أسئلة السابعة شرعي الدلتا (قبل التعديل)

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Questions and Answers

What does a 99.9% probability of paternity indicate?

There is insufficient evidence regarding paternity.

The man is definitely not the father.

The man is likely the father.

The man is the father. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a consideration in the ethical use of paternity testing?

Financial compensation for the testing (correct)

Informed consent from all parties

Confidentiality of test results

The right to privacy

Before DNA testing, which of the following methods was used to assess paternity?

Psychological evaluations

Physical resemblance assessment

X-ray analysis

Blood group testing (correct)

How has DNA testing impacted family law?

It has provided a reliable and scientific way to establish paternity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for maintaining confidentiality of paternity test results?

To fulfill legal requirements and the rights of the child Signup and view all the answers

What probability of paternity can be attributed to HLA typing alone?

98% Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of using polymorphic enzymes for paternity testing?

It can only exclude a man as the father. Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is most commonly used for modern paternity testing due to its high accuracy?

STR Analysis Signup and view all the answers

What method is considered the most non-invasive for DNA collection?

Buccal (Cheek) Swabs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Y-Chromosome Testing is true?

It is passed from father to son. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing?

Determining maternal lineage Signup and view all the answers

What major drawback does HLA typing possess in comparison to other testing methods?

It requires expensive equipment and expertise. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of paternity testing?

To determine biological relationships between alleged parents and children Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a scenario where paternity testing might be utilized?

To confirm a child's citizenship Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of paternity testing gives it low accuracy on its own?

Presence of multiple matches among individuals Signup and view all the answers

Before modern genetic testing, which methods were commonly used to resolve disputes regarding paternity?

Blood typing and witness testimony Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity Testing (NIPT)?

Uses the mother’s blood for fetal DNA analysis Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendel's law of inheritance, what factors can a legitimate child inherit from parents?

Two factors, one from each parent Signup and view all the answers

What blood group is considered the commonest based on the given inheritance factors?

O Signup and view all the answers

When a homozygous Rh -ve woman marries a homozygous Rh +ve man, what blood group will their child likely have?

Rh +ve Signup and view all the answers

What method carries a higher risk to the fetus during prenatal testing?

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best captures the importance of informed consent in paternity testing?

It respects the autonomy and privacy of all parties involved. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these methods is NOT categorized under Pre-DNA Testing Methods?

DNA sequencing Signup and view all the answers

What remains central to the use of paternity testing in society, particularly concerning the rights of individuals?

The ethical considerations around privacy and confidentiality. Signup and view all the answers

What significant advantage does modern DNA testing provide over previous paternity assessment methods?

Increased accuracy and reliability. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary role of paternity testing in legal contexts?

Confirming or denying biological relationships for legal disputes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of using STR (Short Tandem Repeat) Analysis in paternity testing?

It provides a high probability of paternity. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would most likely require court-ordered paternity testing?

A father denies biological relationship with a child Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing most applicable?

Testing for maternal lineage and occasionally for complex paternity cases. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major limitation of early paternity assessment methods?

They only provided partial accuracy and inconclusive results Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered the most conclusive for resolving paternity disputes?

STR testing. Signup and view all the answers

What does NIPT stand for and what is its primary method of operation?

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing, using maternal blood to analyze fetal DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of HLA typing in paternity testing?

It is less accurate than STR testing. Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendel's law, which blood group combinations indicate an ABO group inheritance?

A and B Signup and view all the answers

What common factor does blood group inheritance between a heterozygous Rh +ve couple lead to?

There is a likelihood of either Rh +ve or Rh -ve blood groups in their offspring. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a consideration when using polymorphic enzymes for paternity testing?

Conclusive proof of paternity. Signup and view all the answers

What type of prenatal testing poses a risk to the fetus?

Invasive prenatal testing Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does a child inherit from parents, based on Mendel's law?

Two identical factors or one of each Signup and view all the answers

Which paternity testing technique is considered difficult and costly but provides high accuracy?

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of paternity testing in immigration cases?

To verify biological relationships for residency claims Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing antigens on the surface of white blood cells, which testing method is being utilized?

HLA typing. Signup and view all the answers

Inherited blood group combinations can lead to which of the following scenarios?

A child with AB blood cannot have O type parents Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the 0% probability in paternity testing.

A 0% probability indicates exclusion, confirming that the alleged father is not the biological parent. Signup and view all the answers

What ethical considerations must be addressed when conducting paternity tests?

Informed consent, privacy, confidentiality of results, and the rights of the child are essential ethical considerations. Signup and view all the answers

How did pre-DNA testing methods impact the legal context of paternity disputes?

