Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the highest level of resistance to microbial control?
Which of the following is the highest level of resistance to microbial control?
Which of the following is NOT a method of microbial control for use on fomites?
Which of the following is NOT a method of microbial control for use on fomites?
Which term describes the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens?
Which term describes the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens?
What is the term for the destruction of spores?
What is the term for the destruction of spores?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used in fixtures to kill microbes on frequently touched surfaces?
Which metal is commonly used in fixtures to kill microbes on frequently touched surfaces?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the irreversible condition caused by bioaccumulation of silver in the body called?
What is the irreversible condition caused by bioaccumulation of silver in the body called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which disinfectant is commonly used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Which disinfectant is commonly used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside incubators?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside incubators?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a HEPA filter?
What is the purpose of a HEPA filter?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a chemical disinfectant?
Which of the following is an example of a chemical disinfectant?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
What is the main function of heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of sterilization uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132°C to 134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Which method of sterilization uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132°C to 134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for milk and targets enteric bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli?
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for milk and targets enteric bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of sterilization uses ionizing radiation to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Which method of sterilization uses ionizing radiation to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of sterilization uses nonionizing radiation with a wavelength between 100 and 400nm, and is commonly used in laboratories to sterilize equipment?
Which method of sterilization uses nonionizing radiation with a wavelength between 100 and 400nm, and is commonly used in laboratories to sterilize equipment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue, resulting in a superoxide radical toxic to bacteria?
Which type of disinfectant is broken down by catalase in tissue, resulting in a superoxide radical toxic to bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which level of germicide has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization?
Which level of germicide has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What makes a chemical agent a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
What makes a chemical agent a good disinfectant or antiseptic?
Signup and view all the answers
What technique is used to determine the effectiveness of a chemical disinfectant on a surface by exposing standardized cultures to the chemical agent and transferring them to a growth medium?
What technique is used to determine the effectiveness of a chemical disinfectant on a surface by exposing standardized cultures to the chemical agent and transferring them to a growth medium?
Signup and view all the answers
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the compound 606 target?
What did the compound 606 target?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Signup and view all the answers
Who showed the efficacy of penicillin as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials?
Who showed the efficacy of penicillin as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control is fast, reliable, and inexpensive?
Which method of microbial control is fast, reliable, and inexpensive?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control kills bacteria by coagulating/denaturing proteins?
Which method of microbial control kills bacteria by coagulating/denaturing proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control kills bacteria by oxidizing cellular components?
Which method of microbial control kills bacteria by oxidizing cellular components?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control is used to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Which method of microbial control is used to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens called?
What is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of pathogens called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a protocol that significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
What is the term for a protocol that significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used in hospitals, factories, and the purification of water?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used in hospitals, factories, and the purification of water?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of alkylating agents as sterilizing agents?
What is the main function of alkylating agents as sterilizing agents?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main limitation of gases, such as ethylene oxide, as sterilizing agents?
What is the main limitation of gases, such as ethylene oxide, as sterilizing agents?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of filter is commonly used to remove microorganisms from air and water samples for water quality testing?
Which type of filter is commonly used to remove microorganisms from air and water samples for water quality testing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary target of disinfection?
What is the primary target of disinfection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the phenol coefficient (PC) measure in testing the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
What does the phenol coefficient (PC) measure in testing the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the in-use test for disinfectants in a clinical setting?
What is the purpose of the in-use test for disinfectants in a clinical setting?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Signup and view all the answers
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the compound 606 target?
What did the compound 606 target?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of pasteurization uses a holding (batch) method, where the milk is heated at 63°C for 30 minutes?
Which method of pasteurization uses a holding (batch) method, where the milk is heated at 63°C for 30 minutes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of pasteurization uses high temperatures of 71.6°C for 15 seconds and is the most commonly used method?
Which method of pasteurization uses high temperatures of 71.6°C for 15 seconds and is the most commonly used method?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of pasteurization uses ultra high temperatures of 140°C for 3 seconds and is used for organic milk since the product has to travel longer?
Which method of pasteurization uses ultra high temperatures of 140°C for 3 seconds and is used for organic milk since the product has to travel longer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control is used to significantly reduce microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
Which method of microbial control is used to significantly reduce microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the main purpose of antiseptics?
Which of the following is the main purpose of antiseptics?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the correct definition of disinfection?
Which of the following is the correct definition of disinfection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as a disinfectant?
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as a disinfectant?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of an organic compound used as a disinfectant?
Which of the following is an example of an organic compound used as a disinfectant?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of sterilization uses ethylene oxide gas to sterilize heat-sensitive items like catheters and optical equipment?
Which method of sterilization uses ethylene oxide gas to sterilize heat-sensitive items like catheters and optical equipment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of filter used to remove microorganisms from a solution or gas?
Which of the following is NOT a type of filter used to remove microorganisms from a solution or gas?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical used for disinfection?
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical used for disinfection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Which method of microbial control uses free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for organic milk and involves heating at 140°C for 3 seconds?
