Diseases of Infancy and Childhood

<p>They may lead to developmental delays that appear later in life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital heart defects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sufficient maternal nutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical disturbances can lead to disruptions through localized fetal compression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amniotic band syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal smoking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple unrelated anomalies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary deficiencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embryonic period, 4th to 5th week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxoplasmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased fetal growth potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valproic Acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atresia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrauterine hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory Distress Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group B Streptococcus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed enteral feeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal antibodies attacking fetal RBCs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestational Diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive androgens production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert unbound bilirubin to a water-soluble form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrotizing Enterocolitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunization against Rh-positive blood group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intellectual disability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Localized or diffuse soft tissue masses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal Muscular Atrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of fetal red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Birth defects present at birth, some may not be apparent until later in life.

Anatomic defects due to intrinsic errors during development (e.g., genetic issues).

Secondary damage to normal developmental processes (e.g., amniotic bands).

Birth before 37 weeks of gestation.

Fetus does not grow at expected rate during pregnancy.

Extrinsic causes of disruptions/limb abnormalities.

Extra fingers/toes.

Opening/split in the lip or palate at birth.

Low amniotic fluid volume during pregnancy.

A group of birth defects caused by oligohydramnios. It affects the baby's lungs, face, and limbs.

A uterus with two horns, instead of one. It can lead to problems with pregnancy, including oligohydramnios.

Oligohydramnios can be caused by problems with the fetus, placenta, or the mother. Examples include fetal abnormalities, premature rupture of membranes, and maternal health issues.

Complete absence of an organ or body part.

Absence of an organ due to failure of the organ to develop.

Incomplete development of an organ, resulting in a small size.

Increased size of an organ due to an increase in the number of cells.

A group of birth defects that occur together due to a single underlying cause. These defects are believed to be related, but their exact cause is not always clear.

A change in a single gene that causes a birth defect. These mutations are passed down from parents to their children.

Conditions caused by changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Examples include Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome.

Factors in a mother's environment that can cause defects in the baby. Examples include infections, diseases, and medications.

A birth defect caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors.

When the amniotic sac breaks before 37 weeks of pregnancy.

Factors that increase the likelihood of a baby being born early. These factors can be related to the mother, the baby, or the placenta.

A respiratory disorder in premature infants caused by underdeveloped alveoli and lack of surfactant, leading to difficulty breathing and cyanosis.

A substance in the lungs that helps reduce surface tension, allowing alveoli to expand and prevent collapse.

A potentially blinding eye condition in premature infants due to abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina, caused by oxygen therapy.

A chronic lung disease in premature infants caused by prolonged ventilation and oxygen therapy, leading to lung abnormalities and breathing difficulties.

A serious intestinal disorder in premature infants characterized by inflammation, tissue death, and possible perforation of the intestines.

A condition characterized by air pockets in the intestinal wall, often seen in NEC.

Bacterial infection in a newborn within the first 7 days of life, usually acquired during or shortly before birth.

Bacterial infection in a newborn between 7 days and 3 months of age, often acquired after discharge from hospital.

Swelling of the fetus due to fluid accumulation, often caused by blood group incompatibility or other conditions.

A condition caused by blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus, where maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells.

A specific type of hemolytic disease where a Rh-negative mother is carrying a Rh-positive fetus, leading to antibody production against the fetal red blood cells.

A condition where bilirubin levels in the blood become toxic and damage the brain, leading to neurological issues.

A genetic disorder affecting the metabolism of phenylalanine, leading to intellectual disability if not treated with a special diet.

A genetic disorder affecting the metabolism of galactose, causing serious complications including liver failure, cataracts, and brain damage.

Common tumors of infancy made of blood vessels, often on the face and scalp, can regress.