3. Disease Outbreak Investigation

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Questions and Answers

What fundamental aspect distinguishes a disease outbreak from expected occurrences?

  • The presence of a novel pathogen.
  • The severity of clinical signs observed.
  • The immediate availability of a vaccine.
  • The rate of events is greater than the expected rate. (correct)

If 100 out of 500 animals display clinical signs of a disease, and 20 die, what is the overall attack rate?

  • 120%
  • 24% (correct)
  • 4%
  • 20%

Which action is most critical in establishing a provisional diagnosis during a disease outbreak investigation?

  • Consulting with international experts in pathology.
  • Reviewing scientific literature without field data.
  • Relying solely on historical veterinary records.
  • Integrating farm and vet records with producer interviews and literature review. (correct)

How does a case definition influence the study of a disease outbreak?

<p>It establishes standard criteria for deciding whether an individual has the disease of interest. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an outbreak investigation, why is characterizing the outbreak by time, place, and animal attributes so crucial?

<p>It helps in understanding the pattern, spread, and potential sources of the disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Evan's unified concept of causation, which criterion is essential to establish a causal relationship between a condition and a supposed cause?

<p>A measurable host response consistently appearing after exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temporality, as described in Hill's guidelines for causation, influence our understanding of causal relationships in disease outbreaks?

<p>It emphasizes that the cause must precede the effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the 'pie' model of causation, what role does a 'component cause' play in disease development?

<p>It represents one of several conditions that contribute to a sufficient cause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 'necessary cause' from other types of component causes in disease etiology?

<p>It is the single most important piece and must be present for disease to occur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does viewing disease causality through the lens of a 'web of causation' enhance epidemiological investigations?

<p>Reveals the complex interaction between agent, host, and environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do epidemiological studies that measure disease frequency contribute to outbreak investigations?

<p>They quantify the extent and impact of the disease in affected populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical insight does the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) provide in the context of infectious disease epidemiology?

<p>The average number of secondary cases caused by an infected individual in a naive population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would public health officials be most concerned based on the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) of a disease?

<p>$R_0 &gt; 1$, suggesting the disease will continue to spread without intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant implication of R0 being greater than 1 during a disease outbreak?

<p>The outbreak has the potential to spread exponentially. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an outbreak investigation, when it is essential to collect further data and perform additional analysis, which approach is considered the 'gold standard' but not always feasible?

<p>Experimental research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key activities are involved in the implementation of control and preventative measures during a disease outbreak?

<p>Quarantine, decontamination and restrictions to prevent transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is reporting and communication a fundamental step, for disease outbreak investigations?

<p>To facilitate transparency and enable future insights. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are diseases categorized under the Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA)?

<p>By the impact on human health, animal health ,production, trade and the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA), which category of disease receives the maximum governmental funding?

<p>Diseases posing a severe threat to both human health and the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When deciding between disease control and disease eradication, what factor would make eradication the more attractive option?

<p>The long-term management costs are high (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario justifies choosing control over eradication?

<p>Limited technical know-how. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is key to eradication?

<p>Disease can be limited to a certain time frame. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the strategies of control and eradication, what does 'Biosecurity' aim to achieve?

<p>Stopping the disease from coming into a particular area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of quarantine and movement controls as a biosecurity strategy during control and eradication?

<p>To isolate infected or suspected animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an accurate definition of 'Zoning'?

<p>Dividing regions by risk level. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy describes a preventative measure carried out during high risk times of a disease?

<p>Prophylactic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In disease management where control of biological and mechanical vectors are part of disease control, what are these biological and mechanical vectors?

<p>Anything that contributes to the transmission of disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have historical disease eradications like the Equine Influenza Australia 2007 been shown to improve the biosecurity systems against further outbreaks?

<p>Have helped indicate previously weak areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the goals changed from 1990 - of eradication - to 1995 - goal of control. Which disease is being referred to?

<p>Ovine Johnes Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the most important factor in animal diseases?

<p>All are equally important. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you consider before performing 'Control and Eradication'?

<p>All should be considered. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which would be considered part of 'Social' factors in this 'Control and Eradication' list?

<p>Public opinion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why could the 'agricultural community' determine if the decision to control, of eradicate, could be a failure? (Select all that apply)

<p>All these things can create failure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name some challenges to Biosecurity (Select all that apply).

<p>Increased number of livestock. (B), People ignoring the rules during a break out. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of epidemiology?

<p>Disease does not generally occur randomly in populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Ebola outbreak in Congo in 1995, the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) was 1.8. Interpret this finding.

<p>Each infected person, on average, infected 1.8 new people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a relatively low R0 indicate?

<p>Slow spread, more manageable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an outbreak investigation, what is the crucial role of a case definition in determining individuals affected by a disease?

<p>Establishing a standard set of criteria for deciding who is part of the outbreak. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the application of Hill's criteria aid in assessing causation during a disease outbreak investigation?

