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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys bacteria?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys bacteria?
- Bactericide (correct)
- Bacteriostatic
- Fungistatic
- Fungicide
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that inhibits/prevents the growth of fungi?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that inhibits/prevents the growth of fungi?
- Fungistatic (correct)
- Fungicide
- Bacteriostatic
- Bactericide
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys viruses?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys viruses?
- Fungistatic
- Bacteriostatic
- Bactericide
- Viricide (correct)
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys spores?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys spores?
Which type of disinfectant is useful as an antiseptic and disinfectant and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of disinfectant is useful as an antiseptic and disinfectant and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as a disinfectant and can kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms within 30 minutes of application?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as a disinfectant and can kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms within 30 minutes of application?
Which type of disinfectant is active against vegetative cells, denatures proteins, and dissolves lipids?
Which type of disinfectant is active against vegetative cells, denatures proteins, and dissolves lipids?
Which type of disinfectant is considered a surfactant, primarily works as a degerming agent, and reduces the surface tension of surfaces?
Which type of disinfectant is considered a surfactant, primarily works as a degerming agent, and reduces the surface tension of surfaces?
Which method can be used to sterilize substances that are destroyed by heat, such as drugs, serum, vitamins, and sucrose?
Which method can be used to sterilize substances that are destroyed by heat, such as drugs, serum, vitamins, and sucrose?
Which type of radiation consists of photons and/or moving particles that have sufficient energy to knock electrons out of the shells from either an atom or molecule, thus forming an ion?
Which type of radiation consists of photons and/or moving particles that have sufficient energy to knock electrons out of the shells from either an atom or molecule, thus forming an ion?
Which type of radiation causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes?
Which type of radiation causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes?
Which method can be used to collect microorganisms from air and water samples for water quality testing?
Which method can be used to collect microorganisms from air and water samples for water quality testing?
Which method of moist heat sterilization requires a pressure of 28-30lb/in2 and a temperature of 132oC to 134oC for as little as 4 minutes?
Which method of moist heat sterilization requires a pressure of 28-30lb/in2 and a temperature of 132oC to 134oC for as little as 4 minutes?
Which method of moist heat sterilization uses free flowing steam at 100oC for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Which method of moist heat sterilization uses free flowing steam at 100oC for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Which method of moist heat sterilization is used to destroy pathogenic organisms in food, but does not achieve sterility?
Which method of moist heat sterilization is used to destroy pathogenic organisms in food, but does not achieve sterility?
Which method of pasteurization involves heating at 63oC for 30 minutes?
Which method of pasteurization involves heating at 63oC for 30 minutes?
Which of the following is NOT a type of filter mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of filter mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of disinfectants?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of disinfectants?
Which of the following is a limitation of phenolic compounds as antiseptics?
Which of the following is a limitation of phenolic compounds as antiseptics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of heavy metals as disinfectants?
Which of the following is a characteristic of heavy metals as disinfectants?
Which of the following is NOT a method of microbial control for use on fomites?
Which of the following is NOT a method of microbial control for use on fomites?
Which of the following is the LEAST resistant to microbial control?
Which of the following is the LEAST resistant to microbial control?
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization called?
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization called?
What is the application of chemicals for removal of potential pathogens from living tissue called?
What is the application of chemicals for removal of potential pathogens from living tissue called?
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue and results in the production of superoxide radicals?
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue and results in the production of superoxide radicals?
Which category of effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores?
Which category of effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores?
What makes a chemical agent a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
What makes a chemical agent a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which factor should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which factor should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants?
What type of surface should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What type of surface should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which of the following methods of microbial control involves the complete destruction/removal of all living microbes, spores, and viruses on an object or in an area?
Which of the following methods of microbial control involves the complete destruction/removal of all living microbes, spores, and viruses on an object or in an area?
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization called?
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization called?
Which type of microbial control method significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue to avoid the transmission of pathogenic microbes?
Which type of microbial control method significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue to avoid the transmission of pathogenic microbes?
Which type of microbial control method involves the application of chemicals for removal of potential pathogens from living tissue?
Which type of microbial control method involves the application of chemicals for removal of potential pathogens from living tissue?
Which method of microbial control uses salting to induce water to diffuse out of microorganisms via osmosis?
Which method of microbial control uses salting to induce water to diffuse out of microorganisms via osmosis?
Which type of radiation has a wavelength between 100 and 400 nm and is most destructive to cells at 265 nm?