Pre-DNA testing methods provided less reliable assessments of paternity, often leading to contested legal outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What role does confidentiality play in the context of paternity testing results?

Confidentiality protects sensitive information about individuals involved and maintains trust in the testing process. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the impact of modern DNA testing on family law.

Modern DNA testing provides accurate biological relationships, transforming how family law addresses paternity cases. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential blood types of a child from two heterozygous Rh +ve parents (Dd)?

The child may be either Rh +ve or Rh -ve. Signup and view all the answers

What does HLA typing analyze and what is its probability of paternity alone?

HLA typing analyzes antigens on white blood cells and gives a 98% probability of paternity alone. Signup and view all the answers

Why are polymorphic enzyme assays considered to have moderate exclusion power?

They can exclude a man as the father but cannot conclusively prove paternity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using PCR in paternity testing?

PCR amplifies small DNA samples to create larger, testable samples. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is Y-Chromosome Testing particularly useful?

Y-Chromosome Testing is useful for establishing relationships between males. Signup and view all the answers

What makes STR (Short Tandem Repeat) testing preferred in modern paternity testing?

STR testing is preferred due to its high accuracy in comparing specific DNA sequences. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a limitation of using buccal swabs for DNA collection.

Buccal swabs may not provide sufficient DNA quantities for all testing needs. Signup and view all the answers

How does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing contribute to understanding paternity?

Mitochondrial DNA testing primarily aids in establishing maternal lineage but can assist in complex paternity cases. Signup and view all the answers

What are two possible scenarios that could lead to disputes over paternity?

A baby claimed by two sets of parents and accidental interchange of infants in maternity hospitals. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary difference between Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) and invasive prenatal testing methods.

NIPT uses the mother's blood to analyze fetal DNA fragments with no risk to the fetus, while invasive methods like amniocentesis carry risks. Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendel's law of inheritance, which two blood groups are dominant and which one is recessive?

A and B are dominant, while O is recessive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern for a child born to a homozygous Rh -ve woman and a homozygous Rh +ve man?

The child will be Rh +ve. Signup and view all the answers

What were the major limitations of blood typing compared to modern genetic testing for paternity disputes?

Blood typing provided only partial accuracy and inconclusive results regarding paternity. Signup and view all the answers

List two uses of paternity testing beyond establishing familial relationships.

Paternity testing is used in immigration cases and for mass disaster victim identification. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor associated with invasive prenatal testing methods?

Invasive methods carry a risk to the fetus. Signup and view all the answers

Name one reason why paternity testing might be court-ordered.

It may be required to resolve disputes over child support or inheritance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ethical consideration highlighted in the use of paternity testing regarding the individuals involved?

Informed consent and the right to privacy are the main ethical considerations. Signup and view all the answers

How did the introduction of DNA testing improve the process of determining paternity compared to pre-DNA methods?

DNA testing provides high levels of accuracy and reliability, surpassing the precision of previous methods. Signup and view all the answers

What does a 99.9% probability of paternity typically indicate about the alleged father's biological relationship to the child?

It indicates that the man is almost certainly the biological father. Signup and view all the answers

What was one limitation of pre-DNA testing methods that made them less effective than modern DNA testing?

Pre-DNA testing methods lacked precision and could not provide definitive conclusions about biological relationships. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does the modern paternity testing landscape influence the legal rights of the child?

It centralizes the child's rights in testing procedures and helps clarify parental responsibilities. Signup and view all the answers

What are two primary uses of Y-Chromosome Testing?

Y-Chromosome Testing is primarily used to test relationships between males and can also assist in determining paternal lineage. Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of using polymorphic enzymes for paternity testing?

Polymorphic enzymes can only exclude a potential father but cannot conclusively prove paternity. Signup and view all the answers

How does HLA typing differ from traditional blood type testing in terms of paternity probability?

HLA typing provides a 98% probability of paternity, while traditional blood type testing has lower accuracy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of STR analysis in modern paternity testing?

STR analysis offers high accuracy in determining paternity due to its comparison of specific DNA sequences. Signup and view all the answers

What sample collection method is preferred for non-invasive DNA testing?

Buccal swabs are the preferred method for non-invasive DNA collection. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a main characteristic of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing.

Mitochondrial DNA testing is mainly used for tracing maternal lineage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of paternity when using PCR and STR analysis together?

When using PCR and STR analysis together, the probability of paternity can reach up to 100%. Signup and view all the answers

What is one drawback of HLA typing besides its cost?

