(3 PRELIM) PUBLIC HEALTH
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refers to the PROGRESSION OF A DISEASE process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment.

Natural history of disease

SAXITOXIN AND SIMILAR TOXINS FORM SHELLFISH ; few minutes– 30 minutes

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

NAUSEA, VOMITING, CRAMPS, HEADACHE, NERVOUSNESS, BLURRED VISION, CHEST PAIN, confusion, twitching, convulsions; few minutes–few hours.

Organophosphorusingestion

DIARRHEA, often with fever and cramps; usually 6–48 hours

<p>Salmonella</p> Signup and view all the answers

SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS); 3–10 days, usually 4–6 days

<p>SARS-associated coronaviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

CHICKENPOX; 10–21 days, usually 14–16 days

<p>Varicella -zoster virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

SYPHILIS; 10–90 days, usually 3 weeks

<p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

HEPATITIS; 14–50 days, average 4 weeks

<p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

HEPATITIS; 50–180 days, usually 2– 3 months

<p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

AIDS; <1 to 15+ year

<p>Human immunodeficiency virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

LEUKEMIA; 2-12 years

<p>Atomic bomb radiation (Japan)</p> Signup and view all the answers

THYROID CANCER; 3–20+ years

<p>Radiation (Japan, Chernobyl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

BONE MARROW; 8–40 years

<p>Radium (watch dial painters</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to the PROPORTION OF EXPOSED PERSONS who become infected.

<p>Infectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease

<p>Pathogenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to the proportion of clinically apparent CASES THAT ARE SEVERE OR FATAL

<p>Virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Such PERSONS WHO ARE INFECTIOUS but have subclinical disease; are persons with incubating disease or inapparent infection

<p>Carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

a SINGLE INSTANCE OF DISEASE, injury, or other health condition that meets selected criteria of clinical and laboratory findings and for person, place, and time.

<p>Case</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to a DISEASE that occurs INFREQUENTLY and IRREGULARLY.

<p>Sporadic</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a POPULATION WITHIN A GEOGRAPHIC AREA.

<p>Endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to PERSISTENT, HIGH LEVELS OF DISEASE OCCURRENCE

<p>Hyperendemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

An observed amount of disease that is USUALLY PRESENT IN A COMMUNITY OR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, like a state or country, known through historical counts or public health surveillance, and often used for comparison in identifying outbreaks or measuring the effectiveness of public health actions.

<p>Expected level</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to an INCREASE, OFTEN SUDDEN, IN A NUMBER OF CASES of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.

<p>Epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

carries the SAME DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIC, but is often used for a more limited geographic area.

<p>Outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

A group of cases of the same general health problem that occur in a LIMITED GEOGRAPHICAL AREA without regard to the expected levels.

<p>Cluster</p> Signup and view all the answers

refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

<p>Pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

A virus that has not been seen before or is a virus that is known but has not infected humans before

<p>Novel virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NERD?

<p>Novel Emerging Respiratory Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fictional novel emerging respiratory disease caused by a virus that can spread from person to person

<p>NERD</p> Signup and view all the answers

when an agent and susceptible hosts are present in adequate numbers, and the agent can be effectively conveyed from a source to the susceptible hosts.

<p>Epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transmission occurs from person to person.

<p>propagated source</p> Signup and view all the answers

patients are exposed to the source of the disease at irregular intervals

<p>Intermittent common source outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics.

<p>Mixed epidemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

The disease is spreading from person to person with confirmed outbreaks at the community level.

<p>Phase 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are scattered cases or small clusters of disease in humans. If the illness is spreading from human to human, it’s not broad enough to cause community-level outbreaks

<p>Phase 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

A virus in animals has caused no known infections in humans.

<p>Phase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

An animal virus has caused infection in humans.

<p>Phase 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The disease is spreading between humans in more than one country of one of the WHO regions.

<p>Phase 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

At least one more country, in a different region from Phase 5, has community-level outbreaks.

<p>Phase 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

List of the deadliest pandemics in world history includes:

<p>The black death; The influenza pandemic of 1918; Smallpox; HIV and AIDS; COVID19</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bacterial infection found mainly in rodents and associated fleas, plague readily leaps to humans in close contact.

