Distinguishing & Categorizing Species
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is primarily used to classify organisms into groups that reflect their evolutionary history?

  • Behavioral similarities among organisms
  • Habitat preferences of species
  • Shared traits due to common ancestry (correct)
  • Physical appearance of organisms

What does phylogenetic analysis focus on?

  • Behavioral patterns of species
  • Evolutionary relationships between organisms and traits (correct)
  • Observable characteristics of organisms
  • Geographical distribution of species

In the polyphasic approach to taxonomy, which method involves examining DNA?

  • Genotypic analysis (correct)
  • Ecological analysis
  • Phenotypic analysis
  • Morphological analysis

What are hatch marks used to indicate in a phylogenetic tree?

<p>Characters shared by the group to the right of the mark (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in constructing a phylogenetic tree?

<p>Align the sequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sister taxa are defined as organisms that?

<p>Share a recent common ancestor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis focuses on observable characteristics present in organisms?

<p>Phenotypic analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes analogous structures?

<p>Structures that have similar functions in unrelated species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the classification of dolphins and sharks?

<p>Sharks are fish and dolphins are mammals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does embryonic development differ between marsupials and eutherians?

<p>Marsupials develop outside the uterus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains identified in the Tree of Life?

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of prokaryotes in relation to their cellular structure?

<p>They lack a nucleus and nuclear membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rRNA is associated with bacterial and archaeal organisms?

<p>16S rRNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is suggested by the application of Occam's Razor in evolutionary biology?

<p>Assumes evolutionary timelines are identical for all species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do eukaryotes lack in relation to rRNA compared to prokaryotes?

<p>16S rRNA gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to analyze genetic differences in eukaryotes?

<p>Utilizing mitochondrial DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of using phylogeny in the study of whale meat samples?

<p>To determine the legality of whale meat sold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method was primarily employed to identify whale meat species in the study?

<p>Sequencing part of mitochondrial DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the studied species, which whale is legally permitted to be sold in Japan?

<p>Minke whales in the Southern Hemisphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the biological species concept emphasize as a key factor for defining species?

<p>Reproductive isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the genetic cohesion of a species, according to the biological species concept?

<p>Gene flow between populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of speciation, what typically initiates the divergence of a population?

<p>Reproductive barriers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of DNA is noted for evolving relatively quickly, making it useful for studying recent evolutionary events?

<p>Mitochondrial DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the gametes of different sea urchin species from successfully fertilizing each other?

<p>Surface proteins binding poorly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of reduced hybrid fertility?

<p>Meiosis fails to develop normal gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adaptive radiation according to Darwin's concept of speciation?

<p>The emergence of significantly diverse life forms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of hybrid breakdown?

<p>Hybrid rice's next generation being sterile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the biological species concept?

<p>It fails to consider fossil species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species concept defines species based only on morphological traits?

<p>Morphological species concept (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might impaired hybrid development indicate?

<p>Gene interactions between parent species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hybrid fertility in mules?

<p>They are robust yet sterile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept defines species based on the ecological niches they occupy?

<p>Ecological species concept (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily emphasized by the Biological Species Concept?

<p>Absence of gene flow between species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents gene flow in allopatric speciation?

<p>Geographic isolation of populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is commonly associated with sympatric speciation in plants?

<p>Polyploidy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does natural selection play in the divergence of isolated populations?

<p>It facilitates adaptation to local environments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological event contributed to the allopatric speciation of several snapping shrimp species?

<p>Closure of the Isthmus of Panama (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sympatric speciation, which of the following factors does NOT typically contribute?

<p>Geographic barriers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Grolar bears is accurate?

<p>They demonstrate gene flow between distinct species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome when populations stop interbreeding due to geographic isolation?

<p>They will begin to diverge over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reproductive isolation primarily designed to prevent?

<p>The formation of hybrids between different species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of temporal isolation?

<p>Species that breed at different times of the year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of reproductive isolation causes mating attempts to fail due to physical differences?

<p>Mechanical isolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of barrier does habitat isolation illustrate?

<p>Geographic separation within the same area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species isolation mechanism emphasizes unique courtship behaviors?

<p>Behavioral isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pre-zygotic isolation differ from post-zygotic isolation?

<p>It prevents mating and fertilization, while post-zygotic involves barriers after fertilization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mechanical isolation is correct?

<p>It is caused by physical incompatibilities of mating structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why would the Blue Footed Booby's courtship display be considered a barrier to mating with other species?

<p>Only specific colors are recognized by females for successful courtship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Common Ancestry

Shared evolutionary history among organisms, leading to similar traits.

Phylogenetic Analysis

Studying evolutionary relationships between organisms and their traits.

Genotypic Analysis

Examining the DNA sequences of organisms for classification.

Phenotypic Analysis

Observing and analyzing visible characteristics of organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Analogous Structures

Structures in unrelated organisms that perform similar functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phylogenetic Tree

A branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships between organisms or groups of organisms

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distance Matrix

A table showing the number of differences between DNA sequences of various organisms in a study set.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sister Taxa

Two lineages that diverged most recently from a common ancestor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Convergent Evolution

The process where unrelated organisms evolve similar traits or features due to adapting to similar environments or ecological niches.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Marsupial

A mammal whose young are born in an undeveloped state and continue to grow in a pouch on the mother's body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eutherian

A mammal whose young develop fully inside the uterus before birth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryote

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryote

Organisms that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Signup and view all the flashcards

16S rRNA

A specific type of ribosomal RNA found in bacteria and archaea, used to study evolutionary relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

18S rRNA

A specific type of ribosomal RNA found in eukaryotes, used to study evolutionary relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

mtDNA

Mitochondrial DNA, used to study evolutionary relationships, particularly within species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Whale Meat Phylogeny

Scientists used DNA sequences from whale meat samples to determine their species and origin, confirming if they were legally harvested.

