30 Questions
What is the DSM-5 diagnosis that includes disorders previously categorized as different types of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)?
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
What is the ratio of prevalence between boys and girls for ASD?
Almost five times more prevalent in boys than in girls
At what age is ASD usually identified?
By 18 months and no later than 3 years of age
What are the main deficits in children with ASD?
Persistent deficits in communication and social interaction accompanied by restricted, stereotyped patterns of behavior and interests/activities
What change in the DSM-5 helps eliminate problems related to distinguishing among similar disorders?
Viewing previous PDDs on a continuum called the autism spectrum
What is the characteristic ratio of prevalence between boys and girls for ASD?
Almost five times more prevalent in boys than in girls
What are the main characteristics of ASD, as mentioned in the text?
Pervasive and usually severe impairment of reciprocal social interaction skills, communication deviance, and restricted stereotypical behavioral patterns
Which disorder involves the inability to observe social 'rules' of conversation and deficits in applying context to conversation?
Stuttering
Which disorder is often associated with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder?
Encopresis
Which disorder is characterized by repeated voiding of urine during the day or at night into clothing or bed by a child at least 5 years of age?
Enuresis
Which disorder involves the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places by a child who is at least 4 years of age?
Encopresis
Which disorder is associated with a disruptive behavior disorder when intentional?
Enuresis
Which syndrome includes daydreaming, trouble focusing and paying attention, mental fogginess, staring, sleepiness, and slowness in finishing tasks?
Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)
Which disorder is related to involuntary passage of feces often associated with constipation for psychological, not medical, reasons?
Encopresis
Which disorder is treated effectively with imipramine (Tofranil), an antidepressant with a side effect of urinary retention?
Enuresis
Which disorder is more common in boys than in girls, with 1% of all 5-year-olds having it?
Encopresis
What percentage of autism cases show normal growth until 2-3 years when regression begins?
20%
Which behavior is common in severe cases of autism?
Hand flapping
What is the current prevalence of autism among children in the United States?
1 in 59
What is the preferred approach for treating children with autism?
Mainstreaming into local school programs
What is the genetic link to autism?
Many children have a relative with autism or autistic traits
What is the controversial relationship mentioned in the text?
MMR vaccinations and late- or regressive-onset autism
What type of therapy is associated with more favorable outcomes for children with autism?
Cognitive behavioral therapy
What are tics?
Sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations
What is a characteristic of Tourette disorder?
Multiple motor and vocal tics occurring many times a day for more than 1 year
What is the difference between Tourette disorder and chronic motor or vocal tic disorder?
Tourette disorder involves multiple motor and vocal tics, while chronic motor or vocal tic disorder involves either the motor or vocal tic, but not both
When is a specific learning disorder diagnosed?
When a child's achievement in reading, mathematics, or written expression is below that expected for age, formal education, and intelligence
What percentage of children in U.S. public schools are diagnosed with a learning disorder?
Approximately 5%
What is characteristic of developmental coordination disorder?
Impaired coordination severe enough to interfere with academic achievement or activities of daily living
What is characteristic of communication disorders?
Deficits in language production or comprehension and difficulty producing intelligible speech, hindering development and socialization
Study Notes
Disorders of Tic, Learning, Motor Skills, and Communication
- Tics are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations that can be suppressed but not indefinitely
- Common simple motor tics include blinking, jerking the neck, and coughing, while complex vocal tics include coprolalia and echolalia
- Tic disorders tend to run in families and are thought to involve abnormal dopamine transmission
- Tourette disorder involves multiple motor and vocal tics occurring many times a day for more than 1 year, with significant impairment in academic, social, or occupational areas
- Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder differs from Tourette disorder in that either the motor or vocal tic is seen, but not both
- Transient tic disorder may involve single or multiple vocal or motor tics, but the occurrences last no longer than 12 months
- A specific learning disorder is diagnosed when a child's achievement in reading, mathematics, or written expression is below that expected for age, formal education, and intelligence
- Approximately 5% of children in U.S. public schools are diagnosed with a learning disorder, with low self-esteem and poor social skills being common
- Developmental coordination disorder is characterized by impaired coordination severe enough to interfere with academic achievement or activities of daily living
- Schools provide adaptive physical education and sensory integration programs to treat motor skills disorder
- Stereotypic movement disorder involves rhythmic, repetitive behaviors with self-inflicted injuries and is more common in individuals with intellectual disability
- Communication disorders involve deficits in language production or comprehension and difficulty producing intelligible speech, hindering development and socialization
Test your knowledge of disorders related to tic, learning, motor skills, and communication with this informative quiz. Explore topics such as tic disorders, learning disabilities, motor skills challenges, and communication deficits. Gain insight into the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions.
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