Disease Diagnosis and Drug Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the study of the cause of a disease and its contributing factors?

Etiology

What is the term for the study of the development of a disease from its onset to its establishment?

Pathogenesis

What is the science that examines the cause and nature of a disease using microscopic and macroscopic methods?

Pathology

What is the term for the subjective feelings a patient experiences due to a disease?

<p>Symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for objective features or changes observed in a patient due to a disease?

<p>Signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of identifying the cause and nature of an illness?

<p>Diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the methods used to arrive at a definitive diagnosis?

<p>Investigations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the examination of a patient using physical techniques to assess their condition?

<p>Clinical examinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the science that focuses on the structure and relationships within the body?

<p>Anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the prediction of the course and outcome of a disease?

<p>Prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the undesirable events that can occur during the course of a disease?

<p>Complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the prevention of disease?

<p>Prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of signs and symptoms that occur together?

<p>Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a state of ill health caused by structural and functional abnormalities?

<p>Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reappearance of a disease after a period of remission?

<p>Relapsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a doctor who uses instruments to repair or remove diseased tissue?

<p>Surgeon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by severe signs and symptoms that appear for a short duration?

<p>Acute</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a condition in which mild signs and symptoms develop gradually and persist for a long time?

<p>Chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a condition with signs and symptoms that fall between acute and chronic?

<p>Subacute</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat a specific disease?

<p>Indications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition where the use of a drug is harmful or worsens the condition?

<p>Contraindications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cellular, lymphatic, and vascular reactions to an irritant?

<p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which damaged tissue is replaced with new tissue?

<p>Repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the division and reproduction of cells?

<p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a metabolic and morphological change resulting from irritation that doesn't destroy cells?

<p>Degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the localized death of tissue?

<p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the formation of a compact body within a blood vessel or the heart?

<p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an insoluble body that circulates in the blood and can obstruct small vessels?

<p>Embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of a thrombus and subsequent formation of an embolism?

<p>Thrombo-embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the accumulation of excess fluid in tissue spaces, pulmonary alveoli, or cells?

<p>Edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reduced blood supply to an organ due to artery blockage?

<p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an area of necrosis caused by sudden blockage of arterial blood supply?

<p>Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the escape of blood outside of the blood vessels or heart?

<p>Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a sudden and severe circulatory failure characterized by hypotension and tissue hypoxia?

<p>Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the invasion of the body by pathogenic bacteria leading to pathological changes?

<p>Bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of toxins in the circulating blood?

<p>Toxaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of large numbers of multiplying bacteria and their toxins in the blood due to weakened body resistance?

<p>Septicaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the body's ability to overcome infection by producing antibodies?

<p>Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a metabolic disease caused by a deficiency or absence of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels?

<p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for tapping the body and listening to the sounds produced?

<p>Percussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers?

<p>Palpation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an instrument used to hear sounds elicited from the heart, lungs, or abdomen?

<p>Stethoscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for listening to body sounds with a stethoscope?

<p>Auscultation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the instrument used to measure blood pressure?

<p>Sphygmomanometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the complete failure of an organ to develop?

<p>Aplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure of an organ to reach its full size during development?

<p>Hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an increase in the number of cells in an organ leading to increased size and weight?

<p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for new growth caused by uncontrolled cell multiplication in an organ or tissue?

<p>Neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a decrease in size and weight of a tissue or organ after reaching full development?

<p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an abnormal increase in the size of an organ?

<p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a slowly growing tissue growth that is localized and resembles the tissue of origin?

<p>Benign tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a rapidly growing and invasive tumor that infiltrates surrounding tissues?

<p>Malignant tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the spread of malignant tumors to distant sites via blood or lymph vessels?

<p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue?

<p>Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a malignant tumor originating from mesenchymal tissue, often occurring in younger individuals?

<p>Sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a malignant tumor originating from fetal tissues, often occurring early in life?

<p>Embryoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a benign epithelial tumor of glandular origin?

<p>Adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a benign mesenchymal tumor arising from fatty tissue?

<p>Lipoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a benign mesenchymal tumor originating from fibrous tissue?

