251 Questions
What is the main difference between disease and infection?
Disease involves a characteristic set of signs and symptoms, while infection is the presence of an organism.
What is the definition of colonization as mentioned in the text?
Permanent introduction of an organism into the body accompanied by multiplication, which may lead to disease.
What does tropism refer to in the context of infectious diseases?
The specific predilection of a virus to infect certain cells, tissues, or organs.
What defines a vector in the transmission of diseases?
An agent that transmits a disease organism from one host to another.
Which term refers to the presence of virions in the blood?
Viremia
What does 'virulence' primarily refer to?
Severity of disease caused
Which term describes a nonessential gene that enhances an organism's virulence when expressed?
Virulence factor
What does 'attenuation' refer to in virology?
Loss of virulence
What is meant by 'persistent (chronic) infection'?
Failure to clear the infection
'Latent infection' is characterized by which of the following?
Presence of an intact viral genome
'Smoldering infection' refers to what condition?
Low-level viral replication despite immune response
'Transforming infection' is characterized by what process?
Cell immortalization
What is the defining characteristic of an infectious disease?
Deviation from normal structure or function of body part with characteristic signs and symptoms
What does the term 'colonization' refer to?
Permanent introduction and growth of an organism in or on the body
Which term describes an organism's predilection to infect certain cells, tissues, organs, or systems?
Tropism
What is the role of a vector in disease transmission?
Transmitting the disease organism from one host to another
What is the term for the loss of virulence in an organism?
Attenuation
Which condition is characterized by low-level viral replication despite an efficient immune response?
Smoldering infection
What does 'cytopathic effect' refer to in virology?
Cytopathic alteration
Which term describes a mixture of viruses present in a host at one time derived from a common ancestral virus?
Quasispecies
What characterizes an acute infection?
Self-limiting infection with rapid onset and resolution
What is the term for the capacity of a virus to enter and cause damage to a tissue?
Invasiveness
'Persistent infection' refers to what condition?
Failure of the host to clear the infection
'Slow infection' is characterized by what aspect?
Long incubation period prior to symptom appearance
'Oncogenesis' refers to which process?
'Process through which healthy cells become transformed into cancer cells'
What does 'virus restriction' relate to in virology?
'Mutational load that leads to viral genome degradation'
What characterizes 'abortive (nonproductive) infection'?
Not leading to the production of progeny virions
What is a key requirement for a virus to overcome host defenses?
Gains access to the host with a minimal virus inoculum
Which factor is crucial for a virus to avoid local and systemic antiviral defenses?
Induction of harmful host immune responses
How can a virus cause host damage through direct cell destruction?
By cell lysis due to viral replication cycle completion
What determines the outcome of a viral infection according to the text?
The balance between factors promoting disease and guarding against it
Which pattern of infection is characterized by recurring disease episodes separated by asymptomatic periods?
Cyclic disease
Which virus is an example of a pathogen responsible for persistent infection?
Hepatitis B virus
What characterizes the recurrence of disease in cyclic infections?
Initial disease is always milder than recurrences
Which type of infection is characterized by a continuous buildup of the pathogen after an initial acute phase?
Slow infection
In which type of infection do individuals recover from the initial acute illness but the pathogen remains latent for indeterminate periods?
Cyclic disease
Which characteristic is typical of slow infections caused by retroviruses like HIV-1?
Continuous buildup of the pathogen after recovery from acute illness
What can tip the balance in favor of illness or exacerbate it according to the text?
Viral strain
Which factor mentioned can render the immune system less effective and efficient?
Healthy nutritional status
In the context of viral infections, what is the meaning of 'non-productive or abortive' infection?
No progeny virions are produced during infection
Which situation makes it easier for some individuals to get infected and suffer disease according to the text?
Expression of certain MHC-I alleles
Which viral perspective is highlighted as irrelevant when considering the replicative cycle in the text?
Outcome of delivery of viral nucleic acid
Which stage of viral disease is responsible for non-specific, general symptoms like fever or malaise?
Initiation of infection
During which phase of viral disease can characteristic signs be recognized such as respiratory illness or hepatitis?
Symptomatic period
Which phase is usually associated with the resolution of viral disease?
Convalescence
Which phase is characterized by the limitation of disease through viral control and/or clearance?
