Displays: Chapter 8 & Lecture 7-1

The ability of a display to attract attention, particularly in critical situations. It should be noticeable and easy to understand.

A reading that provides a specific numerical value or measure.

A reading that provides qualitative information about a system's state, often using shapes or colors.

A display that presents numerical values or quantifiable measurements.

A display that shows information qualitatively, using icons, shapes, or colors.

A display designed for quick, infrequent checks of system status.

A visual representation of a physical object or system, used to help users understand its operation.

A display that indicates the current state of a system or component.

Labels should be placed in close proximity to the corresponding controls, making it easy for users to identify and interact with them.

The ratio represents the amount of control output required for a specific amount of input. It determines how sensitive the control is to user input.

The time it takes to initiate a movement after a stimulus is presented.

Refers to the force or pressure required to operate a control.

Keyboards where keys are arranged in a non-standard layout, designed for efficiency and speed.

A type of keyboard that uses multiple keys pressed simultaneously to create different characters.

A type of tracking where the user follows a moving target, constantly adjusting their input to maintain alignment.

A tracking task where the user controls a system to maintain a constant output value.

Visual displays designed to be viewed over a short period of time, often used to convey updates or changes rapidly, such as flight boards or stock tickers.

Auditory displays are best when presenting information requiring immediate action, such as alarms or warnings, while visual displays excel in conveying complex or detailed information, such as graphs or maps.

The ratio of the width of a character to its height. A higher ratio leads to a wider, more squat appearance, while a lower ratio produces a taller, narrower shape.

The thickness of the lines used to draw characters. A thicker stroke width increases visibility but can sacrifice readability.

The ratio of the stroke width to the character height. It impacts the prominence and legibility of the characters.

A visual representation of data used for analysis, communication, and exploration. Effective graphs prioritize data clarity and minimize unnecessary elements.

A measure of the percentage of ink used in a graphic that is directly related to the data being depicted. Higher ratios indicate less visual clutter and better data representation.

A design principle that promotes clarity by grouping related information visually using proximity, similarity, closure, and other Gestalt principles.

The study of human body measurements and their variations.

Data is collected through various methods, such as direct measurement, photography, and scanning. This data is used by engineers to design products, equipment, and spaces that are optimized for human use.

Anthropometric data varies between different populations, considering factors like ethnicity, age, and gender. This data helps engineers adapt designs to different groups.

Anthropometry considers the specific physical demands and postures associated with different professions. This helps in designing tools and equipment that are comfortable and safe for each profession.

Designing for the average person can exclude a significant portion of the population whose dimensions fall outside the average range. This leads to products that are uncomfortable or unusable for many.

The concept of an average person is flawed because human body dimensions are not perfectly correlated. There isn't a single person who is average in every dimension.

As you design for a larger percentage of the population, including individuals from the extremes, the variability of body dimensions increases. This leads to design challenges, requiring trade-offs between accommodating diverse users and product complexity.

Range of movement refers to the extent of motion that a person's body can achieve at a joint. Understanding range of movement informs design decisions. Strategies include designing for extremes, range, or average individuals.

The rate of improvement in a skill decreases as the amount of practice increases. It means that initial practice leads to rapid gains, but later practice results in smaller and smaller improvements.

The transfer of learning from one skill to another, this is a key concept in understanding how we learn and apply skills in different situations.

The more similarities between the training and the actual situation, the better the transfer of learning will be.

A learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy.

Information about the outcome of a movement. It can be internal, like how your body feels, or external, like what you see or hear. Feedback helps us learn and refine our skills.

The ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts. It comes from sensory receptors in muscles, joints, and skin. It's crucial for coordinating movement and is not just about vision!

A motor skill where the movement is pre-programmed and executed entirely without external feedback. They are predictable and work in controlled environments. Think of something like typing or a gymnast's routine on a specific apparatus.

A motor skill where the movement is adapted based on environmental feedback. They are dynamic and require adjustments based on what's happening around you. Think of driving a car or playing a game of basketball.

Errors of omission occur when a necessary action is not performed. This could be due to forgetting a step, failing to complete a task, or simply not recognizing the need for a specific action.

Errors of commission are mistakes where an inappropriate action is performed, such as applying the wrong procedure or making a miscalculation.

Rasmussen's model describes different levels of human behavior: skill-based, rule-based, and knowledge-based. Skill-based behavior is automatic, rule-based involves following procedures, and knowledge-based involves problem-solving.

Norman's Theory of Goal Directed Action divides human actions into two stages: evaluation and execution. Evaluation involves planning and forming an intention, while execution refers to the actual implementation of the plan.

Slips occur during execution and involve unintentional actions despite knowing the correct procedure, while mistakes occur during planning and involve choosing the wrong action.

Slips are classified into several types, including capture slips (performing a habitual action instead of the required one), description slips (using the wrong object or procedure), and mode errors (using the wrong mode for a device).

The CFAC model (Control, Function, Action, Consequences) analyzes accidents by examining the control factors, function, actions taken, and consequences of those actions. It helps understand the system's dynamic interactions and identify potential breakdowns.

The Swiss Cheese Model uses layers of cheese to represent safety barriers and holes in the cheese to represent vulnerabilities. Accidents occur when holes in different layers align, allowing an event to pass through.