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Questions and Answers
refers to the PROGRESSION OF A DISEASE process in an individual over time, in
the absence of treatment.
refers to the PROGRESSION OF A DISEASE process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment.
Natural history of disease
SAXITOXIN AND SIMILAR TOXINS FORM SHELLFISH ; few minutes–
30 minutes
SAXITOXIN AND SIMILAR TOXINS FORM SHELLFISH ; few minutes– 30 minutes
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
NAUSEA, VOMITING, CRAMPS, HEADACHE, NERVOUSNESS, BLURRED VISION, CHEST PAIN,
confusion, twitching, convulsions; few minutes–few hours.
NAUSEA, VOMITING, CRAMPS, HEADACHE, NERVOUSNESS, BLURRED VISION, CHEST PAIN, confusion, twitching, convulsions; few minutes–few hours.
Organophosphorusingestion
DIARRHEA, often with fever and cramps; usually 6–48 hours
DIARRHEA, often with fever and cramps; usually 6–48 hours
SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS); 3–10 days, usually 4–6 days
SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS); 3–10 days, usually 4–6 days
CHICKENPOX; 10–21 days,
usually 14–16
days
CHICKENPOX; 10–21 days, usually 14–16 days
SYPHILIS; 10–90 days, usually 3
weeks
SYPHILIS; 10–90 days, usually 3 weeks
HEPATITIS; 14–50 days, average 4
weeks
HEPATITIS; 14–50 days, average 4 weeks
HEPATITIS; 50–180 days, usually 2–
3 months
HEPATITIS; 50–180 days, usually 2– 3 months
AIDS; <1 to 15+ year
AIDS; <1 to 15+ year
LEUKEMIA; 2-12 years
LEUKEMIA; 2-12 years
THYROID CANCER; 3–20+ years
THYROID CANCER; 3–20+ years
BONE MARROW; 8–40 years
BONE MARROW; 8–40 years
refers to the PROPORTION OF EXPOSED PERSONS who become infected.
refers to the PROPORTION OF EXPOSED PERSONS who become infected.
refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically
apparent disease
refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
refers to the proportion of clinically apparent CASES THAT ARE SEVERE OR FATAL
refers to the proportion of clinically apparent CASES THAT ARE SEVERE OR FATAL
Such PERSONS WHO ARE INFECTIOUS but have subclinical disease; are persons with incubating disease or inapparent infection
Such PERSONS WHO ARE INFECTIOUS but have subclinical disease; are persons with incubating disease or inapparent infection
a SINGLE INSTANCE OF DISEASE, injury, or other health condition that meets selected criteria of clinical and laboratory findings and for person, place, and time.
a SINGLE INSTANCE OF DISEASE, injury, or other health condition that meets selected criteria of clinical and laboratory findings and for person, place, and time.
refers to a DISEASE that occurs INFREQUENTLY and IRREGULARLY.
refers to a DISEASE that occurs INFREQUENTLY and IRREGULARLY.
refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a POPULATION WITHIN A GEOGRAPHIC AREA.
refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a POPULATION WITHIN A GEOGRAPHIC AREA.
refers to PERSISTENT, HIGH LEVELS OF DISEASE OCCURRENCE
refers to PERSISTENT, HIGH LEVELS OF DISEASE OCCURRENCE
An observed amount of disease that is USUALLY PRESENT IN A COMMUNITY OR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, like a state or country, known through historical counts or public health surveillance, and often used for comparison in identifying outbreaks or measuring the effectiveness of public health actions.
An observed amount of disease that is USUALLY PRESENT IN A COMMUNITY OR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, like a state or country, known through historical counts or public health surveillance, and often used for comparison in identifying outbreaks or measuring the effectiveness of public health actions.
refers to an INCREASE, OFTEN SUDDEN, IN A NUMBER OF CASES of a
disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.
refers to an INCREASE, OFTEN SUDDEN, IN A NUMBER OF CASES of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.
carries the SAME DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIC, but is often used for a more limited geographic area.
carries the SAME DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIC, but is often used for a more limited geographic area.
A group of cases of the same general health problem that occur in a LIMITED GEOGRAPHICAL AREA without regard to the expected levels.
A group of cases of the same general health problem that occur in a LIMITED GEOGRAPHICAL AREA without regard to the expected levels.
refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or
continents, usually affecting a large number of people
refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people
A virus that has not been seen before or is a virus that is known
but has not infected humans before
A virus that has not been seen before or is a virus that is known but has not infected humans before
What is NERD?
What is NERD?
A fictional novel emerging respiratory disease caused by a virus that can
spread from person to person
A fictional novel emerging respiratory disease caused by a virus that can spread from person to person
when an agent and susceptible hosts are present in adequate
numbers, and the agent can be effectively conveyed from a source
to the susceptible hosts.
when an agent and susceptible hosts are present in adequate numbers, and the agent can be effectively conveyed from a source to the susceptible hosts.
Transmission occurs from person to person.
Transmission occurs from person to person.
patients are exposed to the source of the disease at irregular intervals
patients are exposed to the source of the disease at irregular intervals
both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics.
both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics.
The disease is spreading from person to person with confirmed
outbreaks at the community level.
The disease is spreading from person to person with confirmed outbreaks at the community level.