Which type of radiation has a wavelength between 100 and 400 nm and is most destructive to cells at 265 nm?
Which method of microbial control uses microwaves to vibrate mainly water molecules, causing friction and heat to defrost and cook foods?
Which method of microbial control uses microwaves to vibrate mainly water molecules, causing friction and heat to defrost and cook foods?
Which method of microbial control uses high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to trap particles, microorganisms, and spores?
Which method of microbial control uses high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to trap particles, microorganisms, and spores?
Which method of moist heat sterilization is commonly used in hospitals and labs and can reach temperatures exceeding 100 °C?
Which method of moist heat sterilization is commonly used in hospitals and labs and can reach temperatures exceeding 100 °C?
What is the temperature and pressure used in autoclaving for sterilization?
What is the temperature and pressure used in autoclaving for sterilization?
Which method of moist heat sterilization relies on the germination of spores and is used for materials that cannot be sterilized by other methods?
Which method of moist heat sterilization relies on the germination of spores and is used for materials that cannot be sterilized by other methods?
Which method of moist heat treatment is used to heat food to a specific temperature and then cool it immediately, targeting pathogenic organisms?
Which method of moist heat treatment is used to heat food to a specific temperature and then cool it immediately, targeting pathogenic organisms?
Which of the following is a chemical used to kill or inhibit pathogenic microorganisms on a lifeless object such as a table top?
Which of the following is a chemical used to kill or inhibit pathogenic microorganisms on a lifeless object such as a table top?
Which of the following is a chemical used to reduce or kill pathogenic microorganisms on a living object, such as the surface of the human body?
Which of the following is a chemical used to reduce or kill pathogenic microorganisms on a living object, such as the surface of the human body?
Which type of disinfectant is a combination of two phenol compounds and is prominent in modern disinfection and antisepsis?
Which type of disinfectant is a combination of two phenol compounds and is prominent in modern disinfection and antisepsis?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and can kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms within 30 minutes of application?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and can kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms within 30 minutes of application?
Which method of microbial control is used to sterilize heat-sensitive items such as catheters, artificial heart valves, and optical equipment?
Which method of microbial control is used to sterilize heat-sensitive items such as catheters, artificial heart valves, and optical equipment?
Which type of sterilizing agent replaces hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups and is used to sterilize delicate objects like optical equipment?
Which type of sterilizing agent replaces hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups and is used to sterilize delicate objects like optical equipment?
Which type of disinfectant is active against vegetative cells, denatures proteins, dissolves lipids, and is commonly used in hand sanitizers?
Which type of disinfectant is active against vegetative cells, denatures proteins, dissolves lipids, and is commonly used in hand sanitizers?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as a rinse in wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as a rinse in wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
What is the active ingredient in teeth whitening and used to treat acne?
What is the active ingredient in teeth whitening and used to treat acne?
Which category of effectiveness of chemical disinfectants kills only vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses, and is ineffective against endospores?
Which category of effectiveness of chemical disinfectants kills only vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses, and is ineffective against endospores?
What makes a chemical agent a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
What makes a chemical agent a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which factor should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which factor should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants?
Which of the following is true about microbial death curve?
Which of the following is true about microbial death curve?
Which of the following is true about decimal reduction time (DRT) or D-value?
Which of the following is true about decimal reduction time (DRT) or D-value?
Which of the following is true about heat as a method of microbial control?
Which of the following is true about heat as a method of microbial control?
Which of the following is true about moist heat as a method of microbial control?
Which of the following is true about moist heat as a method of microbial control?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys viruses?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys viruses?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that inhibits/prevents the growth of bacteria?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that inhibits/prevents the growth of bacteria?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that inhibits/prevents the growth of fungi?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that inhibits/prevents the growth of fungi?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys spores?
Which of the following is a method of microbial control that destroys spores?
Which type of radiation is used to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and preserve and extend the shelf life of food?
Which type of radiation is used to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and preserve and extend the shelf life of food?
What is the most destructive wavelength of UV radiation to cells?
What is the most destructive wavelength of UV radiation to cells?
Which type of radiation is absorbed by water molecules and causes heat to defrost and cook foods in a microwave oven?
Which type of radiation is absorbed by water molecules and causes heat to defrost and cook foods in a microwave oven?
Which method of microbial control can be used to remove microorganisms from air and water samples?
Which method of microbial control can be used to remove microorganisms from air and water samples?