Immune responses
When can transmission of a viral disease occur according to the stages mentioned?
After replication in target tissue
Which type of viral infection involves the host becoming permanently infected?
Persistent infection
Which pattern of disease progression involves the pathogen being completely eliminated by the host's immune system?
'Acute' disease pattern
What is a characteristic of acute subclinical infections according to the text?
'Overt' disease symptoms present
'Rhinoviruses' causing the common cold are an example of which type of infection?
'Acute' subclinical infection
'Hepatitis B virus' can present as self-limited or persistent depending on what factor?
'Pathogen virulence'
Which stage is responsible for viral amplification in many viral infections according to the text?
Incubation period
When do some infections go completely undetected according to the text?
During some or all steps
What does MOI stand for in virology?
Multiplicity Of Infection
What does TCID50 stand for in virology?
Tissue Culture Infective Dose 50
Which metric measures the number of infectious particles required to infect 50% of the cells?
ID50/cell
What is the definition of Multiplicities of Infection?
The number of viral particles per unit volume
What does the term HID50 refer to in the context of viral infections?
The infectious dose required to infect half of the inoculated individuals
Why are enveloped viruses particularly sensitive to desiccation?
Enveloped structure makes them susceptible to drying out
What is the role of vectors in viral transmission?
To amplify viral numbers and provide shelter during transit
How do naked viruses differ from enveloped viruses in terms of environmental resistance?
Naked viruses are generally well-suited to withstand unfavorable conditions
Which phase of viral disease is associated with viral amplification and spread to other hosts?
Transmission phase
What is a critical factor that enables viruses to overcome host defenses during transmission?
Structural characteristics for environmental resistance
In what way do some genetic backgrounds influence the likelihood of HIV-1 infection?
By increasing the probability of infection during sexual encounters
How do viruses exploit vectors to aid in their transmission?
By replicating within vectorial host cells and amplifying viral numbers
Which aspect of viral surface structures determines tissue tropism and pathology?
Cellular adhesion properties
What is a common strategy employed by many viruses to ensure successful transmission between hosts?
High replication rates leading to sufficient yields
How do some viruses resist harsh environmental conditions while in transit from one host to another?
By possessing outer proteinaceous protective capsids
How can viruses infect inflammatory cells such as CD4 T lymphocytes?
Via transport by M cells associated with GALTs
In viral spread, what is a characteristic of systemic spread within a host?
Viral particles are carried by the host's circulatory systems
How do paramyxoviruses primarily move from cell to cell?
Via membrane fusion between adjoining cells
Which type of viruses mainly cause persistent infections with minimal cytolysis?
Herpesvirus
Which characteristic is associated with the infection of Kupffer cells in the liver by viruses?
Spreading hepatitis viruses to hepatocytes
What is a characteristic of the flu caused by Influenza virus A?
Only causes acute infections
How do viruses usually gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) according to the text?
By crossing through endothelial cells or between them
What is a common feature of human papillomaviruses and the virus responsible for hepatitis A mentioned in the text?
They lead to persistent infections independent of cytolysis
What is a direct pathological effect of herpesvirus infection on cells?
Altered surface molecules
What is a defining characteristic of bronchiolitis caused by paramyxoviruses according to the text?
'Syncytia formation' between infected cells
Which viral component can be toxic to cells at high concentrations?
Viral particles
How do viruses usually establish latency in neural sensory ganglia according to the text?
'Retrograde transport' via neuromuscular junctions
What contributes to herpetic skin lesions caused by herpesvirus infection?
Cell membrane lysis
What can facilitate viruses' entry into the central nervous system (CNS) according to the text?
'Leukocyte circulation' from inflammatory sites
Which virus is known to produce an enterotoxin affecting electrolyte secretion in enterocytes?
Rotavirus
'Viral spread can occur at different scales but with overlap.' What does 'local dissemination' primarily refer to according to the text?
'Membrane fusion' between adjacent respiratory cells
What can be toxic and induce cell death in the context of HIV infection?
Viral envelope proteins
What contributes to most hepatocyte killing during hepatitis infection?
[Picornaviridae] infection
How do slow infections caused by retroviruses like HIV-1 differ from acute infections?
Acute infections involve recurring disease episodes.
What is the role of increased vascular permeability in common cold pathology?
Symptoms associated with plasma protein levels.
