Diversity of Living Things
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  • Lack of membrane-bound organelles
  • Ability to perform binary fission
  • Presence of a nucleoid
  • Larger size (correct)

    • In the lytic cycle of a virus, what is the final outcome of the host cell's action?

  • Lysis of the host cell (correct)
  • Budding off viral particles from the membrane
  • Integration of viral DNA into the host genome
  • Replication of the viral genome without damage

    • What is the primary role of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?

  • Cell division
  • Protein synthesis
  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Energy production through respiration

    • What kind of genetic variation occurs during meiosis when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material?

    <p>Crossing over (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the function of the heart's four chambers?

    <p>To pump blood and separate pulmonary and systemic circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately represents the structure of DNA?

    <p>The double helix is formed by nucleotide base pairing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Four haploid cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sex chromosomes determine in an organism?

    <p>The biological sex of the organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gregor Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

    <p>Certain traits do not affect the inheritance of others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A species that is introduced to a new environment and outcompetes native species is referred to as a(n):

    <p>Invasive species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between biodiversity and ecological stability?

    <p>Higher biodiversity contributes to increased ecological stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a threat to biodiversity?

    <p>Sustainable fishing practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following domains includes organisms with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

    <p>Eukarya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification system that uses a two-part naming system for species is known as:

    <p>Binomial nomenclature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most specific level of classification in the taxonomic hierarchy?

    <p>Species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the domains Bacteria and Archaea?

    <p>Type of cell wall composition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a direct human benefit derived from biodiversity?

    <p>The use of medicinal plants from the rainforest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is typically used in a dichotomous key to identify organisms?

    <p>Habitat preference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a cultural value related to biodiversity?

    <p>The use of certain plants in traditional medicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Bacteria and Archaea

    Single-celled organisms with no nucleus, found in diverse environments, including your gut and extreme conditions.

    Eukaryotic Cell

    A type of cell characterized by the presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

    Prokaryotic Cell

    A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

    Endosymbiosis Theory

    The theory explaining the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells, suggesting they were once free-living bacteria.

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    Viruses

    Non-living entities that require a host cell to reproduce, composed of a protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA).

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    Lytic Cycle

    The process where a virus replicates within a host cell, ultimately destroying the cell.

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    Lysogenic Cycle

    A type of viral replication where the viral DNA integrates into the host's genome, remaining dormant until activated.

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    Nucleotide

    The basic building block of DNA, composed of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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    Chromosome

    A condensed structure of DNA containing genetic information, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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    Mitosis

    The process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, essential for growth and repair.

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    Ecological Stability

    Diverse ecosystems are better at handling changes, like diseases or climate shifts. Each species has a unique job, keeping things balanced.

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    Human Benefits of Biodiversity

    Humans rely on biodiversity for food, medicine, and raw materials. For example, plants provide ingredients for crucial medicines.

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    Habitat Destruction

    The destruction of natural habitats due to human activities like urbanization, farming, and logging.

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    Pollution

    Chemicals released into the environment can harm species and disrupt ecosystems. Think air pollution from factories or oil spills.

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    Climate Change

    Changes in temperature, weather patterns, and seasons impact habitats and food sources, making it hard for species to survive.

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    Invasive Species

    When non-native species are introduced, they can outcompete native species, disrupting the ecosystem. Think of an invasive plant taking over a garden.

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    Taxonomic System

    The scientific system of classifying living things into groups based on shared characteristics.

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    Binomial Nomenclature

    The two-part Latin name given to every species, using the genus and species names. Example: Homo sapiens.

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    Dichotomous Key

    A tool used to identify organisms by asking a series of questions with two possible answers (yes/no). Each answer directs you to the next question, leading to an identification.

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    Domains of Life

    The three main categories of life: Bacteria, Archaea (ancient bacteria found in extreme environments), and Eukarya (includes all life forms with a nucleus).

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    Study Notes

    Diversity of Living Things

    • Living things are diverse and vital for ecological stability. A diverse ecosystem is more resilient to disruptions, providing direct resources like food and medicine. Cultural traditions and livelihoods also rely on biodiversity.
    • Threats to biodiversity include habitat destruction (urbanization, agriculture, deforestation), pollution (air, water, soil), climate change, and invasive species.
    • A taxonomic system (DKPCOFGS) classifies life from broadest to most specific levels:
      • Domain: The highest level; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
      • Kingdom: Eukarya has kingdoms like Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
      • Phylum: (e.g., Chordata)
      • Class: (e.g., Mammalia)
      • Order: (e.g., Carnivora)
      • Family: (e.g., Felidae)
      • Genus: (e.g., Homo)
      • Species: (e.g., Homo sapiens)
    • Binomial Nomenclature (Linnaeus) gives each species a two-part Latin name (Genus species) – e.g., Homo sapiens.
    • Dichotomous keys aid in identifying organisms through a series of yes/no questions.
    • Domains: Archaea (extremophiles), Bacteria (various types), Eukarya (animals, plants, fungi).
    • Kingdoms: Bacteria (prokaryotic, single-celled), Archaea (prokaryotic, extremophiles), Protista (mostly unicellular eukaryotes), Fungi (decomposers), Plantae (multicellular, photosynthesizers), Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophs).
    • Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells:
      • Eukaryotic: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (larger and more complex); examples include animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells.
      • Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (smaller and simpler); examples include bacteria and archaea.
    • Endosymbiotic Theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria.
    • Viruses: Non-living, requiring host cells to reproduce. Made of a protein coat (capsid) holding DNA or RNA.
      • Lytic Cycle: Virus replicates and lyses (breaks open) the host cell.
      • Lysogenic Cycle: Virus integrates its DNA into the host, remaining dormant before entering the lytic cycle.

    Genetic Processes

    • DNA Structure: Double helix; nucleotides (phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous bases: A, T, C, G); complementary base pairing (A with T, C with G).
    • Chromosomes:
      • Haploid: One set of chromosomes (gametes).
      • Diploid: Two sets of chromosomes (most somatic cells).
      • Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes.
      • Sex Chromosomes: Determine sex (XX female, XY male).
    • Cell Division:
      • Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells (growth, repair, asexual reproduction). Stages include: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
      • Meiosis: Reduces chromosome number by half to produce gametes (for sexual reproduction). Two rounds.
    • Genetic Variation:
      • Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence (can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful).
      • Genetic recombination: Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during meiosis.
    • Heredity (Mendel):
      • Law of Segregation: Two alleles separate during gamete formation.
      • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are inherited independently.
      • Punnett Squares: Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

    Structure and Function in Animals

    • Circulatory System (Heart): Four-chambered heart pumps blood to lungs and body. Blood pressure (highest during systole, lowest during diastole). Cardiac output (heart rate x stroke volume).
    • Respiratory System: Oxygen intake path - nose → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles.

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    Description

    Explore the importance of biodiversity and its classification system in this quiz. Understand how ecological stability relies on diverse life forms and the threats they face, including habitat destruction and pollution. Test your knowledge on taxonomic levels and binomial nomenclature.

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