Which of the following is the LEAST resistant to microbial control?
Which of the following is the LEAST resistant to microbial control?
Which method of microbial control is used to sterilize heat-sensitive items such as catheters, artificial heart valves, and optical equipment?
Which method of microbial control is used to sterilize heat-sensitive items such as catheters, artificial heart valves, and optical equipment?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and can kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms within 30 minutes of application?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and can kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms within 30 minutes of application?
Which method of moist heat sterilization requires a pressure of 28-30lb/in2 and a temperature of 132oC to 134oC for as little as 4 minutes?
Which method of moist heat sterilization requires a pressure of 28-30lb/in2 and a temperature of 132oC to 134oC for as little as 4 minutes?
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical control mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical control mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a limitation of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?
Which of the following is a limitation of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of microbial control method involves the application of chemicals for removal of potential pathogens from living tissue?
Which type of microbial control method involves the application of chemicals for removal of potential pathogens from living tissue?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization called?
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization called?
Which type of radiation consists of photons and/or moving particles that have sufficient energy to knock electrons out of the shells from either an atom or molecule, thus forming an ion?
Which type of radiation consists of photons and/or moving particles that have sufficient energy to knock electrons out of the shells from either an atom or molecule, thus forming an ion?
Which method of microbial control uses high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to trap particles, microorganisms, and spores?
Which method of microbial control uses high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to trap particles, microorganisms, and spores?
Which method of moist heat treatment is used to heat food to a specific temperature and then cool it immediately, targeting pathogenic organisms?
Which method of moist heat treatment is used to heat food to a specific temperature and then cool it immediately, targeting pathogenic organisms?
What is the temperature and pressure used in the autoclaving process for sterilization?
What is the temperature and pressure used in the autoclaving process for sterilization?
Which method of moist heat treatment relies on having the proper conditions for spore germination?
Which method of moist heat treatment relies on having the proper conditions for spore germination?
What is the temperature and exposure time required for effective sterilization in the prevacuum autoclave method?
What is the temperature and exposure time required for effective sterilization in the prevacuum autoclave method?
Which type of germicide has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization with extended use?
Which type of germicide has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization with extended use?
Which type of germicide is less effective against endospores and certain viruses?
Which type of germicide is less effective against endospores and certain viruses?
Which type of germicide kills only vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses, and is ineffective against endospores?
Which type of germicide kills only vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses, and is ineffective against endospores?
What is one of the factors to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is one of the factors to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants?
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue and results in the production of superoxide radicals?
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue and results in the production of superoxide radicals?
Which method is commonly used to determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)?
Which method is commonly used to determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC)?
What are some current strategies for antimicrobial discovery?
What are some current strategies for antimicrobial discovery?
What is the purpose of developing drugs that inhibit resistance mechanisms?
What is the purpose of developing drugs that inhibit resistance mechanisms?
What is the goal of developing drugs that target virulence factors?
What is the goal of developing drugs that target virulence factors?
What is the purpose of using combinatorial chemistry in antimicrobial drug development?
What is the purpose of using combinatorial chemistry in antimicrobial drug development?
What is the purpose of searching for antibiotics from sources other than soil?
What is the purpose of searching for antibiotics from sources other than soil?
What is the purpose of identifying new antibacterial targets?
What is the purpose of identifying new antibacterial targets?
What is the purpose of developing drugs that hold infections in check?
What is the purpose of developing drugs that hold infections in check?
What is the purpose of using high-throughput screening in antimicrobial drug discovery?
What is the purpose of using high-throughput screening in antimicrobial drug discovery?
What is the purpose of using combinatorial chemistry in antimicrobial drug development?
What is the purpose of using combinatorial chemistry in antimicrobial drug development?
Which scientist initiated the purposeful and systematic search for a chemical 'magic bullet' that specifically targets infectious microbes?
Which scientist initiated the purposeful and systematic search for a chemical 'magic bullet' that specifically targets infectious microbes?
Who discovered the natural antibiotic penicillin in 1928?
Who discovered the natural antibiotic penicillin in 1928?
Who discovered the first synthetic antimicrobial, sulfanilamide?
Who discovered the first synthetic antimicrobial, sulfanilamide?
What is the preferred type of antimicrobial drug to avoid superinfection and the development of antimicrobial resistance?
What is the preferred type of antimicrobial drug to avoid superinfection and the development of antimicrobial resistance?
When is broad-spectrum antimicrobial use warranted?