<p>Offers flexible guidelines to evaluate the strength and consistency of evidence supporting a causal relationship. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To what extent does the 'pie' model of causation improve our strategy when controlling disease outbreaks?

<p>By promoting a consideration of multifactorial disease causation, recognizing multiple contributing factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an epidemiological investigation, how does understanding the 'web of causation' influence the interventions designed to control a disease outbreak?

<p>It reveals opportunities for intervention as it depicts the complex relationships between multiple factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a 'Relative Risk' or 'Odds Ratio' measure most valuable, when determining factors involved in disease?

<p>When comparing the disease frequency between exposed and unexposed groups thus measuring the association between exposure and outcome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is characterizing a disease outbreak by time, place and animal attributes considered a cornerstone of the investigation process?

<p>These help generate hypotheses about the source, spread, and determinants of the disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Koch's postulates contribute to establishing the cause of disease during an outbreak investigation?

<p>They provide criteria for identifying infectious agents, though they have limitations with complex diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might a non-statistical association mislead investigators during outbreak cause analysis?

<p>It could mistakenly guide them towards a direct relationship when the relationship is more by chance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of outbreak investigations, what is the implication of the basic reproduction number (R0) being equal to 1?

<p>Each existing infection causes one new infection, which means the disease spread is neither growing nor declining. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a disease outbreak, why is it critical to determine the magnitude of the problem beyond just counting the number of new cases?

<p>It helps in assessing the broader impacts on animal health, industry, production, and public health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding both temporal and spatial characteristics of a disease outbreak?

<p>It helps in identifying patterns and potential sources, informing targeted interventions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is reporting and communication considered a cornerstone of disease outbreak investigations?

<p>It ensures rapid dissemination of findings and recommendations to relevant stakeholders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the principles of biosecurity contribute to disease control and eradication strategies?

<p>Biosecurity prevents the introduction of disease and limits its spread through various measures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategies are used to reduce the morbidity and mortality from disease?

<p>Control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have historical disease eradications improved our strategies?

<p>Has enabled biosecurity to prepare for, and prevent, further outbreaks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways are zoning strategies useful in control and eradication?

<p>This helps by creating areas separated from each other. Either a disease free zone, or an infected zone (separate). This allows for a clearer understanding of where to take action first. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During periods of high risk of disease, when implementing prophylactic measures, the purpose is aimed towards?

<p>Preventing a disease during high risk times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With the Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA), if a disease is described to have 'Major national socio-economic, public health consequences', how much governmental funding would this be?

<p>80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Bovine TB eradication, what were some techniques used to meet this end goal?

<p>Testing and Slaughter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When referring to the 1990s, the Ovine Johne's Disease used different techniques for the same disease. What were these goal changes, and how were they improved?

<p>1990 aimed for eradication through movement control, whereas 1995 was based on surveillance and testing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures could the 'agricultural community' implement to ensure a higher chance of 'Control and Eradication' success? (Select all that apply)

<p>To better help the policy, and reduce the risk of disease, illegal trading of infected animals needs to be improved. (B), Support any new diagnostic facilities and other tools that may come into place. They must be supported and used effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding the determinants of disease contribute to outbreak investigations?

<p>It provides a framework for considering multiple factors related to the agent, host, and environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the historical example of the Equine Influenza outbreak in Australia in 2007, what key benefit was demonstrated by successfully improving the biosecurity systems?

<p>There was a larger emphasis on surveillance, and improved the ability for prevention of future outbreaks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When applying the 'Time' measure to characterize an outbreak, what is the importance of knowing the 'Year' and 'Season'?

<p>Knowing the number of annual cases or knowing the seasonal trends, are both useful as they may indicate the likelihood of vector spread, or increased survival opportunities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using Hill's Guidelines, which factor will almost always need to be considered to prove Causation?

<p>Temporality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When referring to 'reporting and communication' why might this be the most important, final point during an outbreak?

<p>It enables dissemination of all the data to different people (the government, agencies, or farmers). They can make improvements for future disease outbreaks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Foot and Mouth Disease eradication (UK 2001,) what control measures were implemented?

<p>Stamping out was used (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When deciding between Control and Eradication, how will available tools determine the decision?

<p>Adequate diagnostic facilities and other tools are needed to help choose the correct course for both options - and to determine the success. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implications does an attack rate approaching 100% suggest regarding a population’s immunity profile?

<p>The population had no pre-existing immunity to the pathogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the capacity to accurately identify and confirm the existence of an outbreak an essential initial step?

<p>Misidentification can lead to resource waste, inappropriate responses, and spread if it is mismanaged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might an eradication program face opposition from agricultural farmers?

<p>Requires strict regulatory oversight that may force significant changes in farming practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be considered one of the greater challenges to Biosecurity?

