Diuretics and Renal Function Quiz

<p>Inhibit reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH release is enhanced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haemophilus influenzae type B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barking cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parainfluenza type I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thumb sign (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dexamethasone and Racemic epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanotic disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe hypoxemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cherry red epiglottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frank-Starling mechanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates systemic vasoconstriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased myocardial demand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases blood volume through aldosterone secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in contractile fibers in the myocardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wall motion abnormalities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing myocardial oxygen demand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve intrathoracic pressure and reduce workload (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Further reduction of cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echocardiography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stenosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orthopnea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CT Scan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong palpable pulse in the abdomen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pericardial effusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pericarditis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pale skin with hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kussmaul's sign (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pericardiocentesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased platelet count (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of blood or fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involuntary laryngospasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pericardial window (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributive shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frothy sputum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal clotting times (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second degree burn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organ infarction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributive shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T wave inversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A buildup of fatty deposits within arterial walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary Angiography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen deficiency in heart muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radical mastectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of elevated ST segments on ECG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic lung disease or cor pulmonale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrowing of the lumen and potential MI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining a healthy diet (A), Smoking cessation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary congestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 60-90 minutes of onset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the risk of restenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myocardial fibrosis and decreased compliance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute bacterial infection, most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B.

Cherry-red, swollen epiglottis, drooling, stridor.

Steeple sign on X-ray, subglottic inflammation that narrows the airway.

Parainfluenza type I, Adenovirus, RSV are common causes of croup.

Increased pulmonary blood flow, oxygenated blood is shunted from the left side of the heart.

Decreased pulmonary blood flow, deoxygenated blood flows from the right to the left side of the heart.

Systemic corticosteroids plus racemic epinephrine to constrict the airway.

Early deformation of the heart itself or vascular structures associated with it creating a burden of workload.

Narrowing of one or more coronary arteries due to fatty deposits, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

High cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure (HTN), smoking, obesity, and stress can increase CAD risk.

Reduced blood flow to tissue, depriving it of oxygen and nutrients.

Scarring of heart muscle tissue due to chronic ischemia.

Breaking of a plaque buildup, exposing the underlying lipid core, increasing the risk of blood clot formation.

A heart attack; death of heart muscle tissue due to complete blockage of blood flow.

ST-elevation myocardial infarction, a type of MI characterized by elevated ST segment on an electrocardiogram, needing urgent reperfusion treatment.

Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, lower risk needing a differentiated approach.

Procedure using a balloon to widen a blocked artery.

Insertion of a metal tube (stent) to prevent the artery from narrowing again.

Surgical procedure where a section of a blocked artery is bypassed with a graft.

Methods to restore blood flow to a blocked coronary artery, minimizing tissue damage during a heart attack.

Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Heart's inability to adequately pump blood to the rest of the body.

Inability of the right ventricle of the heart to effectively pump blood.

Conditions affecting the heart valves, causing either stenosis (narrowing) or incompetence (leakage), disrupting blood flow.

Narrowing of a heart valve, obstructing blood flow due to increased resistance.

Distortion of a heart valve, causing it to not close properly, leading to backward flow (regurgitation).

Distends (enlarges) the chamber that pumps blood through the stenotic valve.

Causes distention of the chamber before the incompetent valve due to backward blood flow.

An abnormal localized dilation (swelling) of the aorta, typically by 75% or more.

Aneurysm located in the abdominal aorta, the most common type of aortic aneurysm.

Atherosclerosis, hypertension, Marfan syndrome, collagen-vascular disorders, and trauma increase the risk of aortic aneurysms.

Often asymptomatic. Can cause back pain, strong palpable pulse in the abdomen, coughing, hoarseness, or dysphagia.

Life-threatening, can lead to hypotension, pale skin, altered LOC, extreme pain, dizziness/syncope, and an abdominal mass.

A group of disorders affecting the heart muscle, impairing its ability to contract and pump blood effectively.

Enlargement of the heart muscle, often due to genetic, infectious, or toxic causes, leading to weakened contractions.

Disorganized overgrowth of heart muscle cells, often genetically linked, causing both diastolic and systolic dysfunction.

Stiffening of the ventricle walls, limiting the heart's ability to fill with blood, often caused by foreign materials.

Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, causing chest pain, pericardial rub, and potential fluid accumulation.

A type of diuretic that blocks aldosterone's action in the late distal tubule and collecting duct, preventing sodium and water reabsorption. It is used to treat conditions like heart failure and liver failure.

A diuretic that blocks the carbonic anhydrase enzyme in the proximal tubule, preventing the reabsorption of sodium and bicarbonate. Used to treat metabolic alkalemia.

A diuretic that blocks sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule. Also inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule. Used to treat mild edema and hypertension.

A powerful diuretic that freely passes through the glomerulus but is not reabsorbed in the tubules, pulling water out and reducing fluid buildup. Used to control intracranial pressure (ICP).

Symptoms of chronic kidney disease include fatigue, poor appetite, itching, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, anemia, sleep disturbances, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and frequent vomiting.

PPV can negatively affect the kidneys by reducing urinary output, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and sodium excretion.

PPV enhances ADH release due to increased intrathoracic pressure.

PPV inhibits ANP secretion due to decreased atrial filling pressure caused by increased intrathoracic pressure.

A condition where the pericardium (sac surrounding the heart) becomes thickened and stiff, hindering the heart's ability to fill with blood during diastole, leading to impaired diastolic function.

An increase in jugular venous distention (JVD) during inspiration, a hallmark sign of constrictive pericarditis due to impaired filling of the right ventricle.

Fluid buildup within the pericardial sac, often seen in pericarditis.

A life-threatening condition where fluid buildup in the pericardium compresses the heart, hindering its ability to pump blood effectively.

A trio of signs indicating cardiac tamponade: hypotension, elevated JVD, and diminished heart sounds.

A decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration, a common finding in cardiac tamponade.

A serious condition where widespread clotting occurs throughout the microvasculature, depleting clotting factors and leading to excessive bleeding.

A type of shock caused by a decrease in circulating blood volume due to blood or fluid loss, leading to low blood pressure.

Shock resulting from the heart's inability to pump blood effectively, often due to a heart attack.

Shock caused by widespread vasodilation, resulting in a relative decrease in blood volume and low blood pressure.

Shock caused by an obstruction to blood flow, blocking the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

A potent vasoconstrictor used to treat septic shock, improving blood pressure and heart rate.

Drowning where water enters the lungs, leading to fluid buildup and impaired gas exchange.

Drowning where water doesn't enter the lungs, but laryngospasm (spasm of the voice box) obstructs airway.

A superficial burn affecting only the outer layer of skin, resulting in redness but no blisters.

A deeper burn extending into the dermis, causing blisters and pain.

A full-thickness burn destroying all layers of skin, resulting in charred or coagulated tissue.