<p>black death</p> Signup and view all the answers

most nutorious epedimic in history

<p>Black Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

3 types of Plague

<p>Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

the disease's most common form, refers to telltale buboes—painfully swollen lymph nodes—that appear around the groin, armpit, or neck.

<p>Bubonic Plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

the most infectious type, is an advanced stage of plague that moves into the lungs

<p>Pneumonic Plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients develop fever, chills, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs.

<p>Septicemic plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin.

<p>Spanish Flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

also known as the influenza pandemic of 1918

<p>Spanish Flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

caused by variola virus

<p>Smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most severe phase of HIV infection.

<p>AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some people have flu-like symptoms.

<p>Acute HIV Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

called asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency. any symptoms or get sick during this phase

<p>Chronic HIV Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

is a sickness caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

<p>COVID19</p> Signup and view all the answers

Treatment of Covid 19

<p>Nirmatrelvir, Remdesivir, Molnupiravir</p> Signup and view all the answers

COVOID VACCINES

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Disease Progression and Symptoms

  • Disease progression refers to the process of a disease developing in an individual over time without treatment.
  • Symptoms of saxitoxin poisoning from shellfish include nausea, vomiting, cramps, headache, nervousness, blurred vision, chest pain, confusion, twitching, and convulsions, typically appearing within minutes to hours.
  • Diarrhea with fever and cramps usually manifests 6-48 hours after exposure.
  • The incubation period for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is approximately 3-10 days, commonly 4-6 days.
  • Chickenpox has an incubation period of 10-21 days, typically around 14-16 days.
  • Syphilis incubation ranges from 10-90 days, often around 3 weeks.
  • Hepatitis type A has an incubation period between 14-50 days, with an average of 4 weeks.
  • Hepatitis type B may have an incubation period of 50-180 days, generally 2-3 months.
  • AIDS can take less than 1 year up to 15+ years to develop.
  • Leukemia has an incubation period of 2-12 years.
  • Thyroid cancer can take 3-20+ years to manifest.
  • Bone marrow disorders may evolve over 8-40 years.

Infection Rates and Disease Severity

  • The proportion of exposed individuals who become infected characterizes the attack rate.
  • The prevalence of clinically apparent disease among infected individuals indicates disease severity.
  • Case fatality refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or result in death.
  • Inapparent infections describe individuals who are infectious but do not show symptoms.

Disease Epidemiology

  • An instance of disease that meets specific clinical and laboratory criteria is classified as a case.
  • Rare diseases occur infrequently and irregularly, contrasting with endemic diseases, which maintain a constant presence in specific regions.
  • Persistently high levels of disease occurrence indicate an epidemic.
  • Historical counts and public health surveillance establish the baseline amount of disease usually present in a community.
  • An outbreak is defined as a sudden increase in disease cases above normal expectations.
  • An epidemic might refer to a localized increase in cases or to a broader issue, depending on geographic scope.

Transmission Dynamics

  • Disease transmission necessitates suitable agents and hosts, facilitating effective spread between individuals.
  • Epidemics can result from both common-source and propagated transmission.
  • The spread of a disease from human to human, confirmed by community-level outbreaks, characterizes an epidemic.

Viral and Zoonotic Infections

  • Newly emerged viruses may not have previously infected humans, contributing to public health challenges.
  • The fictional "NERD" disease is characterized by human-to-human transmission caused by a novel virus.
  • Zoonotic diseases can jump from animals to humans, introducing new health threats.

Historical Pandemics and Disease Types

  • The list of deadliest pandemics includes the plague, associated with rodent carriers and fleas, which historically caused significant mortality.
  • The three types of plague include bubonic (swollen lymph nodes), septicemic (infection in the bloodstream), and pneumonic (infectious in the lungs).
  • The 1918 influenza pandemic, caused by an H1N1 virus of avian origin, remains one of the most notorious pandemics.
  • Variola virus is the causative agent of smallpox, another significant historical disease.
  • The most severe phase of HIV infection may exhibit flu-like symptoms, while asymptomatic clinical latency phase is marked by a lack of noticeable symptoms.

COVID-19 Overview

  • COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
  • Vaccination efforts are critical in treating and controlling the spread of COVID-19.

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Test your knowledge on the natural progression of a disease in an individual over time, without any treatment. Explore the factors and stages involved in the development of a disease without intervention.

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