<p>Increased people and livestock movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Avian Influenza eradication (Victoria, Australia 2012-2025) what was a key point that made the eradication successful?

<p>It involved a standstill quarantine with disinfection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a disease outbreak, a necessary cause:

<p>Must be present for the disease to occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should we formulate a cause if we acknowledge that disease does not randomly occur in populations?

<p>It implies patterns, and that these causal factors exist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of an outbreak investigation, what does 'characterizing the outbreak' entail, beyond identifying the causative agent?

<p>Describing cases of the illness, determining the range of animals and describing the pattern over time, place, and animal attributes to make predictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of the agent, host, and enviornment factors, what does increased virulence mean?

<p>Increased severity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With the concept of necessary causes in outbreaks of disease, what best exemplifies the most important example?

<p>When chicken salad causes Salmonella spp. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a disease poses a lower risk and disease has an R0 < 1, what impact does it have on disease prevalence?

<p>The disease presence will decline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does herd immunity play in preventing disease outbreaks?

<p>It decreases the pool of susceptible individuals, reducing the chance of widespread transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental complexity is introduced when disease causality is viewed through the 'web of causation' model?

<p>It highlights the multiple interacting factors, complicating the design of effective control strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do measures of association, such as 'Relative Risk' or 'Odds Ratio,' inform intervention strategies during an outbreak investigation?

<p>They help quantify the strength of association between exposures and outcomes to prioritize interventions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When 'characterizing an outbreak' by 'Time', what is the importance of knowing the 'Epidemiological curve'?

<p>It illustrates the magnitude and distribution of cases over time, providing insights into the outbreak's progression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using Hill's Guidelines, in what way might 'Strength of Association' create misleading information?

<p>A strong association may minimize the effect that bias or confounding variables play, but can still be misleading if they exist. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a thorough investigation, why is 'reporting and communication' considered the linchpin of disease outbreak management?

<p>It ensures that findings inform policy, guide preventative actions, and improve public health preparedness and trust. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak in the UK, what unintended consequence arised from using culling as a control measure?

<p>Generated distrust and resentment from farmers, thus impeding collaboration with future disease control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining between Control and Eradication, if a disease is determined to be endemic, how will this inform the decision to decide which avenue to pursuit?

<p>Control is more feasible due to established disease dynamics, requiring ongoing management rather than complete removal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interpreting an attack rate approaching 100% suggests what about the population’s immunity profile?

<p>Universally poor base-level immunity, with nearly all individuals being susceptible to the causative agent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might an eradication program face resistance from agricultural farmers?

<p>Eradication programs frequently face backlash due to cost, culling, or movement restriction affecting industry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Avian Influenza outbreak (Victoria, Australia 2012-2015,) implementing a 'Standstill' meant?

<p>Movement restrictions in and <em>out</em> of the infected property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is an outbreak?

An occurrence of more cases of a disease than typically expected in a specific epidemiological unit.

Why investigate an outbreak?

To minimize production, trade, and animal welfare impacts by understanding the cause, control methods and prevention.

Confirming an outbreak

A rate of events affecting a population that exceeds the expected rate.

Attack Rate

A ratio comparing the number of new cases from the outbreak's beginning versus the total animals at risk from the outbreaks begining.

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Case Definition

A standard set of criteria used to determine if an individual unit has a particular disease or outcome being studied.

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Outbreak investigation: Steps

A step-by-step procedure for identifying the nature and source of a disease event.

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Magnitude of a Problem

Counting cases, establishing the population at risk, measuring disease frequency, and assessing the impact on animals, industry, production, and the public.

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Association

The degree of dependence between two variables (any observable event).

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Temporality

There must be a time order in which the cause precedes the effect.

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Strength of association

The stronger the association between a risk factor and outcome, the more likely the relationship is causal.

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Dose-response relationship

As the exposure to a risk factor increases, the risk of disease also increases.

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Consistency

The association between cause and effect is observed in multiple studies.

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Compatible with existing knowledge

The association is logical and makes sense in light of current biological and medical knowledge.

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Component Causes

Factors that contribute to disease in addition to the main cause.

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Sufficient causes

A combination of causes that inevitably produces disease.

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Necessary causes

A factor that must be present for a disease to occur.

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Web of causation

A complex web of interacting factors involving agent, host, and environment, responsible for diseases.

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What is the magnitude of the problem?

Helps define potential sources of a factor from the individual level, up to the global level.

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Determinants of Disease

Factors that impact diseases in populations involving; agent, host and the environment.

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Basic reproduction number (Ro)

Key concept in infectious disease epidemiology, referring to the average number of secondary cases caused by a typically infected individual in a susceptible population.

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Ro > 1

Occurs if R0>1, meaning each infected individual infects more than one other, spreading the disease.

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Ro < 1

This occurs if R0<1, meaning each infected individual infects less than one other, and the outbreak will die out.

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Control

Reduction of the morbidity and mortality from disease, and measures interfering with uncontrolled disease occurrence.

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Eradication

Extinction of an infectious agent, reducing disease prevalence to where transmission can't occur with a limited time.

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Strategies of Control and Eradication

Strategies including biosecurity, quarantine/movement controls, slaughter, vaccination, chemotherapy, vector control, fomite disinfection, improved environment, and genetic improvement.

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Bio exclusion

Prevent the introduction of a disease agent into a population or geographic area.

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Biocontainment

Control the spread of the disease.

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Quarantine/movement controls

Used for isolating or infected or suspected animals of containing other control and eradication strategies, including isolation of import requirements.

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Emergency strategy

Prevent incursion of disease from endemic areas - Ring Vaccination' is preventing the spread of the disease.

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test-and-removal

Test and slaughter known for eradication.

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Notifiable disease

Need to report diseases to authorities

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EADRA Agreement

Framework used between government, health organization, and livestock organization, to respond to disease threat.

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Level 1 diseases impact

1:Serious impact 100% government, and environment.

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Level 2 disease impact

A level 2 diseases that is 80% helps, to economic growth

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Study Notes

Week 3 Learning Objectives

  • Strengths and weaknesses of Hill's causal criteria and Koch's postulates are discussed
  • Component, Necessary, and Sufficient causes of diseases are described with examples
  • Approaches to calculating disease frequency and measures of association and effect are covered
  • Steps for conducting a disease outbreak investigation in a systematic and logical fashion are outlined
  • Principles of control and eradication of emerging and remerging diseases are reflected upon and defended
  • Important factors that need to be considered for disease control or eradication programs are identified

Disease Outbreak Investigation

  • The first question to ask is: What constitutes an outbreak?
  • An outbreak is defined by the OIE as one or more cases in an epidemiological unit
  • Outbreaks can be characterized as having more cases than usually expected, exceeding a certain threshold, or being unexpected events

Reasons for Investigating Outbreaks

  • To prevent or minimize impacts on production, trade, and animal welfare, it's crucial to investigate outbreaks
  • To achieve this, it's necessary to understand the cause, identify methods for controlling it, and prevent any future occurrences

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

  • Confirm the existence of an outbreak
  • Establish a provisional diagnosis
  • Determine the magnitude of the outbreak
  • Characterize the outbreak
  • Develop a working hypothesis
  • Evaluate a working hypothesis
  • Collect further data and perform analysis
  • Implement control and preventative measures
  • Report and communicate findings

Confirming an Outbreak

  • Comparing the rate of events in the population to the expected rate is key to confirming an outbreak
  • To quantify this, you need to count the attack rate, which is calculated as the number of new cases from the beginning of the outbreak divided by the total number of animals at risk at the beginning of the outbreak

Attack Rate Examples:

  • Scenario A: 10 out of 500 merino wethers show wasting signs, and 2 die over 4 months

    • The wasting attack rate is 2.0%
    • The death attack rate is 0.4%
    • The overall attack rate is 2.4%
  • Scenario B: 100 out of 500 merino wethers show wasting signs, and 20 die over 4 months

    • The wasting attack rate is 20.0%
    • The death attack rate is 4.0%
    • The overall attack rate is 24.0%

Establishing and Verifying Diagnosis

  • Methods to establish and verify a diagnosis include:
    • Reviewing farm records
    • Reviewing vet records
    • Interviewing producers
    • Reviewing literature
  • A case definition is a set of standard criteria for deciding whether an individual unit of interest has a particular disease or outcome
  • These steps aid in defining the case, making a provisional diagnosis, and confirming the diagnosis

Magnitude of the Problem

  • Involves counting cases, establishing the population at risk, measuring disease frequency, and assessing the impact on animals, industry, production, and the public
  • The scope of the problem can range from individual pens and farms to regions, countries, and multiple countries

Characterizing the Outbreak

  • Determining the underlying reason for the outbreak is crucial, which can be achieved through association and causation analysis

Causation vs Association

  • Causation involves the relationship between cause and effect
  • Association is the degree or dependence between two variables or any observable event
    • Non-statistical association: chance relationship
    • Statistical association: relationship occurs more frequently than by chance but may not be causal

Judging Causation

  • Criteria for judging causation include:
    • Koch's postulates
    • Evan's unified concept of causation
    • Hill's criteria

Koch's Postulates (1892)

  • The agent must be present in every case of the disease
  • The agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  • The agent must cause disease when inoculated into a susceptible animal, and then be recovered from that animal and identified
  • These postulates are particularly useful for overpowering infectious agents, but less so for other types of diseases

