Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between disease and infection?
What is the main difference between disease and infection?
- Disease involves a characteristic set of signs and symptoms, while infection is the presence of an organism. (correct)
- Disease always results in known prognosis, while infection may be clinically unapparent.
- Infection is caused by an infectious agent, while disease is the introduction of a viral genome into a host cell.
- Disease is always detected by signs, while infection may not manifest any symptoms.
What is the definition of colonization as mentioned in the text?
What is the definition of colonization as mentioned in the text?
- Temporary introduction of an organism into the body without growth, often resulting in clinical symptoms.
- Transient introduction of a metazoan organism into the body without any possibility of leading to disease.
- Permanent introduction of an organism into the body accompanied by multiplication, which may lead to disease. (correct)
- Introduction of a virus genome into a host cell followed by rapid multiplication within the cell.
What does tropism refer to in the context of infectious diseases?
What does tropism refer to in the context of infectious diseases?
- The introduction of a disease organism from one host to another.
- The transient or permanent introduction of organisms into the body.
- The reservoir where infectious agents are permanently maintained.
- The specific predilection of a virus to infect certain cells, tissues, or organs. (correct)
What defines a vector in the transmission of diseases?
What defines a vector in the transmission of diseases?
Which term refers to the presence of virions in the blood?
Which term refers to the presence of virions in the blood?
What does 'virulence' primarily refer to?
What does 'virulence' primarily refer to?
Which term describes a nonessential gene that enhances an organism's virulence when expressed?
Which term describes a nonessential gene that enhances an organism's virulence when expressed?
What does 'attenuation' refer to in virology?
What does 'attenuation' refer to in virology?
What is meant by 'persistent (chronic) infection'?
What is meant by 'persistent (chronic) infection'?
'Latent infection' is characterized by which of the following?
'Latent infection' is characterized by which of the following?
'Smoldering infection' refers to what condition?
'Smoldering infection' refers to what condition?
'Transforming infection' is characterized by what process?
'Transforming infection' is characterized by what process?
What is the defining characteristic of an infectious disease?
What is the defining characteristic of an infectious disease?
What does the term 'colonization' refer to?
What does the term 'colonization' refer to?
Which term describes an organism's predilection to infect certain cells, tissues, organs, or systems?
Which term describes an organism's predilection to infect certain cells, tissues, organs, or systems?
What is the role of a vector in disease transmission?
What is the role of a vector in disease transmission?
What is the term for the loss of virulence in an organism?
What is the term for the loss of virulence in an organism?
Which condition is characterized by low-level viral replication despite an efficient immune response?
Which condition is characterized by low-level viral replication despite an efficient immune response?
What does 'cytopathic effect' refer to in virology?
What does 'cytopathic effect' refer to in virology?
Which term describes a mixture of viruses present in a host at one time derived from a common ancestral virus?
Which term describes a mixture of viruses present in a host at one time derived from a common ancestral virus?
What characterizes an acute infection?
What characterizes an acute infection?
What is the term for the capacity of a virus to enter and cause damage to a tissue?
What is the term for the capacity of a virus to enter and cause damage to a tissue?
'Persistent infection' refers to what condition?
'Persistent infection' refers to what condition?
'Slow infection' is characterized by what aspect?
'Slow infection' is characterized by what aspect?
'Oncogenesis' refers to which process?
'Oncogenesis' refers to which process?
What does 'virus restriction' relate to in virology?
What does 'virus restriction' relate to in virology?
What characterizes 'abortive (nonproductive) infection'?
What characterizes 'abortive (nonproductive) infection'?
What is a key requirement for a virus to overcome host defenses?
What is a key requirement for a virus to overcome host defenses?
Which factor is crucial for a virus to avoid local and systemic antiviral defenses?
Which factor is crucial for a virus to avoid local and systemic antiviral defenses?
How can a virus cause host damage through direct cell destruction?
How can a virus cause host damage through direct cell destruction?
What determines the outcome of a viral infection according to the text?
What determines the outcome of a viral infection according to the text?
Which pattern of infection is characterized by recurring disease episodes separated by asymptomatic periods?
Which pattern of infection is characterized by recurring disease episodes separated by asymptomatic periods?
Which virus is an example of a pathogen responsible for persistent infection?
Which virus is an example of a pathogen responsible for persistent infection?
What characterizes the recurrence of disease in cyclic infections?
