Diseases of Oral Cavity & Esophagus

Common viral infections causing cold sores or oral ulcers.

Common, superficial, painful sores in the mouth that often recur.

Fungal infection of the mouth characterized by white patches.

Inflammation of the tongue, often associated with vitamin deficiencies.

White patches on the tongue, often linked to weakened immune systems.

Symptoms in the mouth caused by illnesses affecting the rest of the body.

Inflammation causing a gray-white membrane in the throat and tonsils.

HIV can lead to opportunistic oral infections and some cancers.

A fiery red tongue with prominent papillae, often described as a 'raspberry tongue'. It can also develop a white coating through which hyperemic papillae protrude, resulting in a 'strawberry tongue'.

A spotty enanthema (rash) in the oral cavity often precedes the skin rash. Ulcerations on the buccal mucosa near Stensen's duct form Koplik spots, which are small, white, grain-like lesions.

Reticulate, lacelike, white keratotic lesions that rarely become bullous (blister-like) and ulcerate. Often seen in patients with cutaneous lichen planus, but can sometimes be the only manifestation.

Usually vulgaris (common type). Vesicles and bullae (blisters) that rupture easily, leaving red erosions covered with exudate (fluid from the body).

Oral lesions resemble those of pemphigus but can be differentiated histologically (under the microscope).

A maculopapular, vesiculobullous eruption (red spots, blisters) that can be caused by infections, drugs, cancer, or autoimmune disease. When it involves the lips and oral mucosa, it's called Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Dark pigmentation (melanin) in the mouth can be associated with Addison disease, hemochromatosis, fibrous dysplasia of bone (Albright syndrome), and Peutz-Jegher syndrome.

Striking fibrous enlargement of the gingivae (gums) due to Dilantin (phenytoin) ingestion.

A white patch or plaque in the mouth that can't be scraped off and isn't caused by another condition. It's often a precancerous lesion.

A red, velvety patch in the mouth that can be flat or depressed. It's a more serious precancerous lesion than leukoplakia.

A type of cancer that starts in the flat cells lining the mouth. It's often linked to smoking, alcohol, and some chewing habits.

Common areas where OSCC develops include the floor of the mouth, tongue, hard palate, and base of the tongue.

A tumor arising from tooth-forming tissues. It can be benign or malignant, and can affect the jaw and surrounding areas.

A tumor arising from the enamel-forming cells of the teeth. It's usually benign and slow-growing.

The precancerous lesions associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma are leukoplakia and erythroplakia.

Some known associations with oral squamous cell carcinoma include smoking, alcohol consumption, betel quid chewing, and sun exposure to the lower lip.

The most common type of odontogenic tumor, arising from epithelium with depositions of enamel and dentin. It's likely a hamartoma rather than a true neoplasm and is cured by local excision.

A benign tumor arising from odontogenic ectomesenchyme, composed mainly of fibrous connective tissue.

A benign tumor originating from odontogenic ectomesenchyme, characterized by a soft, gelatinous, myxomatous tissue.

A benign tumor of cementoblasts, the cells responsible for forming cementum, usually attached to the root of a tooth.

The majority of salivary gland tumours (65-80%) occur in the parotid gland.

The likelihood of malignancy is greatest in the sublingual gland, followed by the submandibular, and then the parotid gland.

The most common parotid tumour (60%), characterized by encapsulation and tongue-like protrusions. It contains both epithelial and mesenchymal elements.

The second most common salivary tumour, often found as a rounded mass with cleft-like spaces. It's a unique structure with 2 layered epithelium and lymphoid stroma.

The most common malignant salivary gland tumour, sometimes caused by radiation. It features both squamous and mucus cells.

A malignant salivary gland tumour, frequently found in the submandibular and sublingual glands. It's characterized by small, dark cells with a solid or cribriform pattern. The tendency for perineural invasion makes it aggressive.

Difficulty swallowing can occur due to deranged motor function or narrowing/obstruction of the esophagus.

Congenital anomalies that are incompatible with life. These babies have difficulty feeding because food cannot pass through the esophagus.

A gradual worsening of difficulty swallowing, often a classic symptom of esophageal disorders.

Individuals with esophageal motor dysfunctions have an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer.

A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm, the muscular wall separating the chest and abdomen.

An outpouching or bulge in the wall of the esophagus, often caused by weakened muscle.

A tear in the lining of the esophagus, often caused by forceful vomiting, particularly in individuals who consume excessive alcohol.

Inflammation of the esophagus caused by the backflow (reflux) of stomach acid.

A precancerous condition where the lining of the lower esophagus changes due to chronic acid reflux.

Enlarged veins in the esophagus, usually formed due to high pressure in the portal vein (portal hypertension), often associated with liver cirrhosis.

A type of cancer that starts in the squamous cells lining the esophagus, often linked to smoking, alcohol, and environmental factors.

A type of cancer that arises from glandular cells in the esophagus, frequently a complication of Barrett's esophagus.