What contributes directly to many hemorrhagic fevers according to the text?
Local inflammatory processes.
Which factor contributes to the severe manifestations of viral diseases?
Increased TNF-α expression
What is the primary cause of lower respiratory tract viral diseases like bronchiolitis or influenza?
Combination of viral tissue destruction and inflammatory processes
How do some viral infections lead to transient bone marrow output variations?
By altering hematopoiesis
Which phenomenon is primarily responsible for AIDS patients' extreme susceptibility to opportunistic infections?
CD4 lymphocyte depletion
What category do causes of bone marrow suppression resulting from virus infections fall into?
Direct Infection
Which cells can be depleted through activation-induced exhaustion during some viral infections?
Lymphocytes
What is the main outcome of overproduction of IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CSFs on HSCs?
Proliferation and differentiation impairment
What can viral recognition receptor engagement lead to in terms of HSCs?
Apoptotic pathway activation
What is the primary mechanism behind the severe manifestations associated with most viral diseases?
High proinflammatory cytokine expressions
What is the main result of viral recognition receptor engagement on pathogen recognition receptors in HSCs?
Skewed leukocyte production
What effect can chronic exposure to inflammatory mediators have on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?
Proliferation and differentiation impairment
What is the primary mechanism by which some viruses induce transient bone marrow output variations?
Alteration of hematopoiesis
What is the main mechanism of cell transformation in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
Insertional mutagenesis
What chromosomal anomaly is characteristic of 80% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
t(8;14)
Which gene promoter controls the constitutive expression of the c-myc protooncogene in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
IgH gene
What accounts for the remaining 20% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
Translocation t(8;22)
What is the role of HPV E7 protein in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma development?
Binds pRb to free E2f and activate genes involved in cell cycling
How does the HPV E6 protein contribute to tumorigenesis in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma?
Promotes p53 degradation leading to increased cell growth
What is the mechanism through which HBV X protein contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma development?
Activates the transcription of protooncogenes through cell signaling pathways
What role do virokines play in promoting growth and preventing apoptosis in Kaposi sarcoma?
Promote cell growth and prevent apoptosis
How do some viruses increase their rates of replication?
Through gene expression that increases DNA synthesis
What is the primary function of viroceptors encoded by large DNA viruses?
'Dampen' the host's immune response
How does HCV core protein affect cell cycle control mechanisms?
Inactivates p21cip to enhance cell cycling
What is the impact of HPV E7 protein on p21cip in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma development?
'Inactivates' p21cip to allow for cell cycling
How does Human T lymphotropic virus 1 cause adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma?
Through gene expression that enhances T cell proliferation
What is a common mechanism by which many viruses alter host defense mechanisms?
Expressing viroceptors that dampen the host immune response
What is the driving force behind genetic drift in viruses?
Frequent introduction of mutations due to low proofreading capacity
How do some viruses evade the host's immune response related to antigen presentation?
Inhibiting MHC and MHC-associated molecules synthesis
What can result from the accumulation of mutations in viruses over time?
Formation of quasispecies
How do some enveloped viruses increase infectivity?
By incorporating host molecules into their membranes
What is the significance of immune-privileged sites for certain viruses?
They are immune-deprived areas allowing viruses to avoid immune defenses
What can a single cell infected with two distinct strains of Influenza A virus lead to?
Antigenic shift due to random mutations
How do some viruses protect themselves from opsonization?
By binding to Fc fragment of IgGs
What can the incorporation of host molecules into virion membranes by some enveloped viruses lead to?
Increased infectivity by strengthening virion-cell interactions
What can tissue tropism for immune-privileged sites allow certain viruses to do?
Avoid immune defenses and spread effectively
How can antigenic shift occur in Influenza A virus?
By accidental incorporation of segments from different strains during viral assembly
Why are some sites considered immune-privileged?
Because they are relatively hermetic to immune cells
How do viruses first establish an infection in their hosts?
By overcoming physicochemical barriers
What is one of the roles of hairs in the nostrils regarding viral infections?
Trap particulate matter
Which of the following is NOT a molecular inhibitory molecule produced by the skin and mucosa against viruses?
Albumin
What do complementary and other acute phase reactants do to virus particles in a soluble phase?
Have antimicrobial effects on viruses
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic factor that influences host susceptibility to viral infections according to the text?