What characterizes the recurrence of disease in cyclic infections?
Which type of infection is characterized by a continuous buildup of the pathogen after an initial acute phase?
Which type of infection is characterized by a continuous buildup of the pathogen after an initial acute phase?
In which type of infection do individuals recover from the initial acute illness but the pathogen remains latent for indeterminate periods?
In which type of infection do individuals recover from the initial acute illness but the pathogen remains latent for indeterminate periods?
Which characteristic is typical of slow infections caused by retroviruses like HIV-1?
Which characteristic is typical of slow infections caused by retroviruses like HIV-1?
What can tip the balance in favor of illness or exacerbate it according to the text?
What can tip the balance in favor of illness or exacerbate it according to the text?
Which factor mentioned can render the immune system less effective and efficient?
Which factor mentioned can render the immune system less effective and efficient?
In the context of viral infections, what is the meaning of 'non-productive or abortive' infection?
In the context of viral infections, what is the meaning of 'non-productive or abortive' infection?
Which situation makes it easier for some individuals to get infected and suffer disease according to the text?
Which situation makes it easier for some individuals to get infected and suffer disease according to the text?
Which viral perspective is highlighted as irrelevant when considering the replicative cycle in the text?
Which viral perspective is highlighted as irrelevant when considering the replicative cycle in the text?
Which stage of viral disease is responsible for non-specific, general symptoms like fever or malaise?
Which stage of viral disease is responsible for non-specific, general symptoms like fever or malaise?
During which phase of viral disease can characteristic signs be recognized such as respiratory illness or hepatitis?
During which phase of viral disease can characteristic signs be recognized such as respiratory illness or hepatitis?
Which phase is usually associated with the resolution of viral disease?
Which phase is usually associated with the resolution of viral disease?
Which phase is characterized by the limitation of disease through viral control and/or clearance?
Which phase is characterized by the limitation of disease through viral control and/or clearance?
When can transmission of a viral disease occur according to the stages mentioned?
When can transmission of a viral disease occur according to the stages mentioned?
Which type of viral infection involves the host becoming permanently infected?
Which type of viral infection involves the host becoming permanently infected?
Which pattern of disease progression involves the pathogen being completely eliminated by the host's immune system?
Which pattern of disease progression involves the pathogen being completely eliminated by the host's immune system?
What is a characteristic of acute subclinical infections according to the text?
What is a characteristic of acute subclinical infections according to the text?
'Rhinoviruses' causing the common cold are an example of which type of infection?
'Rhinoviruses' causing the common cold are an example of which type of infection?
'Hepatitis B virus' can present as self-limited or persistent depending on what factor?
'Hepatitis B virus' can present as self-limited or persistent depending on what factor?
Which stage is responsible for viral amplification in many viral infections according to the text?
Which stage is responsible for viral amplification in many viral infections according to the text?
When do some infections go completely undetected according to the text?
When do some infections go completely undetected according to the text?
What does MOI stand for in virology?
What does MOI stand for in virology?
What does TCID50 stand for in virology?
What does TCID50 stand for in virology?
Which metric measures the number of infectious particles required to infect 50% of the cells?
Which metric measures the number of infectious particles required to infect 50% of the cells?
What is the definition of Multiplicities of Infection?
What is the definition of Multiplicities of Infection?
What does the term HID50 refer to in the context of viral infections?
What does the term HID50 refer to in the context of viral infections?
Why are enveloped viruses particularly sensitive to desiccation?
Why are enveloped viruses particularly sensitive to desiccation?
What is the role of vectors in viral transmission?
What is the role of vectors in viral transmission?
How do naked viruses differ from enveloped viruses in terms of environmental resistance?
How do naked viruses differ from enveloped viruses in terms of environmental resistance?
Which phase of viral disease is associated with viral amplification and spread to other hosts?
Which phase of viral disease is associated with viral amplification and spread to other hosts?
What is a critical factor that enables viruses to overcome host defenses during transmission?
What is a critical factor that enables viruses to overcome host defenses during transmission?
In what way do some genetic backgrounds influence the likelihood of HIV-1 infection?
In what way do some genetic backgrounds influence the likelihood of HIV-1 infection?
How do viruses exploit vectors to aid in their transmission?
How do viruses exploit vectors to aid in their transmission?
Which aspect of viral surface structures determines tissue tropism and pathology?
Which aspect of viral surface structures determines tissue tropism and pathology?