Signup and view all the flashcards

mtDNA Evolutionary Rate

Mitochondrial DNA evolves relatively quickly compared to ribosomal RNA, allowing researchers to study more recent evolutionary events.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Ribosomal RNA changes slowly, making it useful for studying ancient evolutionary relationships between species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Species: Latin for 'Kind'

A group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring but don't produce offspring with other groups. The word 'species' comes from the Latin 'kind' or 'appearance'.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gene Flow

The exchange of genetic material between populations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Species Concept

A definition of a species based on the ability of individuals to interbreed and produce viable offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Speciation

The process by which one species splits into two species, driven by adaptive radiation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adaptive Radiation

The rapid diversification of a species into new forms, often filling different ecological niches.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reproductive Isolation

A biological barrier that prevents two species from interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, leading to the formation of new species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pre-Zygotic Barriers

Reproductive isolation mechanisms that block fertilization from occuring by preventing mating attempts, successful completion of mating, or hindering fertilization even if mating is successful.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Habitat Isolation

Species living in different habitats within the same area rarely encounter each other, leading to reproductive isolation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Temporal Isolation

Species that breed at different times of the day, season, or year cannot mix their gametes, preventing interbreeding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Behavioral Isolation

Unique courtship rituals or behaviors within a species prevent mating with individuals from other species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mechanical Isolation

Physical incompatibility between reproductive structures of different species prevents successful mating.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Post-Zygotic Barriers

Reproductive isolation mechanisms that occur after fertilization, preventing the development of a viable and fertile hybrid offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hybrid Infertility

When hybrid offspring are produced but are infertile, preventing gene flow between parent species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Niche Selection

The process where different environments favor specific adaptations in organisms, leading to evolutionary divergence within populations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morphological Species Concept

Classifies species based on their physical characteristics, including size, shape, and other observable features.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Grolar Bear

A hybrid offspring resulting from mating between a Grizzly bear and a Polar bear.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species when populations are geographically isolated.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sympatric Speciation

The formation of new species within the same geographic area, without physical isolation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Flyless Cormorant Vs. Marine Iguana

Examples of allopatric speciation where geographic isolation led to distinct adaptations in island populations compared to mainland populations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gametic Isolation

A prezygotic barrier where sperm from one species is unable to fertilize the eggs of another species, preventing hybrid formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Surface Proteins

Proteins on the surface of sperm and eggs that play a crucial role in recognition and binding during fertilization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reduced Hybrid Viability

A postzygotic barrier where hybrid offspring fail to develop or survive due to incompatible gene interactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

A postzygotic barrier where hybrid offspring are sterile due to chromosomes of different numbers or structures in their parents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hybrid Breakdown

A postzygotic barrier where the first-generation hybrids are fertile but subsequent generations become sterile.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Limitations of Biological Species Concept

The biological species concept has limitations when applied to certain groups, like fossils, asexual organisms, and those where mating is difficult to observe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Distinguishing & Categorizing Species

  • Traits shared due to common ancestry are used to classify organisms into groups reflecting evolutionary history.
  • Hatch marks represent shared characteristics within a group.
  • Taxonomic methods use multiple approaches (e.g., phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic) for identifying and describing new species.
  • The polyphasic approach uses three methods:
  • Phylogenetic analysis: examining genotypes (DNA) to understand evolutionary relationships.
  • Genotypic analysis: looking at genotypes (DNA) for species identification.
  • Phenotypic analysis: studying observable characteristics for species classification.
  • Phylogenetic analysis studies evolutionary relationships between traits and organisms.
  • Example: Dogs, cats, bats, and wolves are mammals but phenotypic differences are significant. Phylogenetic analysis might not detect the commonality.

Building a Tree

  • Step 1: Align sequences: arrange DNA sequences in rows to compare differences.
  • Step 2: Create a distance matrix: compare all sequences and record the number of differences.
  • "--" = no difference.
  • Step 3: Construct the tree: add nodes connecting lineages with the fewest differences.
  • Nodes represent common ancestors; 1 & 2 or 3&4 are sister taxa (most recent common ancestors).

Analogous Structures

  • Structures appear similar but not closely related.
  • Example: sharks and dolphins have similar features (dorsal fins, streamlined bodies, flippers) because of convergent evolution, but they have different internal structural characteristics (sharks are fish and dolphins are mammals).

Convergent Evolution

  • Sugar gliders (marsupials) and flying squirrels (eutherians) superficially resemble each other but have different evolutionary histories.
  • Marsupials develop outside the uterus; eutherians develop inside. (Gestation difference)

Three Domain Systems

  • Scientists identified three domains in the tree of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • The domains Bacteria/Archaea are prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles).
  • The domain Eukarya is eukaryotic (has a nucleus).

Ribosomal Subunits

  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is highly conserved.
  • Small differences in rRNA sequences may indicate evolutionary divergence.
  • 16S rRNA is used as a molecular clock for evolutionary relationships.
  • 18S rRNA is used in eukaryotes to study evolutionary relationships.
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) comes from the mother and can be used to determine relationships.
  • mtDNA sequences can be used to identify relationships between organisms.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

BILD 3 Notes - Lecture 9 PDF
BILD 3 Lecture 10 Notes - Phylogeny & Whales PDF

Description

Explore the methods used to classify and categorize species based on evolutionary traits and shared ancestry. This quiz will guide you through phylogenetic, genotypic, and phenotypic analyses, teaching you how to build a classification tree. Understand the significance of observable characteristics and genetic relationships in the classification process.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser