210 Questions
Which of the following is the highest level of resistance to microbial control?
Bacterial endospores
Which of the following is NOT a method of microbial control for use on fomites?
Antisepsis
Which term describes the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens?
Disinfection
What is the term for the destruction of spores?
Sporocide
Which metal is commonly used in fixtures to kill microbes on frequently touched surfaces?
Copper
What is the irreversible condition caused by bioaccumulation of silver in the body called?
Argyria
Which disinfectant is commonly used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Zinc
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside incubators?
Copper
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Microwaves cause water molecules to vibrate, generating heat.
What is the purpose of a HEPA filter?
To trap particles, microorganisms, and spores from air.
Which of the following is an example of a chemical disinfectant?
All of the above
What is the main function of heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
To denature proteins
Which method of sterilization uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132°C to 134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Autoclaving
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for milk and targets enteric bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli?
High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST)/ Flash pasteurization
Which method of sterilization uses ionizing radiation to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Ionizing radiation
Which method of sterilization uses nonionizing radiation with a wavelength between 100 and 400nm, and is commonly used in laboratories to sterilize equipment?
UV radiation
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue, resulting in a superoxide radical toxic to bacteria?
Hydrogen peroxide
Which level of germicide has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization?
High-level germicides
What makes a chemical agent a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
All of the above
What technique is used to determine the effectiveness of a chemical disinfectant on a surface by exposing standardized cultures to the chemical agent and transferring them to a growth medium?
Use-dilution test
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Paul Ehrlich
What did the compound 606 target?
Syphilis
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Josef Klarer
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
Sulfanilamide
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Who showed the efficacy of penicillin as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials?
Florey and Chain
Which method of microbial control is fast, reliable, and inexpensive?
Incineration
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Hot-air oven sterilization
Which method of microbial control kills bacteria by coagulating/denaturing proteins?
Boiling
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Autoclaving
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Dry heat sterilization
Which method of microbial control kills bacteria by oxidizing cellular components?
Dry heat sterilization
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Autoclaving
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Dry heat sterilization
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Enveloped viruses
Which method of microbial control is used to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Antisepsis
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens called?
Disinfection
What is the term for a protocol that significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
Degerming
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Copper
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used in hospitals, factories, and the purification of water?
Halogens
What is the main function of alkylating agents as sterilizing agents?
To replace hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups
What is the main limitation of gases, such as ethylene oxide, as sterilizing agents?
They are highly explosive
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
X-rays
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
Vibrating water molecules
Which type of filter is commonly used to remove microorganisms from air and water samples for water quality testing?
Membrane filter
What is the primary target of disinfection?
Pathogenic microorganisms
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Gram-positive bacteria
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
To determine the effectiveness of the chemical agents against a particular microbe
What does the phenol coefficient (PC) measure in testing the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
The disinfecting ability of the antiseptics and disinfectants in comparison to phenol
What is the purpose of the in-use test for disinfectants in a clinical setting?
To determine the presence of microbial contamination in the disinfectant solutions
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
Sulfanilamide
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Autoclaving
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Paul Ehrlich
What did the compound 606 target?
Syphilis
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Josef Klarer
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Tyndallization
Which method of pasteurization uses a holding (batch) method, where the milk is heated at 63°C for 30 minutes?
Holding (batch) pasteurization method
Which method of pasteurization uses high temperatures of 71.6°C for 15 seconds and is the most commonly used method?
High-Temperature Short-Time (HTST)/ Flash pasteurization
Which method of pasteurization uses ultra high temperatures of 140°C for 3 seconds and is used for organic milk since the product has to travel longer?
Ultra pasteurization method (UHT)
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Hot-air oven sterilization
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Dry heat sterilization
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Autoclaving
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
Heats the food by exciting water molecules
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Enveloped viruses
Which method of microbial control is used to significantly reduce microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
Degerming
Which of the following is the main purpose of antiseptics?
To remove potential pathogens from living tissue
Which of the following is the correct definition of disinfection?
Process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as a disinfectant?
Copper
Which of the following is an example of an organic compound used as a disinfectant?
Iodine
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Halogens
Which method of sterilization uses ethylene oxide gas to sterilize heat-sensitive items like catheters and optical equipment?