What is a common strategy employed by many viruses to ensure successful transmission between hosts?
What is a common strategy employed by many viruses to ensure successful transmission between hosts?
How do some viruses resist harsh environmental conditions while in transit from one host to another?
How do some viruses resist harsh environmental conditions while in transit from one host to another?
How can viruses infect inflammatory cells such as CD4 T lymphocytes?
How can viruses infect inflammatory cells such as CD4 T lymphocytes?
In viral spread, what is a characteristic of systemic spread within a host?
In viral spread, what is a characteristic of systemic spread within a host?
How do paramyxoviruses primarily move from cell to cell?
How do paramyxoviruses primarily move from cell to cell?
Which type of viruses mainly cause persistent infections with minimal cytolysis?
Which type of viruses mainly cause persistent infections with minimal cytolysis?
Which characteristic is associated with the infection of Kupffer cells in the liver by viruses?
Which characteristic is associated with the infection of Kupffer cells in the liver by viruses?
What is a characteristic of the flu caused by Influenza virus A?
What is a characteristic of the flu caused by Influenza virus A?
How do viruses usually gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) according to the text?
How do viruses usually gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) according to the text?
What is a common feature of human papillomaviruses and the virus responsible for hepatitis A mentioned in the text?
What is a common feature of human papillomaviruses and the virus responsible for hepatitis A mentioned in the text?
What is a direct pathological effect of herpesvirus infection on cells?
What is a direct pathological effect of herpesvirus infection on cells?
What is a defining characteristic of bronchiolitis caused by paramyxoviruses according to the text?
What is a defining characteristic of bronchiolitis caused by paramyxoviruses according to the text?
Which viral component can be toxic to cells at high concentrations?
Which viral component can be toxic to cells at high concentrations?
How do viruses usually establish latency in neural sensory ganglia according to the text?
How do viruses usually establish latency in neural sensory ganglia according to the text?
What contributes to herpetic skin lesions caused by herpesvirus infection?
What contributes to herpetic skin lesions caused by herpesvirus infection?
What can facilitate viruses' entry into the central nervous system (CNS) according to the text?
What can facilitate viruses' entry into the central nervous system (CNS) according to the text?
Which virus is known to produce an enterotoxin affecting electrolyte secretion in enterocytes?
Which virus is known to produce an enterotoxin affecting electrolyte secretion in enterocytes?
'Viral spread can occur at different scales but with overlap.' What does 'local dissemination' primarily refer to according to the text?
'Viral spread can occur at different scales but with overlap.' What does 'local dissemination' primarily refer to according to the text?
What can be toxic and induce cell death in the context of HIV infection?
What can be toxic and induce cell death in the context of HIV infection?
What contributes to most hepatocyte killing during hepatitis infection?
What contributes to most hepatocyte killing during hepatitis infection?
How do slow infections caused by retroviruses like HIV-1 differ from acute infections?
How do slow infections caused by retroviruses like HIV-1 differ from acute infections?
What is the role of increased vascular permeability in common cold pathology?
What is the role of increased vascular permeability in common cold pathology?
What contributes directly to many hemorrhagic fevers according to the text?
What contributes directly to many hemorrhagic fevers according to the text?
Which factor contributes to the severe manifestations of viral diseases?
Which factor contributes to the severe manifestations of viral diseases?
What is the primary cause of lower respiratory tract viral diseases like bronchiolitis or influenza?
What is the primary cause of lower respiratory tract viral diseases like bronchiolitis or influenza?
How do some viral infections lead to transient bone marrow output variations?
How do some viral infections lead to transient bone marrow output variations?
Which phenomenon is primarily responsible for AIDS patients' extreme susceptibility to opportunistic infections?
Which phenomenon is primarily responsible for AIDS patients' extreme susceptibility to opportunistic infections?
What category do causes of bone marrow suppression resulting from virus infections fall into?
What category do causes of bone marrow suppression resulting from virus infections fall into?
Which cells can be depleted through activation-induced exhaustion during some viral infections?
Which cells can be depleted through activation-induced exhaustion during some viral infections?
What is the main outcome of overproduction of IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CSFs on HSCs?
What is the main outcome of overproduction of IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CSFs on HSCs?
What can viral recognition receptor engagement lead to in terms of HSCs?
What can viral recognition receptor engagement lead to in terms of HSCs?