When is broad-spectrum antimicrobial use warranted?
What are important considerations when selecting an antimicrobial to treat an infection?
What are important considerations when selecting an antimicrobial to treat an infection?
What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure that allows antibacterial compounds to exhibit selective toxicity?
What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure that allows antibacterial compounds to exhibit selective toxicity?
What is the term used to describe antimicrobial drugs that inhibit the growth of bacteria without killing them?
What is the term used to describe antimicrobial drugs that inhibit the growth of bacteria without killing them?
What is the term used to describe antimicrobial drugs that kill bacteria?
What is the term used to describe antimicrobial drugs that kill bacteria?
What is the term used to describe antimicrobial drugs that are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the term used to describe antimicrobial drugs that are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Which type of antimicrobial drug specifically targets the lipopolysaccharide component of gram-negative bacteria?
Which type of antimicrobial drug specifically targets the lipopolysaccharide component of gram-negative bacteria?
Which type of antimicrobial drug interferes with bacterial RNA transcription?
Which type of antimicrobial drug interferes with bacterial RNA transcription?
Which type of antimicrobial drug interferes with bacterial DNA replication?
Which type of antimicrobial drug interferes with bacterial DNA replication?
Which type of antimicrobial drug acts as a competitive inhibitor for bacterial metabolic enzymes?
Which type of antimicrobial drug acts as a competitive inhibitor for bacterial metabolic enzymes?
Which type of antimicrobial drug interferes with mycolic acid synthesis in mycobacteria?
Which type of antimicrobial drug interferes with mycolic acid synthesis in mycobacteria?
Which type of antimicrobial drug interferes with ergosterol synthesis in fungi?
Which type of antimicrobial drug interferes with ergosterol synthesis in fungi?
Which type of antimicrobial drug disrupts helminthic and protozoan microtubule formation?
Which type of antimicrobial drug disrupts helminthic and protozoan microtubule formation?
Which type of antimicrobial drug inhibits viral uncoating?
Which type of antimicrobial drug inhibits viral uncoating?
Which type of antimicrobial drug is commonly used to treat HIV and can include reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors?
Which type of antimicrobial drug is commonly used to treat HIV and can include reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors?
Which of the following is a common mode of antimicrobial drug resistance?
Which of the following is a common mode of antimicrobial drug resistance?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies?
Which type of disinfectant is useful as an antiseptic and disinfectant and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of disinfectant is useful as an antiseptic and disinfectant and is active against chlorophyllobtaining organisms, especially algae?
Which type of disinfectant denatures proteins, dissolves lipids, and is commonly used in hand sanitizers?
Which type of disinfectant denatures proteins, dissolves lipids, and is commonly used in hand sanitizers?
Which type of sterilizing agent is used for the sterilization of heat-sensitive items and is highly explosive?
Which type of sterilizing agent is used for the sterilization of heat-sensitive items and is highly explosive?
Which of the following is the most effective method of microbial control for complete destruction/removal of all living microbes, spores, and viruses on an object or in an area?
Which of the following is the most effective method of microbial control for complete destruction/removal of all living microbes, spores, and viruses on an object or in an area?
Which method of microbial control significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue to avoid the transmission of pathogenic microbes?
Which method of microbial control significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue to avoid the transmission of pathogenic microbes?
Which type of control method inhibits/prevents the growth of fungi?
Which type of control method inhibits/prevents the growth of fungi?
Which of the following is a process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization?
Which of the following is a process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization?
Which of the following is true about microbial control methods?
Which of the following is true about microbial control methods?
What is the purpose of using dry heat as a microbial control method?
What is the purpose of using dry heat as a microbial control method?
What is the purpose of using moist heat as a microbial control method?
What is the purpose of using moist heat as a microbial control method?
Which factor affects the effectiveness of a microbial control protocol?
Which factor affects the effectiveness of a microbial control protocol?
Which type of filter is used to trap organisms in the pores of the filter pad as fluid passes through it?
Which type of filter is used to trap organisms in the pores of the filter pad as fluid passes through it?
Which of the following is a chemical used to kill or inhibit pathogenic microorganisms on a lifeless object such as a table top?
Which of the following is a chemical used to kill or inhibit pathogenic microorganisms on a lifeless object such as a table top?
Which type of disinfectant is a combination of two phenol compounds and is prominent in modern disinfection and antisepsis?
Which type of disinfectant is a combination of two phenol compounds and is prominent in modern disinfection and antisepsis?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and can kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms within 30 minutes of application?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used as an antiseptic and can kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms within 30 minutes of application?
Which method of moist heat sterilization is used for materials that cannot be sterilized by other methods?
Which method of moist heat sterilization is used for materials that cannot be sterilized by other methods?
Which method of microbial control is used to remove microorganisms from air and water samples?
Which method of microbial control is used to remove microorganisms from air and water samples?
What is the temperature and pressure used in autoclaving for sterilization?
What is the temperature and pressure used in autoclaving for sterilization?
Which type of radiation has a wavelength between 100 and 400 nm and is most destructive to cells at 265 nm?
Which type of radiation has a wavelength between 100 and 400 nm and is most destructive to cells at 265 nm?
Which type of pasteurization method targets enteric bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli in fruit juices?
Which type of pasteurization method targets enteric bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli in fruit juices?
Which method of microbial control uses high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to trap particles, microorganisms, and spores?
Which method of microbial control uses high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to trap particles, microorganisms, and spores?
What is the temperature range for a freezer?
What is the temperature range for a freezer?
Which type of radiation is used in microwave ovens to cook food by vibrating water molecules and causing friction and heat?
Which type of radiation is used in microwave ovens to cook food by vibrating water molecules and causing friction and heat?
Which compound is commonly used as a rinse in wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Which compound is commonly used as a rinse in wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Which category of effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill only vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses, and is ineffective against endospores?
Which category of effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill only vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses, and is ineffective against endospores?
What is one of the factors to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is one of the factors to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which type of germicide is able to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms and is nontoxic to animals or humans?
Which type of germicide is able to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms and is nontoxic to animals or humans?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
What is the purpose of developing drugs that inhibit resistance mechanisms?
What is the purpose of developing drugs that inhibit resistance mechanisms?
Which category of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization with extended use?
Which category of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization with extended use?
What is the key characteristic of a chemical agent that makes it a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is the key characteristic of a chemical agent that makes it a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue and results in the production of superoxide radicals?
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue and results in the production of superoxide radicals?
What is the key factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is the key factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Which type of microorganism is resistant to many disinfectants?
Which type of microorganism is resistant to many disinfectants?
Study Notes
Microbial Control Methods
- Sterilization: complete destruction/removal of all living microbes, spores, and viruses on an object or in an area
- Disinfection: killing or inhibiting growth of pathogens without leading to sterilization
- Antisepsis: application of chemicals for removal of potential pathogens from living tissue
Types of Disinfectants
- Phenolic compounds: active against chlorophyll-containing organisms, especially algae
- Quaternary ammonium compounds: active against Gram-positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms
- Hypochlorites: active against vegetative cells, denatures proteins, and dissolves lipids
- Surfactants: reduces surface tension of surfaces, acts as a degerming agent
Microbial Control Methods
- Autoclaving: uses high-pressure steam to sterilize equipment and supplies
- Moist heat sterilization: uses free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days
- Radiation: uses photons and/or moving particles to knock electrons out of atoms or molecules, forming ions
- UV radiation: has a wavelength between 100 and 400 nm, most destructive to cells at 265 nm
- Microwaves: uses friction and heat to cook foods and defrost
- HEPA filters: traps particles, microorganisms, and spores
- Lyophilization: uses salting to induce water to diffuse out of microorganisms via osmosis
- Pasteurization: heats food to a specific temperature and then cools it immediately, targeting pathogenic organisms
Factors to Consider
- Type of microorganism: some are more susceptible to disinfectants than others
- Surface type: different disinfectants are effective on different surfaces
- Concentration and exposure time: effective disinfection requires proper concentration and exposure time
Radiation
- Ionizing radiation: has sufficient energy to knock electrons out of atoms or molecules, forming ions
- Non-ionizing radiation: has insufficient energy to knock electrons out of atoms or molecules
Microbial Death Curve
- Measures the rate of microbial death in response to disinfectants or radiation
- D-value (decimal reduction time): time required to reduce the microbial population by 90%
Limitations of Disinfectants
- Phenolic compounds: can be broken down by catalase in tissue, producing superoxide radicals
- Heavy metals: can be toxic to humans and animals
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Test your knowledge on different types of disinfectants and antiseptics! Learn about the toxicity levels and effectiveness of mercury, merbromin, thimerosal, silver, and copper. Explore their uses as antiseptics and disinfectants.
