Distributed File Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of distributed file systems?

  • Sending notifications to users
  • Performing full-text searches
  • Granting access to files across multiple servers (correct)
  • Synchronizing user actions across a network

    • What is the main function of a notification system?

  • Granting access to files across multiple servers
  • Regulating and synchronizing distributed applications
  • Sending notifications or alerts to users (correct)
  • Performing full-text searches

    • What data structure is utilized for rapid and effective full-text search?

  • Hash table
  • Linked list
  • Binary tree
  • Inverted index (correct)

    • What is the primary purpose of distributed coordination services?

    <p>Regulate and synchronize the actions of distributed applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of distributed coordination services in a large-scale or intricate system?

    <p>Maintaining consistency, addressing distributed synchronization, and overseeing the configuration and state of diverse components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a distributed coordination service?

    <p>Apache ZooKeeper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of heartbeating in a distributed environment?

    <p>To detect server failures and enable corrective actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heartbeating work in a decentralized system?

    <p>Servers randomly choose a set of servers and send them heartbeat messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating a checksum in a distributed system?

    <p>Ensuring data integrity during data transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cryptographic hash function can be used to calculate a checksum for data integrity?

    <p>SHA-256</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Heartbeating" is primarily used for:

    <p>Detecting failures in a distributed system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of distributed coordination services?

    <p>etcd and Consul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if no heartbeat message is received from a server within the configured timeout period?

    <p>The system suspects that the server might have crashed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does heartbeating play in decentralized systems?

    <p>Facilitating failure detection without reliance on a central server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heartbeating contribute to maintaining system reliability?

    <p>By enabling timely detection of server failure and corrective actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concept essential for excelling in system design, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Load Balancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the system design master template mentioned in the text?

    <p>To guide in answering any system design interview question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a key principle for software engineers aiming to excel in system design interviews?

    <p>Understanding the intricacies of API gateway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mentioned as essential for a comprehensive understanding of system design concepts?

    <p>Appreciating the role of caching in modern distributed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cryptographic hash functions can be used to calculate a checksum for data integrity?

    <p>MD5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating a checksum in a distributed system?

    <p>To ensure data integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a distributed system, what does the client do if the data it received from the server does not match the stored checksum?

    <p>Opt to retrieve the data from another replica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does heartbeating play in decentralized systems?

    <p>Detecting node failures and network partitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of distributed coordination services in a large-scale or intricate system?

    <p>Managing communication and cooperation between distributed components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if no heartbeat message is received from a server within the configured timeout period?

    <p>The server may be considered unreachable or failed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a notification system in a distributed environment?

    <p>Facilitate communication and event dissemination across distributed components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NoSQL database is designed for complex relationships and interconnected structures, like social networks or recommendation systems?

    <p>Neo4j</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of NoSQL database is efficient for simple read and write operations, and can be partitioned and scaled horizontally?

    <p>Key-value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which database index enhances query performance but requires additional storage space and may impact write operations?

    <p>B-tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of distributed file systems?

    <p>Granting access to files across multiple servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Elastic Search' is an example of a system that utilizes which feature for efficient searching?

    <p>$full$-$text$ search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do notification systems primarily play in distributed applications?

    <p>Sending notifications or alerts to users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of NoSQL database is efficient for querying data with known row and column keys?

    <p>Column-family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of distributed coordination services in a dependable and fault-tolerant way?

    <p>Regulating and synchronizing the actions of distributed applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of heartbeat mechanisms in distributed environments?

    <p>Detecting failures in servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Checksums' are used in distributed systems to achieve which purpose?

    <p>Preventing corrupted data during movement between components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of full-text search in an application or website?

    <p>Allowing users to search for specific words or phrases rapidly and effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Heartbeating' is primarily used for:

    <p>Detecting failures in servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the internet infrastructure translates domain names into corresponding IP addresses?

    <p>Recursive resolver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a forward proxy or 'proxy server'?

    <p>Act as an intermediary between client machines and the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a reverse proxy serve in a system design?

    <p>Acts as an intermediary between web servers and the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component facilitates efficient traffic distribution, security, and content delivery in system design?

    <p>Load balancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an API Gateway in system design?

    <p>Providing request routing, authentication, rate limiting, caching, and request and response transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a Content Delivery Network (CDN) in system design?

    <p>Storing and delivering content to users from locations closer to them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do CDNs operate to improve performance and reliability of content delivery?

    <p>Directing user requests to the nearest CDN server (edge server), serving the content directly if cached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental task of CDNs to ensure up-to-date content delivery?

    <p>Periodically checking the origin server for changes and updating their cache accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of a reverse proxy in system design?

    <p>Acting as an intermediary between web servers and the internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do system design concepts play in contemporary architectures?

    <p>Streamline communication processes and offer a single entry point for clients to access various services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of system design concepts for managing server workloads during sudden traffic surges?

    <p>Scaling applications during sudden traffic surges or uneven distribution of requests among servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a reverse proxy in a system design?

    <p>To forward client requests to web servers and return their responses to the client</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does caching occur in a distributed system?

    <p>Client, DNS, CDN, load balancer, API gateway, server, and database</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of data partitioning in a distributed system?

    <p>To distribute load and enhance query performance by horizontally or vertically partitioning database tables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of database replication in a distributed system?

    <p>To maintain multiple copies of the same database across servers to improve availability, redundancy, and fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of microservices architecture?

    <p>Organizing applications as small, loosely-coupled, and autonomously deployable services communicating via well-defined APIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of NoSQL databases?

    <p>Storing unstructured or semi-structured data and handling large volumes of data with flexibility and scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    System Design Fundamentals

    • Reverse proxy forwards client requests to web servers and returns their responses to the client.
    • Cache is a high-speed storage layer between the application and data source, reducing the need to access the original source for data.
    • Caching occurs at multiple locations in a distributed system, such as client, DNS, CDN, load balancer, API gateway, server, and database.
    • Data partitioning involves horizontal (sharding) and vertical partitioning of database tables to distribute load and enhance query performance.
    • Database replication maintains multiple copies of the same database across servers to improve availability, redundancy, and fault tolerance.
    • Replicated database configuration involves a primary (master) database and replicas (slaves) for synchronized data and advantages in performance, availability, protection, and load balancing.
    • Distributed messaging systems enable reliable, scalable, and fault-tolerant message exchange between geographically-dispersed applications or components.
    • Microservices organize applications as small, loosely-coupled, and autonomously deployable services, communicating via well-defined APIs.
    • Microservices adhere to the Single Responsibility Principle, offer independence, decentralization, lightweight communication, and fault tolerance.
    • NoSQL databases store unstructured or semi-structured data and are popular for their flexibility, scalability, and ability to handle large volumes of data.
    • NoSQL databases can be categorized into document-based, key-value stores, wide-column stores, and graph databases.
    • NoSQL databases are well-suited for modern applications, big data processing, and real-time analytics due to their ability to handle diverse and large datasets.

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