Evan's Unified Concept of Causation

  • Key points:
    • The proportion of individuals with the disease should be significantly higher in those exposed to the supposed cause than in those not exposed
    • Exposure to the supposed cause should be more common in those with the disease than those without it, assuming all other risk factors are held constant
    • The number of new cases should be significantly higher in those exposed to the supposed cause versus those not exposed, as shown in prospective studies
    • The disease should follow exposure to the supposed cause with a distribution of incubation periods on a bell-shaped curve
    • A spectrum of host responses should follow exposure to the supposed cause, along a logical biological gradient
    • A measurable host response should regularly appear, or increase in magnitude if already present, following exposure to the supposed cause

Hill's Guidelines for Causation (1965)

  • Temporality: Cause precedes effect
  • Strength of association: Strong relationships are more likely to be causal
  • Dose-response relationship: Increased exposure leads to increased risk
  • Consistency: Findings are consistent across different studies and populations
  • Compatible with existing knowledge: Causal relationships align with current scientific understanding

Types of Causes

  • Disease causes can be thought of as pieces of a pie; when the pie is "full," disease occurs

Component Causes

  • Individual causes (any pieces of the pie)
  • Example: Coronary heart disease includes factors like -high cholesterol -smoking -lack of exercise -obesity -genetics -concurrent disease

Sufficient Causes

  • The whole pie: a combination of causes without which the disease would not have occurred
  • Example: Respiratory disease in calves requires: Pasteurella spp, respiratory syncytial virus, and stress

Necessary Causes

  • Those that must be present for disease to occur and is the most important piece
  • For example, a Salmonella spp is a necessary cause of a foodborne disease outbreak
    • Eating chicken salad is a sufficient cause

Causal Models

  • Causal models, or webs of causation, describe the complex interaction of factors, involving the agent, host, and environment
  • These include direct and indirect causes

Working Out What Factors Are Involved in Disease

  • Relies on:
    • Measures of disease frequency (who, what, when, where)
    • Measures of association (relative risk and/or odds ratio)
    • More evidence of causation (statistical/biological differences between groups)

Characterizing the Outbreak

  • The "when" includes temporal factors like -Epidemiological curve -Year and season -Type of exposure -Point -Propagating
  • It also takes into account mode of transmission, period of incubation and animal susceptibility
  • The "where" involves spatial factors like: -Geographical distribution -Animal movements -Actual location on the property (sheds, pens, shows) -Endemic Source -Mode of transmission
  • Remember that, time and space are not mutually exclusive

Describing "The Who"

  • Factors to calculate include:
    • Case fatality rates
    • Factor-specific attack rates
    • Relative risk and odds ratios
    • Attributable risk
  • Must Determine if a particular risk factor is statistically and biologically significantly associated with the epidemics

Evaluating A Working Hypothesis

  • Determining who, where, when and what are important aspects of evaluating a working hypothesis

Need for Further Data Collection and Analysis

  • Consider:
    • What additional information is needed
    • How it can be obtained
    • Whether additional observational or experimental studies are necessary
  • If so, consider what tests are needed
  • Evaluate potential interventions and responses
  • Conduct an economic analysis

Implementing Control and Preventative Measures

  • The focus is to:
    • Eliminate or treat the source
    • Prevent further exposures
    • Protect animals and people at risk
  • Methods used include:
    • Quarantine and movement restrictions
    • Establishment of exclusion zones around affected premises
    • Trace-forward and back investigations
    • Decontamination
    • Identification of potential carriers

Reporting and Communicating Findings

  • Is necessary to:
    • Clarify thinking
    • Formally give recommendations
    • Record information for future investigators
    • Reflect and evaluate the experience
    • Share the lessons learned
    • Promote rapid dissemination of information

Disease Outbreak

  • Requires: -Investigation -Control and eradication

Notifiable Diseases

  • Diseases that need to be reported to authorities of state and common wealth governments
  • Laws apply in relation to control and/or eradication
  • Exotic diseases are classified under AUSVETPLAN
  • The Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA) involves agreement between the AHA, government, and 14 livestock industries

Control and Eradication

  • Requires: -Diseases needing to be notified to authorities (commonwealth and state governments) -Legislation applies in relation to control/eradication -Exotic diseases: AUSVETPLAN
  • The Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA) is between AHA, government and 14 livestock industries. -It includes management and funding of EAD responses -65 categorised diseases -Diseases are categorized by their effect on human health, the environment, animal health and production and trade.
  • It also requires an evaluation of : -What the difference between control and eradication is -How to do it -How to decide which one is best

Control vs Eradication

  • Control:*
  • Aims at reducing morbidity and mortality
  • Involves measures to interfere with the uncontrolled disease occurrence
  • Is an ongoing process
  • Can involve treating and preventing disease
  • Eradication:*
  • Focuses on extinction of an infectious agent
  • Can include reduction of disease prevalence below level at which transmission can occur
  • Regional extinction of an infectious agent
  • Is time limited