Gases
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
X-rays
Which of the following is NOT a type of filter used to remove microorganisms from a solution or gas?
Carbon filter
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical used for disinfection?
Ammonia
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?
Ineffective against Gram-positive bacteria
Which method of microbial control uses free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Fractional sterilization/Tyndallization
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for organic milk and involves heating at 140°C for 3 seconds?
Ultra pasteurization method (UHT)
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Ionizing radiation
Which method of microbial control uses UV rays to limit airborne and surface contamination?
Nonionizing radiation
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to treat wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Peroxides
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Type of microorganism targeted
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents against microbes?
To determine the effectiveness of the chemical agent
What is the in-use test used for in a clinical setting?
To determine the correct use of disinfectants
Who was the first to discover a naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin, in 1928?
Alexander Fleming
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
Sulfanilamide
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Albert Schatz
Which antimicrobial compound was soon to be used against tuberculosis?
Streptomycin
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin?
Albert Schatz, E. Bugie, and Selman Waksman
Which metal commonly lines incubators to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside?
Copper
Which metal is active against chlorophyll-obtaining organisms, especially algae, and is used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies?
Copper
Which metal is commonly found in eating utensils in small amounts to inhibit microbial growth?
Silver
Which metal is commonly used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Zinc
Which method of microbial control destroys bacteria?
Sterilization
Which method of microbial control is used to prevent contamination of sterile surfaces?
Aseptic technique
Which method of microbial control reduces microbial populations to safe levels as determined by public health standards?
Sanitization
Which method of microbial control kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens, but does not lead to sterilization?
Disinfection
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
X-rays
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
They cook the food
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Copper
What is the purpose of a HEPA filter?
To trap particles larger than 0.3um
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132-134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Fractional sterilization
What is the primary purpose of pasteurization?
To destroy pathogenic organisms
Which method of microbial control uses low temperatures to slow spoilage by lowering the metabolic rate of microorganisms?
Refrigeration
Which type of radiation does not kill bacterial endospores, inactivate viruses, or neutralize toxins?
Nonionizing radiation
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Autoclaving
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
To measure the effectiveness of the chemical agent against a specific microorganism
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Bacteria
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Target microorganism
Which type of germicide is effective against endospores and certain viruses?
High-level germicides
What factors should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Temperature, pH, stability, type of microorganism targeted, and type of surface to be treated
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
To determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe
What does the in-use test determine in a clinical setting?
Whether disinfectant solutions are being used correctly
Who was the first to discover a naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
Sulfanilamide
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Josef Klarer
Which antimicrobial compound was soon to be used against tuberculosis?
Streptomycin
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Albert Schatz
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Copper
What is the primary target of disinfection?
Vegetative cells
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to treat wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Iodine
What is the main function of alkylating agents as sterilizing agents?
Cross-link nucleic acids and proteins
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Hot-air oven sterilization
What is the minimal time necessary for killing a population at a given temperature known as?
Thermal death time
Which type of heat kills bacteria by oxidizing cellular components?
Dry heat
What is the temperature and pressure required for autoclaving, a method of moist heat sterilization?
121°C at 15 pounds of pressure per inch2
Which of the following methods of microbial control leads to sterilization?
Sterilization
Which of the following is an example of an antiseptic?
Hydrogen peroxide
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Enveloped viruses
Which of the following is the main purpose of disinfection?
To kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Microwaves vibrate mainly water molecules, causing friction and heat.
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Moist heat sterilization
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Target microorganism and application
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?
High toxicity
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Fractional sterilization
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for organic milk and involves heating at 140°C for 3 seconds?
Ultra pasteurization method (UHT)
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Ionizing radiation
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Radiation A
Which category of disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization, with extended use?
High-level germicides
What is the main factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Type of microorganism targeted
Which method is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe by applying different chemicals to separate, sterile filter paper disks?
Disk Diffusion Method
What is the purpose of the in-use test in a clinical setting?
To check for contamination of disinfectant solutions
Who discovered the first synthetic antimicrobial, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), which targeted syphilis?
Paul Ehrlich
Which antimicrobial drug was the first to be commercially available and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Prontosil
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin, in 1928?
