28 Questions
What does the term 'Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)' refer to?
The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that visually inhibits the growth of a specific bacteria species
What is the main purpose of a 'Culture & Sensitivity' (C&S) test?
To determine the most effective antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection
What does it mean for a bacteria isolate to be 'Sensitive/Susceptible' to an antibiotic?
The isolate is inhibited by the usually achievable systemic concentrations of the drug in normal dosage
What is the difference between 'Time Dependent' and 'Concentration Dependent' antibiotics?
The text does not provide any information about the differences between Time Dependent and Concentration Dependent antibiotics
What does the 'Disk Diffusion' method measure in a Culture & Sensitivity test?
The size of the 'zones of inhibition' of microbial growth surrounding antibiotics on the culture plate
Which class of diuretics blocks reabsorption of Na, Cl, and water in the distal convoluted tubules?
Loop diuretics
What is a common side effect of long-term use of thiazides?
Hypokalemia
Which diuretic is favored for treating cardiac patients with congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, and hypertension?
Thiazides
What is the main effect of potassium-sparing diuretics on the kidneys?
Interfere with aldosterone to promote Na excretion and K retention
Which condition would contraindicate the use of thiazides as diuretics?
Severe renal disease
What do loop diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of in the Loop of Henle?
Na, Cl, K, Ca
What is the mechanism of action of Imidazole Antifungals?
Increase fungal cell membrane permeability
Which antifungal drug is known to be extremely nephrotoxic?
Amphotericin B
What is the key side effect of Griseofulvin?
Teratogen
Which antiviral drug is specifically used for feline herpes virus (ocular) infections?
Acyclovir
What is the drug of choice for CNS infections among the listed antifungals?
Fluconazole
What is the primary function of the Endocrine System?
Regulate cellular activity through glandular secretions
Which type of diuretic is indicated for the treatment of oliguric kidney failure?
Osmotic Diuretics
How do Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors work in the body?
Block enzyme in proximal convoluted tubule to increase Na, K, and bicarb excretion
What side effect is associated with long-term use of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors?
Metabolic acidosis
What is the primary mechanism of action of Osmotic Diuretics like Mannitol 20%?
Increase plasma osmotic pressure by inhibiting Na and H2O reabsorption
Which enzyme is targeted by Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in the body?
Carbonic anhydrase
What is one way that bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobials?
All of the above
What is a major concern with the use of antimicrobials in farmed animals intended for food?
Both a and b
What is the purpose of the "withdrawal time" when using antimicrobials in animals intended for food?
To ensure the antimicrobial drug is completely eliminated from the animal's system before the animal or its products are consumed.
Which of the following is NOT a way that bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobials?
Bacteria changing their cell membrane to prevent the antimicrobial from entering.
What is one way that the improper use of antimicrobials can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance?
Both a and b
What is the primary concern with the presence of antimicrobial residues in animal tissues or food products?
The residues can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance in humans.
Learn about the mechanism of action of diuretics and their classification into five classes: thiazides, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics. Understand how diuretics block the reabsorption of sodium ions, chloride, and water in different parts of the nephron.
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