Diuretic & Cardiac Drugs Overview

<p>125 mL/hr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrochlorothiazide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypokalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent hypokalemia caused by the diuretic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30 mL/hr or greater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved mental status with decreased ICP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of digoxin toxicity due to low potassium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocks the action of aldosterone in the distal nephron, leading to potassium retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For massive movement of fluids and diuresis, such as acute/CHF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrochlorothiazide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenously, as an infusion due to its mechanism of action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of hypotension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer both medications but monitor potassium levels cautiously. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By directly disrupting the sodium-potassium exchange in the distal nephron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilute the solution in an appropriate volume of IV fluids before administration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triamterene (Dyrenium) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using salt substitutes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To counteract potassium wasting effects of other diuretics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal irritation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instant death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Withhold their use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infuse calcium gluconate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 meq per hour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spironolactone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forces potassium into cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Check potassium levels before administering anything (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticholinergic drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting alpha 1 receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may cause angina or ventricular dysrhythmias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in both heart rate and blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonselective beta blocker (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impotence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blurred vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium channel blockers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A class of diuretics that block the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the early part of the distal convoluted tubule.

A type of diuretic that is effective in preventing or slowing down the onset of renal failure in severe hypertension.

A type of diuretic that blocks aldosterone's action in the distal nephron.

A thiazide diuretic commonly used as a first-line treatment for hypertension, especially in African Americans.

An osmotic diuretic used to prevent or slow down the onset of renal failure in severe hypertension, as well as to reduce intracranial pressure caused by cerebral edema.

A K+-sparing diuretic that blocks the action of aldosterone, preventing its sodium retention and potassium excretion.

The early segment of the distal convoluted tubule.

To promote retention of potassium and excretion of sodium.

Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output, also known as diuresis.

Normal urine output is considered to be at least 30 ml per hour.

A potent loop diuretic that inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle, leading to increased urine output and reduced edema and blood pressure.

Furosemide is a powerful diuretic used for significant fluid removal in conditions like heart failure and edema.

Furosemide can cause low potassium levels (hypokalemia), which can increase the risk of digoxin toxicity.

Furosemide can cause hearing loss when combined with other ototoxic medications, such as aminoglycosides.

Furosemide can cause low blood pressure, especially when combined with other antihypertensive drugs.

Furosemide is most effective when patients consume potassium-rich foods and supplements to help mitigate the potential for hypokalemia.

Muscarinic antagonists selectively block the effects of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors.

Bradycardia in ICU (low BP, dizziness/syncope, Cognitive changes), surgical pretreatment to prevent bradycardia during surgery. HR/BP should both rise (doesn't happen w/heart damage), dry secretions pre-surgical, Not used in HTN

Dry mouth, blurred vision, photophobia, elevation of intraocular pressure, urinary retention, anhidrosis (inability to sweat), tachycardia

Inhibits alpha 1 receptors (arterioles/veins), causes vasodilation, resulting in decreased BP/CO

Essential HTN, BPH, Raynaud's

Dizziness, HA, drowsiness, impotence (alpha 1 blockage inhibits ejaculation, reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion, edema/postural hypotension), OH

Angina, HTN (but not as effective as once thought), cardiac dysrhythmias (SA node, sinus tachy/PAC's), MI, HF

Reduced HR, peripheral vascular resistance w/long term use, force of contraction, speed of AV conduction

Bradycardia, reduced CO, precipitation of HF, AV heart block

Blocks adrenergic receptors in the cardiac (beta 1), lungs (beta 2)/renal (beta 1); suppresses renin secretion, Therapeutic action: antihypertensive, reduces HR, CO used in MI, CAD, HTN, cardiac dysrhythmias

A type of diuretic that directly blocks sodium-potassium exchange in the distal nephron, leading to increased potassium levels in the blood.

A medication used for hypertension and edema, but it has minimal diuretic effect, making it often used with other diuretics to counteract potassium loss.

A condition where your blood potassium level is too high. It can cause an irregular heartbeat and other heart problems, potentially even fatal.

Medications that are used to replenish potassium levels in the body.

A type of medication that blocks aldosterone's action, preventing sodium retention and potassium excretion, helping to prevent hypokalemia.

A type of diuretic that inhibits aldosterone's action at the collecting duct of the nephron, leading to increased potassium retention and sodium excretion.

It is essential to use caution when combining Aldactone (Spironolactone) with certain medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct renin inhibitors.

Never give Aldactone (Spironolactone) with potassium supplements, salt substitutes, or other potassium-sparing medications, as this can lead to dangerous hyperkalemia.

Potassium (K+) is a mineral that is essential for proper nerve and muscle function and for maintaining a healthy heartbeat. Low potassium levels can lead to various complications such as irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, and fatigue.

High potassium levels (hyperkalemia) can be dangerous and even life-threatening. It can cause heart rhythm problems, weakness, and numbness. This is why monitoring potassium levels is crucial in medical settings.

Large potassium pills can potentially lead to dangerous complications if not swallowed properly. They can cause irritation or even ulcers in the digestive tract, potentially resulting in bleeding or perforation.

Liquid potassium (KCl) should always be diluted in juice or water according to instructions. Never administer it undiluted as it can irritate the stomach and cause severe complications.

IV potassium (KCL) should only be administered through a drip, never pushed directly into a vein. The maximum safe rate is 10 meq per hour to avoid potentially fatal heart rhythm disturbances. Never add KCL to an existing IV line.

Before administering any potassium, check blood potassium levels (K) three times. This is crucial to avoid dangerous levels and ensure safety.

Potassium is lost through various processes like vomiting, diarrhea, wound drainage, and prolonged diuretic use or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). These conditions can lead to low potassium levels.

To address high potassium (hyperkalemia), several steps can be taken: 1) Withhold potassium-containing foods and medications, including K-sparing diuretics (spironolactone/triamterene). 2) Infuse calcium gluconate IV to counteract cardiotoxicity. 3) Infuse insulin and glucose to force K into cells. 4) Infuse sodium bicarbonate to increase pH and increase cellular intake of K. 5) Administer oral or enema Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) to remove K. 6) Consider peritoneal or hemodialysis to remove K.