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for organic milk and involves heating at 140°C for 3 seconds?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses UV rays to limit airborne and surface contamination?
Which method of microbial control uses UV rays to limit airborne and surface contamination?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to treat wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to treat wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents against microbes?
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents against microbes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the in-use test used for in a clinical setting?
What is the in-use test used for in a clinical setting?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was the first to discover a naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin, in 1928?
Who was the first to discover a naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin, in 1928?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Signup and view all the answers
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antimicrobial compound was soon to be used against tuberculosis?
Which antimicrobial compound was soon to be used against tuberculosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin?
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal commonly lines incubators to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside?
Which metal commonly lines incubators to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is active against chlorophyll-obtaining organisms, especially algae, and is used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies?
Which metal is active against chlorophyll-obtaining organisms, especially algae, and is used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly found in eating utensils in small amounts to inhibit microbial growth?
Which metal is commonly found in eating utensils in small amounts to inhibit microbial growth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Which metal is commonly used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control destroys bacteria?
Which method of microbial control destroys bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control is used to prevent contamination of sterile surfaces?
Which method of microbial control is used to prevent contamination of sterile surfaces?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control reduces microbial populations to safe levels as determined by public health standards?
Which method of microbial control reduces microbial populations to safe levels as determined by public health standards?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens, but does not lead to sterilization?
Which method of microbial control kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens, but does not lead to sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of nonionizing radiation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a HEPA filter?
What is the purpose of a HEPA filter?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132-134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132-134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of pasteurization?
What is the primary purpose of pasteurization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses low temperatures to slow spoilage by lowering the metabolic rate of microorganisms?
Which method of microbial control uses low temperatures to slow spoilage by lowering the metabolic rate of microorganisms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of radiation does not kill bacterial endospores, inactivate viruses, or neutralize toxins?
Which type of radiation does not kill bacterial endospores, inactivate viruses, or neutralize toxins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Which type of microorganism is more susceptible to disinfectants and antiseptics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of germicide is effective against endospores and certain viruses?
Which type of germicide is effective against endospores and certain viruses?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What factors should be considered when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
What is the purpose of the disk-diffusion method in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the in-use test determine in a clinical setting?
What does the in-use test determine in a clinical setting?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was the first to discover a naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin?
Who was the first to discover a naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
What is the active breakdown product of prontosil in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Who discovered the synthetic chemical dye prontosil?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antimicrobial compound was soon to be used against tuberculosis?
Which antimicrobial compound was soon to be used against tuberculosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Signup and view all the answers
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary target of disinfection?
What is the primary target of disinfection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to treat wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to treat wounds, scrapes, and abrasions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of alkylating agents as sterilizing agents?
What is the main function of alkylating agents as sterilizing agents?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimal time necessary for killing a population at a given temperature known as?
What is the minimal time necessary for killing a population at a given temperature known as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of heat kills bacteria by oxidizing cellular components?
Which type of heat kills bacteria by oxidizing cellular components?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the temperature and pressure required for autoclaving, a method of moist heat sterilization?
What is the temperature and pressure required for autoclaving, a method of moist heat sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following methods of microbial control leads to sterilization?
Which of the following methods of microbial control leads to sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of an antiseptic?
Which of the following is an example of an antiseptic?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Which of the following is the least resistant to microbial control?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the main purpose of disinfection?
Which of the following is the main purpose of disinfection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of phenolic compounds as disinfectants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for organic milk and involves heating at 140°C for 3 seconds?
Which method of pasteurization is commonly used for organic milk and involves heating at 140°C for 3 seconds?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Which method of microbial control uses radiating dry heat for sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which category of disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization, with extended use?
Which category of disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization, with extended use?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is the main factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe by applying different chemicals to separate, sterile filter paper disks?
Which method is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe by applying different chemicals to separate, sterile filter paper disks?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the in-use test in a clinical setting?
What is the purpose of the in-use test in a clinical setting?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the first synthetic antimicrobial, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), which targeted syphilis?
Who discovered the first synthetic antimicrobial, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), which targeted syphilis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antimicrobial drug was the first to be commercially available and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which antimicrobial drug was the first to be commercially available and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin, in 1928?
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin, in 1928?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Signup and view all the answers
Who coined the term 'antibiotic' and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1952?
Who coined the term 'antibiotic' and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1952?
Signup and view all the answers
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin, and coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin, and coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used in fixtures like door handles to kill microbes on frequently touched surfaces?
Which metal is commonly used in fixtures like door handles to kill microbes on frequently touched surfaces?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the irreversible condition caused by the bioaccumulation of silver in the body?
What is the irreversible condition caused by the bioaccumulation of silver in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal commonly lines incubators to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside?
Which metal commonly lines incubators to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly found in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Which metal is commonly found in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of microbial control method uses heat above the maximal range for microbial growth to destroy cellular enzymes?
Which type of microbial control method uses heat above the maximal range for microbial growth to destroy cellular enzymes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimal time necessary for killing a population at a given temperature called?
