis Theory

The theory explaining the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells, suggesting they were once free-living bacteria.

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Viruses

Non-living entities that require a host cell to reproduce, composed of a protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA).

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Lytic Cycle

The process where a virus replicates within a host cell, ultimately destroying the cell.

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Lysogenic Cycle

A type of viral replication where the viral DNA integrates into the host's genome, remaining dormant until activated.

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Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA, composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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Chromosome

A condensed structure of DNA containing genetic information, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, essential for growth and repair.

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Ecological Stability

Diverse ecosystems are better at handling changes, like diseases or climate shifts. Each species has a unique job, keeping things balanced.

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Human Benefits of Biodiversity

Humans rely on biodiversity for food, medicine, and raw materials. For example, plants provide ingredients for crucial medicines.

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Habitat Destruction

The destruction of natural habitats due to human activities like urbanization, farming, and logging.

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Pollution

Chemicals released into the environment can harm species and disrupt ecosystems. Think air pollution from factories or oil spills.

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Climate Change

Changes in temperature, weather patterns, and seasons impact habitats and food sources, making it hard for species to survive.

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Invasive Species

When non-native species are introduced, they can outcompete native species, disrupting the ecosystem. Think of an invasive plant taking over a garden.

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Taxonomic System

The scientific system of classifying living things into groups based on shared characteristics.

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Binomial Nomenclature

The two-part Latin name given to every species, using the genus and species names. Example: Homo sapiens.

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Dichotomous Key

A tool used to identify organisms by asking a series of questions with two possible answers (yes/no). Each answer directs you to the next question, leading to an identification.

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Domains of Life

The three main categories of life: Bacteria, Archaea (ancient bacteria found in extreme environments), and Eukarya (includes all life forms with a nucleus).

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Study Notes

Diversity of Living Things

  • Living things are diverse and vital for ecological stability. A diverse ecosystem is more resilient to disruptions, providing direct resources like food and medicine. Cultural traditions and livelihoods also rely on biodiversity.
  • Threats to biodiversity include habitat destruction (urbanization, agriculture, deforestation), pollution (air, water, soil), climate change, and invasive species.
  • A taxonomic system (DKPCOFGS) classifies life from broadest to most specific levels:
    • Domain: The highest level; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
    • Kingdom: Eukarya has kingdoms like Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
    • Phylum: (e.g., Chordata)
    • Class: (e.g., Mammalia)
    • Order: (e.g., Carnivora)
    • Family: (e.g., Felidae)
    • Genus: (e.g., Homo)
    • Species: (e.g., Homo sapiens)
  • Binomial Nomenclature (Linnaeus) gives each species a two-part Latin name (Genus species) – e.g., Homo sapiens.
  • Dichotomous keys aid in identifying organisms through a series of yes/no questions.
  • Domains: Archaea (extremophiles), Bacteria (various types), Eukarya (animals, plants, fungi).
  • Kingdoms: Bacteria (prokaryotic, single-celled), Archaea (prokaryotic, extremophiles), Protista (mostly unicellular eukaryotes), Fungi (decomposers), Plantae (multicellular, photosynthesizers), Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophs).
  • Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells:
    • Eukaryotic: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (larger and more complex); examples include animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells.
    • Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (smaller and simpler); examples include bacteria and archaea.
  • Endosymbiotic Theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria.
  • Viruses: Non-living, requiring host cells to reproduce. Made of a protein coat (capsid) holding DNA or RNA.
    • Lytic Cycle: Virus replicates and lyses (breaks open) the host cell.
    • Lysogenic Cycle: Virus integrates its DNA into the host, remaining dormant before entering the lytic cycle.

Genetic Processes

  • DNA Structure: Double helix; nucleotides (phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous bases: A, T, C, G); complementary base pairing (A with T, C with G).
  • Chromosomes:
    • Haploid: One set of chromosomes (gametes).
    • Diploid: Two sets of chromosomes (most somatic cells).
    • Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes.
    • Sex Chromosomes: Determine sex (XX female, XY male).
  • Cell Division:
    • Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells (growth, repair, asexual reproduction). Stages include: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
    • Meiosis: Reduces chromosome number by half to produce gametes (for sexual reproduction). Two rounds.
  • Genetic Variation:
    • Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence (can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful).
    • Genetic recombination: Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis.
  • Heredity (Mendel):
    • Law of Segregation: Two alleles separate during gamete formation.
    • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are inherited independently.
    • Punnett Squares: Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

Structure and Function in Animals

  • Circulatory System (Heart): Four-chambered heart pumps blood to lungs and body. Blood pressure (highest during systole, lowest during diastole). Cardiac output (heart rate x stroke volume).
  • Respiratory System: Oxygen intake path - nose → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles.

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