Genes encoding immune responses
In what way do some commensal microorganisms interfere with viral infections?
Modifying local pH or secreting inhibitors
'Hepagglutinin and neuraminidase are examples of major antigenic determinants.' What happens if the cell was infected by strains from different host species?
Newly infected hosts will be ill-equipped to deal with new strains
'Pathogenicity depends on the relationship between virus and host.' What does 'host susceptibility' refer to?
Function of inherent host factors in influencing pathogenicity
What is the primary role of anatomical and mechanical barriers in host defense?
To prevent viral entry into the body
How do keratinized cells of the skin contribute to preventing viral infections?
By making the skin impenetrable under normal circumstances
What is one of the roles of epithelial ciliated cells in combating respiratory infections?
To transport trapped particulates out of the respiratory tract
What is the main role of acute phase proteins mentioned in the text?
Promoting viral particles inactivation
Why is apoptosis considered a preferred mode of cellular killing by the immune system?
It reduces the release of inflammatory DAMPs
Which type of interferons are particularly important for initial viral containment?
Type I interferons (IFN-α & IFN-ß)
Why do NK cells readily kill cells that express little or no MHC-I?
When the NK cell KARs are not stimulated
Which receptors play a crucial role in recognizing virally infected cells?
TLR3 and RLRs
What is the effect of TLR7 and TLR8 activation in infected cells?
Recognition of viral ssRNA
What is a key process triggered by IFN-α/ß or IFN-λ to eliminate infected cells?
Apoptosis
Which pathway is involved in IFN-α/ß-mediated apoptosis through phosphorylation of eIF2?
PKR pathway
What is the role of 2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase/RNase L pathways upon IFN-α/ß stimulation?
Activate apoptosis
Which gene products impede (-)ssRNA virus replication at different stages of the viral cycle?
Mx genes
What is the function of some APOBEC proteins upon viral infection?
Cause viral genome degradation
Which proteins act as inhibitors that hinder DNA virus replication within the nucleus?
PML, Sp100, & Daxx
What role does RNA silencing play in intrinsic cellular defenses against viruses?
Inhibit viral genome replication
What do some ADAR1 induce upon viral infection?
RNA editing causing hypermutation
What is one characteristic of MxA proteins specifically in influenza infections?
Interfere with uncoating and RNA transcription
In what phase do some viruses exhibit the phenomenon of 'virus restriction' through mutational load and degradation of viral genomes?
Lyric phase
What is the primary mechanism through which Mx genes impede (-)ssRNA virus replication?
Interference with RNA transcription
Which mechanism of cell transformation characterizes Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
Insertional mutagenesis
What chromosomal anomaly is responsible for constitutive expression of the c-myc gene in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
Translocation of c-myc to chromosome 14
Which accounts for the remaining 20% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
Translocation of c-myc to chromosome 8 or 22
What is the most common mechanism by which viruses induce human carcinogenesis according to the text?
Insertional mutagenesis
Which host factor influences pathogenicity by disrupting genes encoding immune responses?
TLR7 mutation
What is a barrier that viruses need to overcome in the host's respiratory tract?
Epithelial ciliated cells
Which factor can render some individuals more susceptible to certain viral infections?
Genetic makeup
What is an inhibitory molecule produced by the skin and mucosa against viruses?
Secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor
Which immune response mechanism involves serum proteins with antimicrobial effects?
Innate immune responses
What is a common anatomical barrier that makes the skin virtually impenetrable?
Keratinized cells
Which phase involves viral particles being susceptible to serum proteins like mannan-binding lectins?
Soluble phase
Which mechanism helps remove particulates from the respiratory tract?
Epithelial ciliated cells transport particles up the tract
What type of barrier is made up of functional or structural components?
Anatomical barriers
Which factor can influence viral pathogenicity in a host?
Host general health
What is the role of p21cip in cell cycling in the context of HPV E7 protein?
Inhibits G1 cyclin-Cdk complex
Which viral protein is responsible for sequestering pRb and disrupting pRb-E2f complexes in Cervical/Anal/Oropharyngeal Carcinoma?
HPV E7 protein
How does the HPV E6 protein affect p53 in the context of carcinogenesis?