Strategies of Control and Eradication

  • Strategies include: -Biosecurity (stop it spreading) -Genetic improvement -Disease surveillance
  • The four categories of diseases include the following: -Serious impact on human health/environment -Major national socio-economic, public health consequences -Significant national socio-economic consequences, minimal human health impacts -Mainly production losses
  • Control relies on: -Biosecurity -Slaughter -Vaccination -Therapeutic and prophylactic chemotherapy -Control of biological and mechanical vectors -Disinfection of fomites -Improve environment and husbandry
  • In some circumstances there is: -Isolation of infected or suspected animals -Required quarantine Isolation of infected or suspected animals depends on: -Incubation period -Time Nbd दट दट दटfired दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटitra दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटのア दट दट दटامت दट दट दट dever दट दट दटのア दट दट दट நு दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट අව दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट både दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट تل दट दट दट दट दट दट दटDies दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटDies दट दट दटforces दट दट दट تل दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटforces दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट både दट दट दट concise दट दट दट*: दट दट दटDies दट दट दट решение दट दट दट treasury दट दट दटitra दट दट दट решение दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दटfired दट दट दट saga दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट दट दट दट दट تل दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दटška दट दट दट concise दट दट दटriya दट दट दट både दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटのア दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट erano दट दट दटLocated दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटforces दट दट दटitra दट दट दटامت दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दटತು दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दटriya दट दट दटತು दट दट दटfired दट दट दट saga दट दट दटleb दट दट दट*: दट दट दटfired दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटのア दट दट दटriya दट दट दट sortie दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट*: दट दट दट replen दट दट दटneu दट दट दट நு दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट நு दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट दट दट दट दट vente दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दटのア दट दट दट*: दट दट दट решение दट दट दटאל दट दट दट både दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट*: दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट අව दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट både दट दट दटška दट दट दट replen दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट replen दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट erano दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट dever दट दट दट*: दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट treasury दट दट दटאל दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दटška दट दट दटのア दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट treasury दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट投入 दट दट दटのア दट दट दटforces दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट تل दट दट दटのア दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट keto दट दट दटאל दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट keto दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट تل दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटאל दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट решение दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट நு दट दट दटDies दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट vente दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट keto दट दट दटДе दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट sortie दट दट दटDies दट दट दट replen दट दट दटДе दट दट दटfired दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटDies दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट நு दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट投入 दट दट दटತು दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट keto दट दट दट saga दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटforces दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट både दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटleb दट दट दट concise दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट både दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट நு दट दट दटДе दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दटDies दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट erano दट दट दटのア दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट අව दट दट दट saga दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटのア दट दट दटfired दट दट दटДе दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट நு दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट நு दट दट दट både दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट erano दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटДе दट दट दट நு दट दट दट दट दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट både दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटのア दट दट दटška दट दट दटitra दट दट दट අව दट दट दट दट दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट saga दट दट दट replen दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटška दट दट दट تل दट दट दट dever दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटLocated दट दट दटDies दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट අව दट दट दटאל दट दट दट erano दट दट दटfired दट दट दट replen दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दटneu दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटriya दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटneu दट दट दटのア दट दट दटška दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट concise दट दट दटriya दट दट दट saga दट दट दट vente दट दट दट*: दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट අව दट दट दट replen दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटška दट दट दट நு दट दट दटמן दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दटleb दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट दट दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटoverview दट दट दटforces दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट நு दट दट दटמן दट दट दटfired दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट решение दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटמן दट दट दट keto दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट concise दट दट दटತು दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट दट दट दट दट අව दट दट दट distracted दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटitra दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट vente दट दट दटDies दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट concise दट दट दट dever दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट*: दट दट दटneu दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट రి दट दट दट时的 दट दट दटneu दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटleb दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दटDies दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट replen दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट решение दट दट दटامت दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटامت दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटامت दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटforces दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटامت दट दट दट решение दट दट दट dever दट दट दट treasury दट दट दटמן दट दट दट replen दट दट दट අව दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट vente दट दट दट时的 दट दट दटತು दट दट दट投入 दट दट दटneu दट दट दट投入 दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट අව दट दट दट concise दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटneu दट दट दट दट दट दट दटמן दट दट दट రి दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट අව दट दट दट අව दट दट दट dever दट दट दटאל दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट concise दट दट दटitra दट दट दटのア दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट*: दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट दट दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटforces दट दट दटriya दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटška दट दट दट både दट दट दटДе दट दट दट दट दट दट दट நு दट दट दट రి दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट*: दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट dever दट दट दटfired दट दट दटತು दट दट दटriya दट दट दटDies दट दट दटDies दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट sortie दट दट दटאל दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दटška दट दट दटמן दट दट दट ENV दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट keto दट दट दट lastName दट दट दटoverview दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट både दट दट दटška दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट අව दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट saga दट दट दट replen दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट vente दट दट दट vente दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटತು दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट நு दट दट दट решение दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट keto दट दट दट تل दट दट दट*: दट दट दट både दट दट दट lastName दट दट दटriya दट दट दट distracted दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट replen दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दटriya दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट రి दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट решение दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दटのア दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटfired दट दट दट dever दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट நு दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट تل दट दट दट vente दट दट दट replen दट दट दटitra दट दट दट решение दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट రి दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट*: दट दट दट replen दट दट दट நு दट दट दटleb दट दट दट تل दट दट दट concise दट दट दटDies दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटfired दट दट दट අව दट दट दटleb दट दट दट تل दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटfired दट दट दट दट दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटška दट दट दटforces दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दटforces दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट අව दट दट दटleb दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट时的 दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट lastName दट दट दटLocated दट दट दटoverview दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट saga दट दट दट både दट दट दटneu दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट erano दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट අව दट दट दट replen दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट saga दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट අව दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट keto दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट dever दट दट दट*: दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटLocated दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट concise दट दट दटfired दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटLocated दट दट दटitra दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटامت दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दटforces दट दट दट både दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटのア दट दट दट*: दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटška दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटoverview दट दट दटleb दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट நு दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट අව दट दट दट решение दट दट दटforces दट दट दट dever दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट både दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट concise दट दट दटאל दट दट दटška दट दट दट تل दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट решение दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट రి दट दट दटのア दट दट दट दट दट दट दट både दट दट दटامت दट दट दट vente दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट concise दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटامت दट दट दटneu दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट రి दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटforces दट दट दटneu दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट lastName दट दट दटמן दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट vente दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटತು दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट replen दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट erano दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट दट दट दट दटמן दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट distracted दट दट दटのア दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट நு दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट*: दट दट दटneu दट दट दटאל दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट අව दट दट दट saga दट दट दटDies दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटאל दट दट दट vente दट दट दट दट दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट lastName दट दट दटのア दट दट दटامت दट दट दटleb दट दट दटのア दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट saga दट दट दट concise दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटמן दट दट दट решение दट दट दटDies दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटriya दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दटneu दट दट दटriya दट दट दट решение दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दटDies दट दट दट दट दट दट दट تل दट दट दटのア दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट vente दट दट दटška दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटמן दट दट दटのア दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट concise दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटのア दट दट दटのア दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटDies दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट vente दट दट दटfired दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट решение दट दट दटleb दट दट दट saga दट दट दटneu दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दट distracted दट दट दटDies दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट sortie दट दट दटforces दट दट दट*: दट दट दटמן दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटامت दट दट दटאל दट दट दट både दट दट दट நு दट दट दट రి दट दट दटforces दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट keto दट दट दट saga दट दट दटška दट दट दट erano दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटfired दट दट दट keto दट दट दट решение दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दटforces दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटמן दट दट दट erano दट दट दट både दट दट दट erano दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट تل दट दट दटforces दट दट दटneu दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट concise दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट både दट दट दटامت दट दट दटמן दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटДе दट दट दटfired दट दट दट dever दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटאל दट दट दटleb दट दट दट erano दट दट दटneu दट दट दट రి दट दट दट दट दट दट दट решение दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट replen दट दट दटriya दट दट दटДе दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट时的 दट दट दटška दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट दट दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट दट दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दटמן दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट*: दट दट दटDies दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट concise दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट saga दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट दट दट दट दट erano दट दट दटleb दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट keto दट दट दट dever दट दट दटತು दट दट दटತು दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट时的 दट दट दटška दट दट दट sortie दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट dever दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटneu दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटriya दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट投入 दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट replen दट दट दटška दट दट दटška दट दट दट keto दट दट दट दट दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटfired दट दट दटמן दट दट दटのア दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट రి दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट replen दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटאל दट दट दट treasury दट दट दटfired दट दट दट投入 दट दट दटДе दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट replen दट दट दट lastName दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट både दट दट दटDies दट दट दटforces दट दट दट både दट दट दटのア दट दट दट நு दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट решение दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटneu दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट vente दट दट दट решение दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट dever दट दट दट dever दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट dever दट दट दटತು दट दट दटאל दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटleb दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटמן दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटತು दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटತು दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटneu दट दट दट keto दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट keto दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट erano दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट dever दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट lastName दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटfired दट दट दटleb दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटತು दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट erano दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट تل दट दट दटška दट दट दट تل दट दट दट saga दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटامت दट दट दट keto दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट sortie दट दट दटriya दट दट दटDies दट दट दट vente दट दट दट решение दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट både दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट*: दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटfired दट दट दट решение दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटDies दट दट दटDies दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट*: दट दट दटitra दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट vente दट दट दट saga दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट రి दट दट दट replen दट दट दट både दट दट दटleb दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट రి दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट erano दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटאל दट दट दटška दट दट दट решение दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटLocated दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट решение दट दट दट时的 दट दट दटLocated दट दट दटitra दट दट दट අව दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटDies दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दटneu दट दट दटДе दट दट दट दट दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट రి दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दटneu दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटfired दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट تل दट दट दटತು दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट erano दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दट අව दट दट दटのア दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट दट दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट时的 दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटneu दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट keto दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटのア दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटneu दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटforces दट दट दटška दट दट दटforces दट दट दटoverview दट दट दटška दट दट दट రి दट दट दट sortie दट दट दटriya दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटfired दट दट दट erano दट दट दट keto दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट நு दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट ENV दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटತು दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटforces दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट keto दट दट दट நு दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट تل दट दट दट dever दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट решение दट दट दट நு दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दटška दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटДе दट दट दटのア दट दट दट दट दट दट दट*: दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट replen दट दट दट दट दट दट दट రి दट दट दट दट दट दट दट keto दट दट दटのア दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दटška दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट投入 दट दट दटfired दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दटמן दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट Funny दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दट दट दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट saga दट दट दट අව दट दट दटleb दट दट दट erano दट दट दट replen दट दट दट రి दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटitra दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटška दट दट दटאל दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट రి दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटfired दट दट दटriya दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दट replen दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटforces दट दट दटoverview दट दट दट*: दट दट दट दट दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट concise दट दट दटDies दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटitra दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटfired दट दट दट تل दट दट दटತು दट दट दट අව दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दटತು दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट replen दट दट दट दट दट दट दट vente दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटامت दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट खेती दट दट दटのア दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट решение दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दटleb दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट saga दट दट दटאל दट दट दटאל दट दट दटriya दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट dever दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट contractual दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटriya दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट நு दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट både दट दट दट நு दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटDies दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट تل दट दट दटค่า दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटDies दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट投入 दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट saga दट दट दटامت दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दटneu दट दट दट решение दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटДе दट दट दट تل दट दट दट sortie दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटitra दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटค่า दट दट दटška दट दट दट keto दट दट दटのア दट दट दटತು दट दट दटitra दट दट दटامت दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटDies दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट concise दट दट दटneu दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट shouting दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दट تل दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट intervalles दट दट दट både दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट时的 दट दट दट Funny दट दट दटleb दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट ENV दट दट दट replen दट दट दट saga दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दटאל दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट dever दट दट दटfired दट दट दटامت दट दट दटfired दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट Миха दट दट दटoverview दट दट दटriya दट दट दटleb दट दट दट दट दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट రి दट दट दट ENV दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट решение दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट sortie दट दट दटška दट दट दट lastName दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट keto दट दट दट keto दट दट दटאל दट दट दट تل दट दट दटinidad दट दट दटfired दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट saga दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दटತು दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दटのア दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट दट दट दट दट ENV दट दट दटзиден दट दट दटאל दट दट दट*: दट दट दट दट दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट අව दट दट दट تل दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट Adventures दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट saga दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट අව दट दट दटמן दट दट दटמן दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट Jas दट दट दटleb दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट दट दट दट दटDies दट दट दटブログ दट दट दट saga दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट时的 दट दट दटinidad दट दट दट решение दट दट दटforces दट दट दटleb दट दट दटเงิน दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दट પરંતુ दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटleb दट दट दट কখনও दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट monochrome दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट keto दट दट दट Nbd दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट நு दट दट दटLocated दट दट दट రి दट दट दटleb दट दट दट రి दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दटitra दट दट दट contractual दट दट दट dever दट दट दटДе दट दट दट दट दट दट दटзиден दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट選擇 दट दट दट दट दट दट दट keluarga दट दट दट අව दट दट दट毕竟 दट दट दट खेती दट दट दट keto दट दट दट både दट दट दट Lowe दट दट दटמן दट दट दट både दट दट दट dever दट दट दट Jas दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट poisoning दट दट दट dever दट दट दटška दट दट दटforces दट दट दटのア दट दट दटška दट दट दटತು दट दट दटneu दट दट दट distracted दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट Nigerians दट दट दट lastName दट दट दट Миха दट दट दट రి दट दट दट bulletin दट दट दटದಿ दट दट दट concise दट दट दट replen दट दट दट både दट दट दट concise दट दट दट keto दट दट दटitra दट दट दट erano दट दट दट சம்ப दट दट दट treasury दट दट दट vente दट दट दटDies दट दट दट අව दट दट दट решение दट दट दट投入 दट दट दट రి दट दट दटブログ दट दट दटತು दट दट दट shouting दट दट दटLocated दट दट

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