Diseases of Bones: Systemic Pathology & Histopathology

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common bacterium involved in osteomyelitis?

Pseudomonas

E. coli

Klebsiella

Staphylococcus (correct)

What is the primary reason for immobility in osteomyelitis patients?

Severe pain (correct)

Bone necrosis

Fever

Swelling

What is the most reliable diagnostic test for osteomyelitis in the early stages?

C-reactive protein

Blood culture

X-ray

MRI (correct)

What is the primary laboratory finding in osteomyelitis patients?

Increased C-reactive protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic radiographic finding in osteomyelitis patients in the later stages?

Areas of lucency Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical clinical feature of osteomyelitis?

Throbbing pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the bone matrix?

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone disease is characterized by softening of the bones in children?

Rickets Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of bone formation?

Ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone tumor is characterized by the presence of giant cells?

Giant cell tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to bacterial infection?

Acute pyogenic osteomyelitis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone disease is characterized by a defect in the synthesis of collagen?

Osteogenesis imperfecta Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal curvature of the spine?

Scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone tumor is malignant and typically occurs in the metaphysis of long bones?

Osteosarcoma Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis characterized by?

Loss of total bone mass without other structural abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of postmenopausal osteoporosis?

Decline in estrogen levels Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible environmental factor that contributes to osteoporosis?

Decreased physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of osteoporosis?

Kyphosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of osteoporosis?

Compression fractures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of osteoporosis?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location where bacteria colonize in hematogenous osteomyelitis?

Metaphysis of rapidly growing bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of occlusion of blood supply in osteomyelitis?

Local ischemia and necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of chronic osteomyelitis?

Ulceration of the skin overlying the infected bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication of untreated osteomyelitis?

Gangrene Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the elevation of periosteum in osteomyelitis?

Involucrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of bacteria in hematogenous osteomyelitis?

Hematogenous spread Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the abscess extending into the adjacent joint area in osteomyelitis?

Joint infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the dead bone in osteomyelitis?

Sequestrum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary age range affected by osteosarcoma?

Individuals 10-25 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic predisposition associated with osteosarcoma in children?

Chromosome 13 abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is a common etiological factor associated with adult osteosarcoma?

Radiation exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical gross appearance of osteosarcoma?

Fleshy mass with areas of necrosis and haemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is the common location of osteosarcoma in long bones?

Metaphysical region Signup and view all the answers

What is the common mode of metastasis in osteosarcoma?

Hematogenous metastasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of osteosarcoma in terms of bone and cartilage formation?

Bone and cartilage formation may be present Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the tumor location in the distal femoral metaphysis?

It is a common location for osteosarcoma Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Diseases

Bone diseases can be classified into neoplasms, congenital, infections, metabolic bone diseases, and uncertain causes.

Congenital Bone Diseases

Achondroplasia: a congenital bone disease
Osteogenesis imperfecta (Brittle Bone Disease): a congenital bone disease

Infections

Osteomyelitis: an acute inflammation of the bone and bone marrow, secondary to bacterial infection
Routes of infection: hematogenous, direct implantation, and continuous source
Pathogenesis of osteomyelitis: local ischemia, necrosis, and sequestrum formation, elevation of periosteum, and abscess extension into adjacent joint area or medullary cavity

Acute Pyogenic Osteomyelitis

Clinical features: high fever, throbbing pain, swelling, and immobility
Laboratory findings: increased neutrophil, TWBC, C-reactive protein, and ESR, and positive blood culture for Staph sp. in 70% of patients
Radiography: normal in early-onset, bone necrosis in later stage with areas of lucency

Chronic Osteomyelitis

Hematogenous osteomyelitis: can cause gangrene, especially in diabetic patients
Clinical features: high fever, throbbing pain, swelling, and immobility
Laboratory findings: increased neutrophil, TWBC, C-reactive protein, and ESR, and positive blood culture for Staph sp. in 70% of patients
Radiography: normal in early-onset, bone necrosis in later stage with areas of lucency

Metabolic Bone Diseases

Osteoporosis: a form of bone atrophy, loss of total mass without other structural abnormalities
Etiology: senile osteoporosis, postmenopausal osteoporosis, environmental factors, prolonged immobilization, endocrine disease, and negative calcium balance
Pathology and clinical features: affects all bones, especially in major weight-bearing and stress areas, kyphosis, abnormal vertebral curvature, decrease in height, and compression fractures

Neoplasms

Osteosarcoma: the most common malignant tumor of bone, mainly affecting individuals 10-25 years old
Etiology: childhood osteosarcoma (genetic predisposition, higher incidence in children with retinoblastoma), adult osteosarcoma (radiation exposure, secondary to Paget's disease)
Pathogenesis: arises in the medullary cavity of the metaphysical region of long bone, caused by germline or sporadic mutations, aggressive and infiltrates widely, and hematogenous metastasis to the lung occurs early

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Description

This quiz covers the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory findings, and histopathological changes of various bone disorders. It's part of the Systemic Pathology & Histopathology course (NB2244).