Sends p53 for proteasomal degradation
What is a characteristic effect of HBV X protein on cellular genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Activation of protooncogenes
How do virokines contribute to tumorigenesis in Kaposi Sarcoma?
Stimulate cell growth
What is the effect of viroceptors encoded by large DNA viruses on host cytokines?
Counteract the host's immune response
Which mechanism leads to increased probabilities of DNA mutations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Greater hepatocyte proliferation due to liver inflammation
What is the primary role of virokines in viral pathogenesis?
Counteract host antiviral mechanisms
What is the result of increased levels of p53 in the cell nucleus due to HPV E6 protein actions?
Increased DNA damage
How does HBV infection contribute to hepatocyte DNA mutations over time?
By increasing probabilities of DNA mutations with increased hepatocyte proliferation
How do large DNA viruses like Herpesviridae counteract host immune responses?
Dampen host immune responses by sequestering cytokines and chemokines using viroceptors
Which type of proteins are mostly generated by the liver in response to macrophage proinflammatory cytokines and serve to promote viral particles inactivation?
Acute phase proteins
Cells undergoing stress, such as infection, react by expressing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which induce an inflammatory process if the cell dies via:
Necrosis
Which type of cells will readily kill cells that express little or no MHC-I?
NK cells
Which type of interferons are particularly important for the initial containment of viral infections?
Type I interferons only
Which receptors recognize dsRNA in infected cells, triggering the expression of type I interferons?
TLR3 and RLRs
What happens when infected cells express MHC-I-like molecules such as MICA and MICB on their surface?
They trigger NK cell killing mechanisms
What leads to the up-regulation of Fas surface expression in stressed cells?
Stress responses
'Type I IFNs stimulate the infected cell (autocrine) AND neighboring cells (paracrine) to express a set of hundreds of IFN-inducible genes' - This describes:
'Positive feedback loop'
'Virally infected cells have the capacity to recognize dsRNA' - Which cellular receptors play a role in this recognition process?
'TLR3 and RLRs'
'Fas surface expression is up-regulated in stressed cells' - What role does this up-regulation play in the immune response against infections?
'Promote apoptosis'
'What is the primary role of autophagy in combating viral infections?'
'Eliminating intracellular pathogens'
'Why is apoptosis considered a preferred mode of cellular killing by the immune system?'
'It avoids release of danger signals'
What is the main consequence of the activation of PKR upon type I IFN stimulation?
Cellular apoptosis
Which pathway triggered by IFN-α/ß stimulation leads to degradation of cellular RNA?
2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase pathway
What is the primary role of Mx genes in combating viral infections?
Impede viral replication
Which proteins are examples of APOBEC proteins that cause virus restriction?
APOBEC3A and APOBEC3G
What is the impact of activating RNase L upon IFN-α/ß stimulation?
Cell death through apoptosis
Which proteins impede (-)ssRNA virus replication by interfering with viral nucleoprotein uncoating and RNA transcription?
MxA and AID
What is the main impact of MxA proteins on influenza viruses?
Inhibiting viral uncoating and RNA transcription
Which cellular defense mechanisms act as DNA transcription inhibitors to hinder DNA virus replication?
(PML, Sp100, & Daxx)
What is the driving force behind genetic drift in viruses?
Proofreading capacity of viral polymerases
How do some viruses evade immune responses by altering NK cell cytotoxicity?
Expressing cell surface molecules
What is the consequence of reduced class I-mediated CD8 cell cytotoxicity by viruses?
Increased viral replication
How do some enveloped viruses increase virulence?
Incorporating host molecules into their membranes
Which characteristic of RNA viruses contributes to the frequent introduction of mutations?
Segmented genome
How do some viruses modulate the host cell's antigen presentation capability?
Promoting MHC re-internalization
Why can mutations in viral epitopes lead to the generation of escape mutants?
Altered antigenicity of viral epitopes
How do some viruses increase infectivity through alterations in their membranes?
Incorporating host molecules
What is the role of caspase 1 in the activation of IL-18?
It cleaves pro-IL-18 into its biologically active form.
How does IL-18 differ from other proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α?
It does not induce fever or stimulate prostaglandin or leukotriene expression.
In viral infections, which cells does IL-18 work in tandem with to activate NK cells and macrophages?
IL-12
What is the primary function of IL-18 and IL-12 in acquired responses?