<p>Fibroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor, either benign or malignant, originating from cells between the epidermis and dermis?

<p>Melanoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area?

<p>Endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population or area?

<p>Epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What s the term for an unfavorable response to medical treatment?

<p>Iatrogenic illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an illness with an unknown cause?

<p>Idiopathic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a round bacteria, singular?

<p>Coccus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for rod-shaped bacteria, singular?

<p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for organisms that are smaller than bacteria and can infect living cells but are susceptible to antibiotics?

<p>Chlamydia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a worm?

<p>Helminths</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an infection acquired in a hospital?

<p>Nosocomial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an infection that occurs due to a weakened or compromised immune system?

<p>Opportunistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a lessening of disease symptoms, often a period when no signs of the disease are present?

<p>Remission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a treatment that provides relief from symptoms but doesn't cure the underlying disease?

<p>Palliative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms?

<p>Colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells?

<p>Pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for profuse sweating?

<p>Diaphoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for something that occurs at night?

<p>Nocturnal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening?

<p>Hernia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a grapelike cluster of bacteria?

<p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a twisted chain of bacteria?

<p>Streptobacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an agent that kills bacteria?

<p>Bactericidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an agent that stops the growth of fungus?

<p>Mycostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for abnormally low body temperature?

<p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Disease, Diagnosis and Drug

