Diuretics: Mechanism of Action and Classification

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What does the term 'Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)' refer to?

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that visually inhibits the growth of a specific bacteria species (correct)
The maximum tolerated dose of an antibiotic that can be safely administered to a patient
The concentration of an antibiotic required to effectively treat a patient with a bacterial infection
The size of the 'zones of inhibition' of microbial growth surrounding antibiotics on a culture plate

What is the main purpose of a 'Culture & Sensitivity' (C&S) test?

To measure the size of the 'zones of inhibition' around antibiotics on a culture plate
To calculate the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of antibiotics
To identify the specific species of bacteria causing an infection
To determine the most effective antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection (correct)

What does it mean for a bacteria isolate to be 'Sensitive/Susceptible' to an antibiotic?

The isolate requires higher than the maximum tolerated dose of the antibiotic to be effectively treated
The isolate is not inhibited by the usually achievable systemic concentrations of the drug in normal dosage
The isolate is inhibited by the usually achievable systemic concentrations of the drug in normal dosage (correct)
The isolate is resistant to the antibiotic and requires an alternative treatment

What is the difference between 'Time Dependent' and 'Concentration Dependent' antibiotics?

The text does not provide any information about the differences between Time Dependent and Concentration Dependent antibiotics (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Disk Diffusion' method measure in a Culture & Sensitivity test?

The size of the 'zones of inhibition' of microbial growth surrounding antibiotics on the culture plate (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which class of diuretics blocks reabsorption of Na, Cl, and water in the distal convoluted tubules?

Loop diuretics (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of long-term use of thiazides?

Hypokalemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretic is favored for treating cardiac patients with congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, and hypertension?

Thiazides (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of potassium-sparing diuretics on the kidneys?

Interfere with aldosterone to promote Na excretion and K retention (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition would contraindicate the use of thiazides as diuretics?

Severe renal disease (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do loop diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of in the Loop of Henle?

Na, Cl, K, Ca (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Imidazole Antifungals?

Increase fungal cell membrane permeability (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal drug is known to be extremely nephrotoxic?

Amphotericin B (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key side effect of Griseofulvin?

Teratogen (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is specifically used for feline herpes virus (ocular) infections?

Acyclovir (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the drug of choice for CNS infections among the listed antifungals?

Fluconazole (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Endocrine System?

Regulate cellular activity through glandular secretions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diuretic is indicated for the treatment of oliguric kidney failure?

Osmotic Diuretics (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors work in the body?

Block enzyme in proximal convoluted tubule to increase Na, K, and bicarb excretion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is associated with long-term use of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors?

Metabolic acidosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Osmotic Diuretics like Mannitol 20%?

Increase plasma osmotic pressure by inhibiting Na and H2O reabsorption (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is targeted by Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in the body?

Carbonic anhydrase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobials?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern with the use of antimicrobials in farmed animals intended for food?

Both a and b (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the "withdrawal time" when using antimicrobials in animals intended for food?

To ensure the antimicrobial drug is completely eliminated from the animal's system before the animal or its products are consumed. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way that bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobials?

Bacteria changing their cell membrane to prevent the antimicrobial from entering. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that the improper use of antimicrobials can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance?

Both a and b (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with the presence of antimicrobial residues in animal tissues or food products?

The residues can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance in humans. (C) Signup and view all the answers