What is the primary mechanism behind the severe manifestations associated with most viral diseases?
What is the primary mechanism behind the severe manifestations associated with most viral diseases?
What is the main result of viral recognition receptor engagement on pathogen recognition receptors in HSCs?
What is the main result of viral recognition receptor engagement on pathogen recognition receptors in HSCs?
What effect can chronic exposure to inflammatory mediators have on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?
What effect can chronic exposure to inflammatory mediators have on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?
What is the primary mechanism by which some viruses induce transient bone marrow output variations?
What is the primary mechanism by which some viruses induce transient bone marrow output variations?
What is the main mechanism of cell transformation in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
What is the main mechanism of cell transformation in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
What chromosomal anomaly is characteristic of 80% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
What chromosomal anomaly is characteristic of 80% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
Which gene promoter controls the constitutive expression of the c-myc protooncogene in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
Which gene promoter controls the constitutive expression of the c-myc protooncogene in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
What accounts for the remaining 20% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
What accounts for the remaining 20% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
What is the role of HPV E7 protein in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma development?
What is the role of HPV E7 protein in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma development?
How does the HPV E6 protein contribute to tumorigenesis in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma?
How does the HPV E6 protein contribute to tumorigenesis in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma?
What is the mechanism through which HBV X protein contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma development?
What is the mechanism through which HBV X protein contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma development?
What role do virokines play in promoting growth and preventing apoptosis in Kaposi sarcoma?
What role do virokines play in promoting growth and preventing apoptosis in Kaposi sarcoma?
How do some viruses increase their rates of replication?
How do some viruses increase their rates of replication?
What is the primary function of viroceptors encoded by large DNA viruses?
What is the primary function of viroceptors encoded by large DNA viruses?
How does HCV core protein affect cell cycle control mechanisms?
How does HCV core protein affect cell cycle control mechanisms?
What is the impact of HPV E7 protein on p21cip in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma development?
What is the impact of HPV E7 protein on p21cip in cervical/anal/oropharyngeal carcinoma development?
How does Human T lymphotropic virus 1 cause adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma?
How does Human T lymphotropic virus 1 cause adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma?
What is a common mechanism by which many viruses alter host defense mechanisms?
What is a common mechanism by which many viruses alter host defense mechanisms?
What is the driving force behind genetic drift in viruses?
What is the driving force behind genetic drift in viruses?
How do some viruses evade the host's immune response related to antigen presentation?
How do some viruses evade the host's immune response related to antigen presentation?
What can result from the accumulation of mutations in viruses over time?
What can result from the accumulation of mutations in viruses over time?
How do some enveloped viruses increase infectivity?
How do some enveloped viruses increase infectivity?
What is the significance of immune-privileged sites for certain viruses?
What is the significance of immune-privileged sites for certain viruses?
What can a single cell infected with two distinct strains of Influenza A virus lead to?
What can a single cell infected with two distinct strains of Influenza A virus lead to?
How do some viruses protect themselves from opsonization?
How do some viruses protect themselves from opsonization?
What can the incorporation of host molecules into virion membranes by some enveloped viruses lead to?
What can the incorporation of host molecules into virion membranes by some enveloped viruses lead to?
What can tissue tropism for immune-privileged sites allow certain viruses to do?
What can tissue tropism for immune-privileged sites allow certain viruses to do?
How can antigenic shift occur in Influenza A virus?
How can antigenic shift occur in Influenza A virus?
Why are some sites considered immune-privileged?
Why are some sites considered immune-privileged?
How do viruses first establish an infection in their hosts?
How do viruses first establish an infection in their hosts?
What is one of the roles of hairs in the nostrils regarding viral infections?
What is one of the roles of hairs in the nostrils regarding viral infections?
Which of the following is NOT a molecular inhibitory molecule produced by the skin and mucosa against viruses?
Which of the following is NOT a molecular inhibitory molecule produced by the skin and mucosa against viruses?
What do complementary and other acute phase reactants do to virus particles in a soluble phase?
What do complementary and other acute phase reactants do to virus particles in a soluble phase?
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic factor that influences host susceptibility to viral infections according to the text?
Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic factor that influences host susceptibility to viral infections according to the text?
In what way do some commensal microorganisms interfere with viral infections?
In what way do some commensal microorganisms interfere with viral infections?
'Hepagglutinin and neuraminidase are examples of major antigenic determinants.' What happens if the cell was infected by strains from different host species?