  • Clinical is derived from (clin) - at the bedside.
  • To describe a disease, essential headings include etiology, pathogenesis, and pathology.
  • Etiology: the study of the cause of a disease and its predisposing factors (e.g., tumor, allergy, infection).
  • Pathogenesis: the study of the development of a disease from its start until it's established.
  • Pathology: deals with the cause and nature of disease through microscopic and naked-eye examination.
  • Symptoms: the patient's feelings due to disease disturbances.
  • Signs: observable features of the disease, recognized by physicians, relatives or the patient.
  • Diagnosis: determining the cause and nature of an illness.
  • Investigations: methods used to reach a definitive diagnosis, including laboratory tests (biochemical, bacteriological, histological, haematological, radiological).
  • Clinical Examinations: examining the patient using medical skills, tools (e.g., stethoscope, blood pressure apparatus).
  • Anatomy: the science of the body's systems and structural relationships.
  • Prognosis: prediction of the course and end of a disease.
  • Complications: undesirable events during disease progression (e.g., bleeding from a stomach ulcer).
  • Prophylaxis: prevention of disease.
  • Syndrome: a set of signs and symptoms occurring together.
  • Disease: an illness resulting from structural changes leading to functional alterations.
  • Relapsing: repeated recurrence of a disease.
  • Surgeon: a physician who uses instruments to treat or remove diseased tissue.
  • Acute: severe signs and symptoms occurring in a short duration.
  • Chronic: mild signs and symptoms lasting a long time.
  • Subacute: severity and duration are between acute and chronic.
  • Indications: use of drugs in diagnosis, prevention or treatment of specific diseases.
  • Contraindications: diseases where a drug use is harmful or worsens the condition.
  • Inflammation: cellular, lymphatic, and vascular reactions against an irritant to localize and remove it.
  • Repair: replacement of damaged tissue with new tissue.
  • Regeneration: cell division and reproduction.
  • Degeneration: metabolic and morphological changes from irritation, not severe enough to kill cells.
  • Necrosis: local death of tissue often following severe degeneration.
  • Thrombosis: formation of a compact mass of blood elements inside a blood vessel or heart.
  • Embolism: insoluble body circulating in the blood until it obstructs a small vessel. -Thrombo-embolism: a thrombus moving and causing embolism.
  • Edema: excess fluid accumulating in tissue spaces, alveoli, or cells.
  • Ischemia: reduced blood supply to an organ due to artery blockage.
  • Infarction: necrotic area caused by sudden artery blockage (from thrombosis or embolism).
  • Haemorrhage: blood escaping from vessels or the heart.
  • Shock: acute circulatory failure (hypotension & tissue hypoxia).
  • Bacterial Infection: pathogenic bacteria invasion causing pathological changes.
  • Toxaemia: presence of toxins in the circulatory blood.
  • Septicaemia: presence of multiplying bacteria and their toxins in the blood due to low resistance.
  • Immunity: body's ability to overcome infections via antibodies.
  • Diabetes Mellitus: metabolic disease from insulin deficiency, leading to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
  • Percussion: tapping body to hear sounds.
  • Palpation: touching body surface to feel.
  • Stethoscope: instrument to hear heart, lungs, and abdomen sounds.
  • Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope.
  • Sphygmomanometer: instrument to measure blood pressure.
  • Aplasia: complete failure of organ development.
  • Hypoplasia: failure of an organ to reach full size development.
  • Hyperplasia: increase in cell number and organ size/weight.
  • Neoplasia: new growth from unlimited cell multiplication (tumor).
  • Atrophy: decrease in organ or tissue size/weight after full development.
  • Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in organ size.
  • Benign Tumors: slow-growing, localized, and resemble original tissue.
  • Malignant Tumors: rapidly-growing, infiltrating, and lacking localization.
  • Metastasis: spread of malignant tumor from origin site.
  • Carcinoma: malignant tumor from epithelial origin.
  • Sarcoma: malignant tumor from mesenchymal tissue, typically in younger ages.
  • Embryoma: malignant tumor from fetal tissues in early life.
  • Adenoma: benign glandular tumor (endocrine or mucous).
  • Lipoma: benign fatty tissue tumor.
  • Fibroma: benign fibrous tissue tumor.
  • Osteoma: benign bone tumor.
  • Melanoma: benign or malignant tumor from cells between epidermis and dermis.
  • Endemic: ongoing presence of disease in population/area.
  • Epidemic: sudden widespread disease outbreak.
  • Iatrogenic Illness: unfavorable response to medical care.
  • Idiopathic Disorder: illness with unknown cause.
  • Brady-: slow.
  • Dys-: abnormal, painful, difficult.
  • Mal-: bad, poor.
  • Pachy-: thick.
  • Tachy-: rapid.
  • Xero-: dry.
  • Alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o: pain.
  • Carcin/o: cancer.
  • Cyst/o, cyst/i: sac, cyst.
  • Lith: calculus, stone.
  • Onc/o: tumor.
  • Path/o: disease.
  • Py/o: pus.
  • Pyr/o, pyret/o: fever, fire.
  • Scler/o: hard.
  • Tox/o, toxic/o: poison.
  • Staphy/l: grapelike cluster.
  • Strept: twisted chain.
  • -cide: killer
  • -static: stop of growth.
  • -thermo: heat, temp.
  • Cocci: round bacteria.
  • Bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria.
  • Chlamydia: organisms smaller than bacteria, grow in cells, prone to antibiotics.
  • Helminths: worms.
  • Nosocomial: acquired in a hospital.
  • Opportunistic: infection from compromised host.
  • Remission: lessening of disease symptoms.
  • Palliative: relief from symptoms, not cure.
  • Colic: abdominal pain.
  • Pus: inflammatory fluid and white blood cells.
  • Diaphoresis: profuse sweating.
  • Nocturnal: pertaining to night.
  • Hernia: organ protrusion.

Bacteria Shapes (page 25)

  • Cocci: round bacteria (singular: coccus)
  • Bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria (singular: bacillus)
    • Diplobacilli: paired bacilli
  • Curved shapes of bacteria:
    • Vibrio: comma shaped
    • Spirilla: curved rod-shaped
    • Spirochaetes: spiral-shaped bacteria
  • Other shapes:
    • Staphylococci: grape-like clusters
    • Streptococci: chains
    • Tetrads: groups of four
    • Sarcinae: groups of eight

Differences Between Exotoxins and Endotoxins (page 26)

  • Exotoxins: proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria (mostly Gram-positive). Released during lysis, harmful.
  • Endotoxins: lipid portion of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Released upon bacterial death, less harmful.

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Disease, Diagnosis, and Drugs PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to disease, including etiology, pathogenesis, and pathology. It explores the differences between symptoms and signs, as well as the methods used for diagnosis and investigations. Essential for anyone studying clinical medicine.

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