HLA typing is considered a difficult technique, which adds to its limitation in broader application. Signup and view all the answers

What genetic testing method is used to analyze fetal DNA during pregnancy without posing risks to the fetus?

Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity Testing (NIPT) Signup and view all the answers

Explain why blood group O is considered recessive in inheritance.

Blood group O is recessive because it requires two O alleles (OO) to express the O blood type, while A and B are dominant. Signup and view all the answers

In a situation where a father denies paternity, what type of testing may be ordered by the court?

Court-Ordered DNA Testing Signup and view all the answers

What is a major drawback of invasive prenatal testing methods like amniocentesis?

Invasive prenatal testing carries a risk to the fetus. Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendel's law, how many inheritable factors can a legitimate child receive from their parents?

A legitimate child can inherit two factors, one from each parent. Signup and view all the answers

What testing method uses the mother's blood to analyze fetal DNA fragments in non-invasive procedures?

Non-Invasive Prenatal Paternity Testing (NIPT) Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential blood types for a child born to a heterozygous Rh +ve father and a homozygous Rh -ve mother?

The child may be either Rh +ve or Rh -ve. Signup and view all the answers

Name one application of paternity testing beyond determining parentage.

Paternity testing is used in immigration cases. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Disputed Paternity

Definition of Paternity: Parenthood; paternity testing uses genetic methods to determine relationships, often between parents and children.
Methods of Disputed Paternity (Pre-DNA Era): Witness testimony, cultural norms, and early scientific methods like blood typing, which were less accurate and often inconclusive.

Human Genetically Controlled Markers Systems

Pre-DNA Era Markers:
- Blood groups (ABO system, Rh factor)
- Enzyme groups
- Protein groups
- HLA (Human Leukocytes Antigen)
- DNA Fingerprints

Types of Paternity Testing

Prenatal Testing:
- Non-Invasive: Uses the mother's blood to analyze fetal DNA fragments; no risk to the fetus.
- Invasive: Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) used to collect fetal DNA, carries a risk to the fetus.
Postnatal Testing: Performed after birth.

Inheritance of Blood Groups (ABO System)

Mendel's Law: Three inheritable factors: A and B are dominant, O is recessive.
Inheritance Pattern: Children inherit one factor from each parent, determining their blood type.
Blood Group Combinations:
- AB (rarest)
- O (most common)
- AO/BO - A or B group

Rh Factor

Inheritance: Inherited by two genes: D (dominant) and d (recessive).
Homozygous Rh-ve Woman and Homozygous Rh+ve Man: Child will be Rh+.
Heterozygous Rh+ve Woman and Heterozygous Rh+ve Man: Child may be Rh+ or Rh-.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Blood Typing

Advantages: Easy, rapid, cheap, 100% exclusion.
Disadvantages: Inaccurate for conclusive proof, multiple matches possible (many people can share the same blood type).

Enzyme Groups

Definition: Polymorphic enzymes (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase) primarily in red blood cells, tested through electrophoresis.
Advantages: Rapid, non-expensive.
Disadvantages: Non-conclusive alone.

3-Protein Groups

Definition: Analyzes inherited proteins and enzymes (e.g., haptoglobins, immunoglobulins).
Advantages: Moderate exclusion power.
Disadvantages: Could not definitively prove paternity; low accuracy.

HLA (Human Leukocytes Antigen)

Definition: Analyzes antigens on white blood cells.
Advantages: Alone, 98% probability of paternity.
Disadvantages: Difficult, expensive technique.

DNA Typing (DNA Profiling)

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies small DNA samples.
STR (Short Tandem Repeat) Analysis: Compares short DNA sequences at specific locations. Highly accurate and the most common method for modern paternity testing.
Y-Chromosome Testing: For testing relationships between males; Y-chromosome passes from father to son.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Testing: Primarily for maternal lineage; can assist in complex paternity cases

DNA Testing Process

Sample Collection: Buccal (cheek) swabs, blood samples, hair follicles, other tissues.
Analysis (STR): Analyzing DNA sequences.
Report Generation: Reporting results.

Probability of Paternity

Results expressed as a probability. 99.9% probability indicates inclusion (the man is the father). 0% indicates exclusion.

Paternity Testing Inclusion/Exclusion

Inclusion: DNA profile of alleged father matches the child's, confirming biological relationship.
Exclusion: DNA profile of alleged father does not match, excluding that person as the biological father.

Ethical Considerations

Informed consent required for all parties.
Privacy and confidentiality of test results must be maintained.
Rights of the child central to the use of paternity testing.

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