What is the minimal time necessary for killing a population at a given temperature called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat as pressurized steam at a temperature of 121°C for 15-20 minutes?
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat as pressurized steam at a temperature of 121°C for 15-20 minutes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of microbial control method kills bacteria by coagulating/denaturing proteins?
Which type of microbial control method kills bacteria by coagulating/denaturing proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control is used to completely destroy or remove all living microbes, spores, and viruses on an object or in an area?
Which method of microbial control is used to completely destroy or remove all living microbes, spores, and viruses on an object or in an area?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control is used to significantly reduce microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
Which method of microbial control is used to significantly reduce microbial numbers by using mild chemicals and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens, but does not lead to sterilization?
Which method of microbial control kills or inhibits the growth of pathogens, but does not lead to sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control is used for the application of chemicals to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Which method of microbial control is used for the application of chemicals to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which category of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization?
Which category of chemical disinfectants has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting a disinfectant or antiseptic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the phenol coefficient (PC) test in evaluating the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
What is the purpose of the phenol coefficient (PC) test in evaluating the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Which method of microbial control uses moist heat without pressurized steam, with free flowing steam at 100°C for 30 minutes on each of three consecutive days?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of radiation is commonly used to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and preserve food?
Which type of radiation is commonly used to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and preserve food?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the disk-diffusion method used for in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents against microbes?
What is the disk-diffusion method used for in evaluating the effectiveness of chemical agents against microbes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132-134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam at a temperature of 132-134°C for as little as 4 minutes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of radiation causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes?
Which type of radiation causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Which metal is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies as an antimicrobial agent?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Which method of microbial control uses pressurized steam as moist heat?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
What is the main function of heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
Signup and view all the answers
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antimicrobial drug was effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which antimicrobial drug was effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Signup and view all the answers
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin?
Who examined soil and isolated actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin?
Signup and view all the answers
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Signup and view all the answers
Which metal is commonly used to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside incubators?
Which metal is commonly used to minimize contamination of cell cultures stored inside incubators?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used in swimming pools, fish tanks, and municipal water supplies?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is active against Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Which type of disinfectant is active against Gram positive and negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Which type of disinfectant is used in antiseptic mouthwashes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Which method of microbial control uses heat applied above the maximal range for microbial growth, destroying cellular enzymes, which become irreversibly denatured?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the phenol coefficient (PC) test in evaluating the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
What is the purpose of the phenol coefficient (PC) test in evaluating the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control is used to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Which method of microbial control is used to remove potential pathogens from living tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary target of disinfection?
What is the primary target of disinfection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following methods of microbial control is used to remove microbes or reduce their populations to safe levels as determined by public health standards?
Which of the following methods of microbial control is used to remove microbes or reduce their populations to safe levels as determined by public health standards?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Which type of disinfectant is commonly used to kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses, and biofilms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
What is the main effect of microwaves on food in a microwave oven?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of radiation causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes?
Which type of radiation causes the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to lethal mutations in exposed microbes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses low temperatures to slow spoilage by lowering the metabolic rate of microorganisms?
Which method of microbial control uses low temperatures to slow spoilage by lowering the metabolic rate of microorganisms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of pasteurization uses ultra high temperatures of 140°C for 3 seconds and is used for organic milk since the product has to travel longer?
Which method of pasteurization uses ultra high temperatures of 140°C for 3 seconds and is used for organic milk since the product has to travel longer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Which method of microbial control uses X and gamma rays to sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceuticals and plastic items?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of radiation does not kill bacterial endospores, inactivate viruses, or neutralize toxins?
Which type of radiation does not kill bacterial endospores, inactivate viruses, or neutralize toxins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Which of the following is true about microwaves?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of filter used in filtration?
Which of the following is NOT a type of filter used in filtration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about phenolic compounds?
Which of the following is true about phenolic compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true about heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
Which of the following is true about heavy metals as antimicrobial agents?
Signup and view all the answers
Which level of germicides has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization, with extended use?
Which level of germicides has the ability to kill vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores, leading to sterilization, with extended use?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of a phenol coefficient (PC) test?
What is the main purpose of a phenol coefficient (PC) test?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe by applying different chemicals to separate, sterile filter paper disks?
Which method is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe by applying different chemicals to separate, sterile filter paper disks?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of an in-use test for disinfectants in a clinical setting?
What is the purpose of an in-use test for disinfectants in a clinical setting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antimicrobial drug was the first to be commercially available and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which antimicrobial drug was the first to be commercially available and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Who discovered the naturally produced antimicrobial penicillin?
Signup and view all the answers
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Who discovered how to scale up penicillin production and showed its efficacy as an antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antimicrobial drug was effective against a variety of diseases including gonorrhea and meningitis?
Which antimicrobial drug was effective against a variety of diseases including gonorrhea and meningitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the compound 606 (Arsphenamine/Salvarsan) target?
What did the compound 606 (Arsphenamine/Salvarsan) target?
Signup and view all the answers
