Displays: Chapter 8 & Lecture 7-1
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant limitation when using a single code on a coding dimension?

  • It can only discriminate 5-7 values. (correct)
  • It can only interpret 1-3 values.
  • It cannot aggregate multiple dimensions.
  • It does not allow for redundancy.

    • Which coding method can increase the number of states to code in a user interface?

  • Dynamic coding
  • Incremental coding
  • Redundant coding (correct)
  • Intuitive coding

    • What concept refers to the visibility and noticeability of important display elements?

  • Operational coding
  • Pictorial realism
  • Conspicuity (correct)
  • Dynamic representation

    • What distinguishes a quantitative display from a qualitative display?

    <p>Quantitative displays provide precise data, while qualitative displays provide descriptive data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended type of display when the scale is very large?

    <p>Moving-scale displays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of aircraft bank angle displays, what are the two general types typically used?

    <p>Radial and linear displays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are shape coding methods primarily concerned with in control designs?

    <p>Distinct differentiation of control shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is operational coding as it relates to control and interface design?

    <p>A technique to classify controls based on use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus when designing tools according to the lecture?

    <p>Optimize for a single specific task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a problem associated with designing for the average individual of a population?

    <p>It may exclude most individuals who are not close to average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true about the concept of an average person?

    <p>There is a single person who perfectly represents the average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to variability when adding more people from the tails of the population distribution?

    <p>Variability increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might it be acceptable to design for the average person?

    <p>In situations where the user range is minimal and homogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'range of movement' in the context of anthropometric data?

    <p>The limits of motion that an individual can perform comfortably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is designing airplane seating based solely on the hip breadth of 95th percentile females insufficient?

    <p>It assumes all individuals have the same body proportions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the Fallacy of the Average Person in design?

    <p>Many users find the product unsuitable for their body dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should an auditory display be used instead of a visual display?

    <p>When users are visually impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of font is generally considered better for readability?

    <p>Sans-serif fonts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between static and dynamic displays?

    <p>Dynamic displays change over time, while static displays remain constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under low illumination, how should the Width: Height and Stroke Width ratios be adjusted for better visibility?

    <p>Decrease the ratios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'data-ink ratio' refer to in data visualization?

    <p>The ratio of non-data ink to data ink on a graph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors primarily affects the legibility of letters on a computer display compared to paper?

    <p>The contrast between the text and background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does Tullis’s 'grouping' principle relate to?

    <p>Gestalt grouping principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one create an effective symbol for communication?

    <p>By ensuring it is universally recognizable and simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when labeling controls?

    <p>Labels should be positioned in a way that doesn't obstruct the view of controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between travel time and adjustment time in control movements?

    <p>Travel time is the distance the control travels before it activates, while adjustment time is the time taken to fine-tune a setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to controls, what is backlash?

    <p>The play or gap in a control mechanism that can lead to imprecision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes isotonic controls from isometric controls?

    <p>Isotonic controls require movement of the user, while isometric controls do not require movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which keyboard layout has been shown to improve human performance according to research?

    <p>Dvorak layout significantly outperforms the others in typing efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a split keyboard?

    <p>It helps to minimize wrist strain and improve ergonomic comfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines compensatory tracking?

    <p>The user must actively predict and adjust their movements based on feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of keyboard 'feel'?

    <p>Travel distance, key resistance, shape, and feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an error of omission from an error of commission?

    <p>Omission is the failure to perform an action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Norman's theory, what is the difference between execution and evaluation?

    <p>Evaluation is about comparing outcomes to goals; execution is about carrying out actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of slip involves forgetting to carry out an intended action?

    <p>Lapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Swiss Cheese Model, what do the holes in the cheese represent?

    <p>Failures or weaknesses in safety procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the last resort action when there is insufficient attention to a hazardous situation?

    <p>Issuing a warning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 required components of a legally adequate warning?

    <p>Signal word, hazard, consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories of accidents focuses on individual characteristics?

    <p>Accident-proneness theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor influencing a user's likelihood to heed a warning?

    <p>The signal word used in the warning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Power Law of Practice indicate about skill acquisition over time?

    <p>Improvements in performance decrease as practice continues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Thorndike's Identical Elements Theory?

    <p>Learning is only effective when elements of new skills closely match those of prior skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'motor schema'?

    <p>A mental blueprint for performing movements with flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Fitts' Law primarily express in the context of motor skills?

    <p>The time required to reach a target is influenced by target size and distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motor skills, what distinguishes closed-loop from open-loop systems?

    <p>Closed-loop systems rely on feedback during execution, while open-loop systems do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines cumulative trauma disorders such as RSI?

    <p>The injuries occur over time due to repetitive motions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of carpal tunnel syndrome?

    <p>Overuse of the wrists and hands leading to compressed nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does difference between reaction time and movement time refer to?

