Loop Diuretics and Diuretic Resistance

Which of the following is a determinant for cardiac output?

Which of the following is NOT an initial insult that can lead to heart failure?

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Which type of heart failure is characterized by thin heart walls?

Which type of heart failure is characterized by thick heart walls?

What is the definition of heart failure?

Which stage of heart failure is characterized by severe symptoms at rest and requires advanced treatment options like transplantation?

Which hormone stimulates the conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2 via ACE?

Which of the following hormones increases volume by retention of sodium and water in the kidneys?

Which neurohormone is responsible for down regulation of the beta receptor and can cause arrhythmias?

Which hormone causes loss of flow-mediated vasodilation, thickening and rigidity of arteries, and increased afterload?

Which of the following is the preferred initial treatment for Stage C heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?

Which drug should be considered for persistently symptomatic black patients with HFrEF despite ARNI, beta-blocker, and aldosterone antagonist therapy?

What is the target daily dose of carvedilol for HFrEF?

What is the target daily dose of metoprolol succinate (ER) for HFrEF?

Which medication has demonstrated reductions in cardiovascular death and hospitalizations due to HF, including additive benefit with MRAs and ARNi?

Which medication has the highest reduction in mortality according to the guideline?

Which medication has a reduction in hospitalizations of 31% according to the guideline?

Which medication is recommended for any patient with HFpEF without contraindications?

Which of the following is NOT a major contributor to anorexia in patients with advanced HF?

True or False: Cardiac rehabilitation has been shown to improve clinical status and outcomes in patients with HF.

Which of the following is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with HF?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)?

Which mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist is a non-selective antagonist on mineralocorticoid and progesterone, androgen receptors?

Which mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist is a selective antagonist on mineralocorticoid receptor in the kidney, heart, and vessels?

Which class of medications is recommended for patients with chronic symptomatic HFrEF Class 2 or 3 who tolerate ACEi or ARB, to reduce mortality and morbidity?

Which beta-blocker is the least lipophilic?

Which diuretic has increased oral bioavailability, longer half-life, and beneficial effects on myocardial fibrosis, aldosterone production, sympathetic activation, ventricular remodeling, and natriuretic peptides?

What is the initial goal of diuretic therapy in heart failure patients?

Which combination of medications is recommended to reduce mortality in self-described African American patients with Class 3-4 heart failure receiving optimal therapy with ACEi and beta-blocker, unless contraindicated?

Which medication is approved to reduce hospitalizations in patients with stable heart failure and an EF < 35%, a resting HR of at least 70 BPM on maximally tolerated beta blockers?