To promote the activation and differentiation of T lymphocytes
Which immunoglobulin isotype is more efficient for antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
IgG2a
Among the following cells, which one is NOT mentioned as engaging IgG-bound infected cells in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity?
B cells
Which immunoglobulin isotype is highlighted as being better at activating complement?
IgG2b
In the context of specific functions, which immunoglobulin isotype is better suited for neutralization?
IgG3
Which cells play a significant role in controlling viral infections through IFN-γ and TNF-α expression at the cell-cell interface?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
What is the main action of the vIL-18BP expressed by some viruses?
Dampening the host's immune response by binding to IL-18
Which receptors are primarily responsible for recognizing viral infections in macrophages and dendritic cells?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
What is the main function of immature dendritic cells at the site of infection?
Take up foreign material and let themselves be infected by viruses
Which pathway is another important virus-detecting system besides Toll-like receptors in macrophages?
RIG-1 pathway
What is the outcome of IL-12 secretion by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to viral infections?
Activation of NK cells and IFN-γ secretion
What causes immature dendritic cells to mature as they migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues?
Cytokine milieu at the site of infection
Which subset of macrophages is activated following PAMP-PRR interaction in viral infections?
Innately activated macrophages
What is the primary purpose of pathogen engulfment by macrophages and dendritic cells at the site of infection?
MHC-II-restricted Ag presentation
What happens when immature dendritic cells and macrophages migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues?
Present pathogen-derived antigen to T lymphocytes
What is the main function of monocyte-derived phagocytic cells in controlling viral infections?
Destroy it on site
How do some viruses counteract host immune responses?
Express viroceptors that dampen host's immune response
Which proteasomal subunits are replaced by the LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 subunits under the influence of IFN-γ?
ß1, ß5, and ß2
What transformation occurs to immature dendritic cells under the influence of IFN-γ?
They become mature dendritic cells
Which cytokine is produced when a naïve CD4+ lymphocyte is engaged by a pAPC in an IL-12-rich environment?
IL-12
What is the outcome of TH1 cell activation?
IFN-γ secretion
Which subset of macrophages secretes IL-10 to shut off the immune response?
Adaptively deactivated macrophages
In the context of viral infection containment, what is the main adaptive mechanism for killing virally-infected cells?
CTL-mediated MHC-I-dependent killing
What is the primary function of IFN-γ-producing CD4+, CD8+, and NK cells at the site of infection?
Activating macrophage-killing mechanisms
What is the role of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in subsequent infections with the same pathogen?
Contributing to anamnestic response
What is the function of IL-10 secreted by specific macrophages and Treg cells after infection containment?
Inhibiting unnecessary immune response
What is unique about CD8+ T lymphocyte activation requirements?
It requires MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation
What leads to the establishment of the TH1 response through inter-stimulation and positive feedback mechanisms?
Interactions between T lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells
What triggers the differentiation of a TH1 cell producing key cytokines like IL-2 and IFN-γ?
Engagement by a pAPC in an IL-12-rich environment
What is the main role of activated CD8+ T lymphocytes?
Destroying virally infected cells
Which molecule is involved in transferring peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum for loading onto MHC-I molecules?
TAP1/TAP2
In CD8 T lymphocyte activation, what is the role of CD4+ T lymphocyte help?
Increasing CD86 co-stimulatory molecule expression
Which cells differentiate into TFH1 cells that help in B cell activation?
CD4+ T lymphocytes
How do antibodies created by B cells help combat viruses?
Tagging infected cells for destruction
Which process involves B cells capturing viral antigen via their BCR?
Endocytosis
What role do TFH1 cells play in secondary lymphoid tissues?
Helping B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells
In viral spread, what is the function of follicular dendritic cells?
Transferring antigen to B cells
How does IFN-γ influence the TH1 response?
It amplifies the TH1 response to increase FasL levels
What is the primary function of APOBEC expression in combatting viruses?
Causing mutation in viral DNA to limit infection
Why does CD8 T lymphocyte activation require a higher threshold of CD86 co-stimulation compared to CD4 T lymphocytes?
CD8 T lymphocytes have a higher destructive potential
This quiz covers the definitions of disease and infection, including the signs, symptoms, etiology, and pathology. It also explores the presence of different organisms in the body and their impact on health.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
