Disease, Body Systems & Anatomy

Disease and Body Systems

• Etiology: The cause of a disease.
• Signs: Observable indicators of a disease, such as fever.
• Midsagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right halves.
• Atomic Nucleus: Composed of protons and neutrons.
• Heat Capacity and Temperature: Water has a higher heat capacity, leading to faster heat loss from the body in water compared to air.
• Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable, controlling what enters and exits the cell.
• Cellular Respiration and Glucose: Glucose is a molecule broken down during cellular respiration to produce energy.
• Serous Membranes: Line body cavities and cover organs within.
• Cardiac Muscle: Interlocking cells allow efficient synchronized contractions.
• Epiphysis: The end of a long bone.
• Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary muscle.
• Peripheral Blood Vessels and Temperature: Vasoconstriction in cold environments conserves heat by reducing blood flow to the periphery.
• Sensory Nervous System: The input side of the nervous system.
• Spinal Nerves: Carry both sensory and motor information (mixed).
• Touch Receptors: Fingers have the highest density of touch receptors.
• Glucagon-Insulin Relationship: Glucagon performs the opposite function of insulin.
• Tricuspid Valve: Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.
• Atrioventricular Valves during Systole: Closed during ventricular systole.
• Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure: Increased cardiac output leads to increased blood pressure.
• ECG and Ventricular Depolarization: QRS wave corresponds to ventricular depolarization.
• External Respiration: Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries.
• AV Bundle: Pathway for electrical impulse after leaving the AV node.
• Upper Airway Functions: The upper airway does not perform gas exchange

Endocrine System

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Released by the hypothalamus to increase water reabsorption in response to low blood pressure.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Stimulates ovulation.
• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): Hormone elevated during pregnancy.
• Innate Immunity and Antigens: Innate immunity is not stimulated by foreign antigens—it acts as a general defense.

Immune System

• Innate Immunity Components: Neutrophils are innate immune cells.

Other Key Topics

• Gas Exchange and Cellular Function: Cells need oxygen to produce ATP.
• Epiglottis and Food/Liquid Prevention: The epiglottis prevents food or liquid from entering the lungs.
• Liver Blood Supply: Liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
• Kidney Structure and Function: Collecting ducts are part of the renal pelvis.
• Fever and Inflammation: Fever and inflammation are part of the innate immune response.
• ECG and Ventricular Contraction: Ventricular contraction occurs during the QRS complex of the ECG.

Overview of disease causes (etiology), observable signs, anatomical planes like the midsagittal, and basic cell biology including cell membrane function and cellular respiration. Also covers muscle types (cardiac and skeletal), bone structure (epiphysis), and the role of peripheral blood vessels in temperature regulation.