Alexander Fleming
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Howard Florey
Who coined the term 'antibiotic' and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1952?
Selman Waksman
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin, and coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Selman Waksman
Which metal is commonly used in fixtures like door handles to kill microbes on frequently touched surfaces?
Copper
What is the irreversible condition caused by the bioaccumulation of silver in the body?
Argyria
Which metal commonly lines incubators to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside?
Copper
Which metal is commonly found in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Zinc
Which type of microbial control method uses heat above the maximal range for microbial growth to destroy cellular enzymes?
Dry heat
What is the minimal time necessary for killing a population at a given temperature called?
Thermal death time
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat as pressurized steam at a temperature of 121°C for 15-20 minutes?
Autoclaving
Which type of microbial control method kills bacteria by coagulating/denaturing proteins?
Moist heat
Which method of microbial control is used to completely destroy or remove all living microbes, spores, and viruses on an object or in an area?
Sterilization
Which method of microbial control is used to significantly reduce microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
Degerming
Which method of microbial control kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens, but does not lead to sterilization?
Disinfection
Which method of microbial control is used for the application of chemicals to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Antisepsis
Which category of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization?
High-level germicides
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Type of microorganism targeted
What is the purpose of the phenol coefficient (PC) test in evaluating the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
To compare the effectiveness of the chemical agent to phenol
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Pasteurization
Which type of radiation is commonly used to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and preserve food?
Gamma rays
What is the disk-diffusion method used for in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents against microbes?
To measure the zone of inhibition
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132-134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Autoclaving
Which type of radiation causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes?
UV rays
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Microwaving for 2 minutes on full power can kill or inactivate 99% of bacterial cells on a sponge.
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Copper
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Autoclaving
What is the main function of heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
To denature proteins and impair cell function
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Paul Ehrlich
Which antimicrobial drug was effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Prontosil
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Howard Florey
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin?
Albert Schatz
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Selman Waksman
Which metal is commonly used to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside incubators?
Copper
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies?
Copper
Which type of disinfectant is active against Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Halogens
Which type of disinfectant is used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Mercury
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Dry heat
What is the purpose of the phenol coefficient (PC) test in evaluating the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
To compare the effectiveness of different antimicrobial agents to phenol
Which method of microbial control is used to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Antisepsis
What is the primary target of disinfection?
Bacterial cells
Which of the following methods of microbial control is used to remove microbes or reduce their populations to safe levels as determined by public health standards?
Sanitization
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Phenolic compound
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
Heats the food
Which type of radiation causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes?
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Which method of microbial control uses low temperatures to slow spoilage by lowering the metabolic rate of microorganisms?
Refrigeration
Which method of pasteurization uses ultra high temperatures of 140°C for 3 seconds and is used for organic milk since the product has to travel longer?
Ultra pasteurization method (UHT)
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Radiation
Which type of radiation does not kill bacterial endospores, inactivate viruses, or neutralize toxins?
Nonionizing radiation
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Microwaves cause friction and heat in food.
Which of the following is NOT a type of filter used in filtration?
Vacuum filter
Which of the following is true about phenolic compounds?
Phenolic compounds denature proteins in the cell membrane.
Which of the following is true about heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
Heavy metals denature proteins and impair cell function.
Which level of germicides has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization, with extended use?
High-level germicides
What is the main purpose of a phenol coefficient (PC) test?
To determine the effectiveness of a chemical disinfectant in comparison to phenol
Which method is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe by applying different chemicals to separate, sterile filter paper disks?
Disk Diffusion Method
What is the purpose of an in-use test for disinfectants in a clinical setting?
To monitor the correct use of disinfectants
Which antimicrobial drug was the first to be commercially available and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Prontosil
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Howard Florey
Which antimicrobial drug was effective against a variety of diseases including gonorrhea and meningitis?
Penicillin
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Selman Waksman
What did the compound 606 (Arsphenamine/Salvarsan) target?
Syphilis
Test your knowledge on the effectiveness of various types of disinfectants and antiseptics, including peroxides and peroxygens. Learn about their uses, how they break down in tissue, and their impact on bacteria. Also explore the role of benzoyl peroxide in teeth whitening and acne treatment.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