    <p>Reaction time is the time taken to decide to act, while movement time is the time taken to complete the movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Displays: Chapter 8 & Lecture 7-1

    • Know when to use auditory vs. visual displays (Slide 3 or P&V table 8.1, p. 194)
    • Understand static vs. dynamic displays
    • Define legibility vs. readability (Lecture 7, esp. slide 8 or P&V pp. 198-199)
    • Serif vs. sans-serif type, proportional vs. fixed width, normal vs. upper case text are generally better
    • Understand Width, Height, and Stroke Width parameters and their ratios (slides 16-19 & pp. 199-200)
    • How do these ratios change with low contrast/light?
    • Visual angle's impact on reading close-up vs. distance (Slide 22)
    • Color contrast's importance in readability (Slide 24 & 44 & elsewhere)
    • Understand the "irradiation" effect in improved road signs (Clearview study, slides 28-34 & P&V 200)
    • Reasons why computer text might be harder to read than paper (e.g., slide 38)
    • Recognize the relationship between Tullis’s “grouping” principle and Gestalt grouping principles (lecture before/after midterm, 201, 2nd paragraph)

    Dynamic Displays: Chapter 8 & Lecture 7-2

    • Quantitative vs. Qualitative reading/displays (lecture 7-2, slides 4-5)
    • When/why use a quantitative vs. qualitative display?
    • Situations where qualitative display is preferable despite quantitative option
    • Altimeters: Circular vs. linear (slides 20-25)
    • Pictorial realism (relation to Elkin's study, slides 20-25)
    • Combining display types and its correlation to selective attention
    • When are digital vs. moving-scale displays better and why?
    • Recommended progressions for scale markers (slide 30)
    • Pointers (Slide 34-36) and object display (Slide 26) relate to selective attention

    Controls & Keyboards: Chapter 15 & Lecture 8-1

    • Coding methods for controls (Slide 11)
    • Examples of shape coding for aircraft levers (e.g., Fig. 8.17)
    • Location coding examples
    • Operational coding examples
    • Label placement considerations w.r.t controls / limited visibility
    • Control-response ratio & sensitivity (404, lecture 8-1) & Slide (32ff)
    • Definition of travel time & adjustment time in control movement (slide 34)
    • Isotonic, isometric & combined control "feel" (slide 37 & 399-402)
    • Types of resistance (400-401) & deadspace backlash
    • Review of Qwerty, Dvorak, Alphabetic layouts
    • Strengths & weaknesses of chorded keyboards
    • Importance of arrangements for learnable keyboards

    Tracking: Lecture 8-2 and Chapter 15

    • Define tracking (pp. 402 ff. or lecture slide 3)
    • Define input, output, and error in tracking (lecture)
    • Different tracking types: pursuit vs compensatory (lecture, P&V p. 403) & (7-10)
    • Importance of Zero, first, second & third order control in tracking
    • Predictor displays (slide 18 & p. 407)
    • Effects of time lags & previews on tracking
    • Know closed loop instability (slide 13) & examples (driving boats, time lag)
    • Effect of preview on tracking performance (slide 21, Hint: fog example)
    • Supervisory control (lecture only, e.g., slide 28)
    • MABA-MABA list (lecture, slide 32)

    Compatibility: P&V Chapter 13 & Lecture 9

    • Four types of compatibility (lecture, slide 5 and most of lecture)
    • 'Compatibility' definition
    • Advantages of correct compatibility in design (lecture, slide 6)
    • Spatial compatibility: findings & examples from stove-top studies (347-351)
    • Movement compatibility (lecture only, e.g., volume control, slide 31)
    • Impact of social group impact on stereotypes used in design (lecture)
    • Results for rotary controls with linear displays (Warrick, Scale, Side, Clockwise, 34-38, 360-364)
    • Switch placement (slides 59-60, Lewis study, lecture)
    • Stereotypes not universal
    • S-C-R Compatibility (P.354 & lecture 9)

    Cognitive and Motor Skills Chapter 14, 12, and Lecture 10

    • Power Law of Practice (basic equations & description; Lecture 10, slide 4, 316-318)
    • Transfer of Training (book & lecture, p 322-324)
    • Thorndike's Identical Elements Theory (P 323 & lecture, 7)

    Hand Tools and RSI: Chapter 16 & Lecture 11-1

    • Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) / RSI (lecture, 441-445)

    • Contrast between single-incident vs. cumulative trauma (lecture)

    • Carpal Tunnel syndrome and its components (lecture & book)

    • Tenosynovitis (lecture & book, p. 446)

    • Hand tool design & ergonomics of wrist-bending

    • Design trade-offs considerations (Slide 34

    Anthropometry: Chapter 16 & Moodle Lesson

    • Definition of anthropometry (and its applications)
    • Methods of data collection (book, slides 4-17)
    • Anthropometry and different populations/professions (slides 24-33, 31-32)
    • Average person concept (Moodle lesson, slides 40, TEDx video)
    • Issues with the 'average person' assumption (TEDx video)
    • Designing for extremes, ranges vs. averages (lesson & slides 43)
    • When average person design is adequate or not
    • Importance of variability as number of people increases (Lecture 11-2, slides 41-42)

    Errors, Accidents, and Warnings: Lecture 12 & Chapter 3

    • Errors of omission vs. commission (book, 60)
    • Rasmussen's skill-based, rule-based, knowledge-based behavior (lecture 9), Execution vs Evaluation (Norman's Theory)
    • Defining slips and mistakes (slide 11)
    • Accident classification & categorizations (lecture)
    • Theories of accident causation
    • What causes accidents (Swiss Cheese Model)
    • Warning elements and their importance (signal words, hazard, consequences)
    • Using language and symbology for user understanding

    Additional Considerations

    • Specific examples and real-life illustrations (from the lectures and the book) may reinforce the study notes.
    • Actively seeking answers to questions raised in the study notes, rather than just passively reading, promotes active recall.

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    Related Documents

    IE 355 Final Study Guide PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from Displays Chapter 8 and Lecture 7-1, focusing on auditory versus visual displays, static vs. dynamic displays, and readability factors. Understand important typographic details, visual parameters, and the impact of color contrast on readability. Test your knowledge on the principles of display design and their practical implications.

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