There are scattered cases or small clusters of disease in humans. If
the illness is spreading from human to human, it’s not broad enough to
cause community-level outbreaks
There are scattered cases or small clusters of disease in humans. If the illness is spreading from human to human, it’s not broad enough to cause community-level outbreaks
A virus in animals has caused no known infections in humans.
A virus in animals has caused no known infections in humans.
An animal virus has caused infection in humans.
An animal virus has caused infection in humans.
The disease is spreading between humans in more than one
country of one of the WHO regions.
The disease is spreading between humans in more than one country of one of the WHO regions.
At least one more country, in a different region from Phase 5, has
community-level outbreaks.
At least one more country, in a different region from Phase 5, has community-level outbreaks.
List of the deadliest pandemics in world
history includes:
List of the deadliest pandemics in world history includes:
A bacterial infection found mainly in rodents and associated fleas, plague
readily leaps to humans in close contact.
A bacterial infection found mainly in rodents and associated fleas, plague readily leaps to humans in close contact.
most nutorious epedimic in history
most nutorious epedimic in history
3 types of Plague
3 types of Plague
the disease's most common form, refers to telltale buboes—painfully swollen
lymph nodes—that appear around the groin, armpit, or neck.
the disease's most common form, refers to telltale buboes—painfully swollen lymph nodes—that appear around the groin, armpit, or neck.
the most infectious type, is an advanced stage of plague that moves into
the lungs
the most infectious type, is an advanced stage of plague that moves into the lungs
Patients develop fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock,
and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs.
Patients develop fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs.
It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin.
It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin.
also known as the influenza pandemic of 1918
also known as the influenza pandemic of 1918
caused by variola virus
caused by variola virus
The most severe phase of HIV infection.
The most severe phase of HIV infection.
Some people have flu-like symptoms.
Some people have flu-like symptoms.
called asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency. any symptoms or get sick during this phase
called asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency. any symptoms or get sick during this phase
is a sickness caused by a virus called
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
is a sickness caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Treatment of Covid 19
Treatment of Covid 19
COVOID VACCINES
COVOID VACCINES
Study Notes
Disease Progression and Symptoms
- Disease progression refers to the process of a disease developing in an individual over time without treatment.
- Symptoms of saxitoxin poisoning from shellfish include nausea, vomiting, cramps, headache, nervousness, blurred vision, chest pain, confusion, twitching, and convulsions, typically appearing within minutes to hours.
- Diarrhea with fever and cramps usually manifests 6-48 hours after exposure.
- The incubation period for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is approximately 3-10 days, commonly 4-6 days.
- Chickenpox has an incubation period of 10-21 days, typically around 14-16 days.
- Syphilis incubation ranges from 10-90 days, often around 3 weeks.
- Hepatitis type A has an incubation period between 14-50 days, with an average of 4 weeks.
- Hepatitis type B may have an incubation period of 50-180 days, generally 2-3 months.
- AIDS can take less than 1 year up to 15+ years to develop.
- Leukemia has an incubation period of 2-12 years.
- Thyroid cancer can take 3-20+ years to manifest.
- Bone marrow disorders may evolve over 8-40 years.
Infection Rates and Disease Severity
- The proportion of exposed individuals who become infected characterizes the attack rate.
- The prevalence of clinically apparent disease among infected individuals indicates disease severity.
- Case fatality refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or result in death.
- Inapparent infections describe individuals who are infectious but do not show symptoms.
Disease Epidemiology
- An instance of disease that meets specific clinical and laboratory criteria is classified as a case.
- Rare diseases occur infrequently and irregularly, contrasting with endemic diseases, which maintain a constant presence in specific regions.
- Persistently high levels of disease occurrence indicate an epidemic.
- Historical counts and public health surveillance establish the baseline amount of disease usually present in a community.
- An outbreak is defined as a sudden increase in disease cases above normal expectations.
- An epidemic might refer to a localized increase in cases or to a broader issue, depending on geographic scope.
Transmission Dynamics
- Disease transmission necessitates suitable agents and hosts, facilitating effective spread between individuals.
- Epidemics can result from both common-source and propagated transmission.
- The spread of a disease from human to human, confirmed by community-level outbreaks, characterizes an epidemic.
Viral and Zoonotic Infections
- Newly emerged viruses may not have previously infected humans, contributing to public health challenges.
- The fictional "NERD" disease is characterized by human-to-human transmission caused by a novel virus.
- Zoonotic diseases can jump from animals to humans, introducing new health threats.
Historical Pandemics and Disease Types
- The list of deadliest pandemics includes the plague, associated with rodent carriers and fleas, which historically caused significant mortality.
- The three types of plague include bubonic (swollen lymph nodes), septicemic (infection in the bloodstream), and pneumonic (infectious in the lungs).
- The 1918 influenza pandemic, caused by an H1N1 virus of avian origin, remains one of the most notorious pandemics.
- Variola virus is the causative agent of smallpox, another significant historical disease.
- The most severe phase of HIV infection may exhibit flu-like symptoms, while asymptomatic clinical latency phase is marked by a lack of noticeable symptoms.
COVID-19 Overview
- COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
- Vaccination efforts are critical in treating and controlling the spread of COVID-19.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the natural progression of a disease in an individual over time, without any treatment. Explore the factors and stages involved in the development of a disease without intervention.