'Hepagglutinin and neuraminidase are examples of major antigenic determinants.' What happens if the cell was infected by strains from different host species?
'Pathogenicity depends on the relationship between virus and host.' What does 'host susceptibility' refer to?
'Pathogenicity depends on the relationship between virus and host.' What does 'host susceptibility' refer to?
What is the primary role of anatomical and mechanical barriers in host defense?
What is the primary role of anatomical and mechanical barriers in host defense?
How do keratinized cells of the skin contribute to preventing viral infections?
How do keratinized cells of the skin contribute to preventing viral infections?
What is one of the roles of epithelial ciliated cells in combating respiratory infections?
What is one of the roles of epithelial ciliated cells in combating respiratory infections?
What is the main role of acute phase proteins mentioned in the text?
What is the main role of acute phase proteins mentioned in the text?
Why is apoptosis considered a preferred mode of cellular killing by the immune system?
Why is apoptosis considered a preferred mode of cellular killing by the immune system?
Which type of interferons are particularly important for initial viral containment?
Which type of interferons are particularly important for initial viral containment?
Why do NK cells readily kill cells that express little or no MHC-I?
Why do NK cells readily kill cells that express little or no MHC-I?
Which receptors play a crucial role in recognizing virally infected cells?
Which receptors play a crucial role in recognizing virally infected cells?
What is the effect of TLR7 and TLR8 activation in infected cells?
What is the effect of TLR7 and TLR8 activation in infected cells?
What is a key process triggered by IFN-α/ß or IFN-λ to eliminate infected cells?
What is a key process triggered by IFN-α/ß or IFN-λ to eliminate infected cells?
Which pathway is involved in IFN-α/ß-mediated apoptosis through phosphorylation of eIF2?
Which pathway is involved in IFN-α/ß-mediated apoptosis through phosphorylation of eIF2?
What is the role of 2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase/RNase L pathways upon IFN-α/ß stimulation?
What is the role of 2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase/RNase L pathways upon IFN-α/ß stimulation?
Which gene products impede (-)ssRNA virus replication at different stages of the viral cycle?
Which gene products impede (-)ssRNA virus replication at different stages of the viral cycle?
What is the function of some APOBEC proteins upon viral infection?
What is the function of some APOBEC proteins upon viral infection?
Which proteins act as inhibitors that hinder DNA virus replication within the nucleus?
Which proteins act as inhibitors that hinder DNA virus replication within the nucleus?
What role does RNA silencing play in intrinsic cellular defenses against viruses?
What role does RNA silencing play in intrinsic cellular defenses against viruses?
What do some ADAR1 induce upon viral infection?
What do some ADAR1 induce upon viral infection?
What is one characteristic of MxA proteins specifically in influenza infections?
What is one characteristic of MxA proteins specifically in influenza infections?
In what phase do some viruses exhibit the phenomenon of 'virus restriction' through mutational load and degradation of viral genomes?
In what phase do some viruses exhibit the phenomenon of 'virus restriction' through mutational load and degradation of viral genomes?
What is the primary mechanism through which Mx genes impede (-)ssRNA virus replication?
What is the primary mechanism through which Mx genes impede (-)ssRNA virus replication?
Which mechanism of cell transformation characterizes Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
Which mechanism of cell transformation characterizes Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
What chromosomal anomaly is responsible for constitutive expression of the c-myc gene in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
What chromosomal anomaly is responsible for constitutive expression of the c-myc gene in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma?
Which accounts for the remaining 20% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
Which accounts for the remaining 20% of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma cases?
What is the most common mechanism by which viruses induce human carcinogenesis according to the text?
What is the most common mechanism by which viruses induce human carcinogenesis according to the text?
Which host factor influences pathogenicity by disrupting genes encoding immune responses?
Which host factor influences pathogenicity by disrupting genes encoding immune responses?
What is a barrier that viruses need to overcome in the host's respiratory tract?
What is a barrier that viruses need to overcome in the host's respiratory tract?
Which factor can render some individuals more susceptible to certain viral infections?
Which factor can render some individuals more susceptible to certain viral infections?
What is an inhibitory molecule produced by the skin and mucosa against viruses?
What is an inhibitory molecule produced by the skin and mucosa against viruses?
Which immune response mechanism involves serum proteins with antimicrobial effects?
Which immune response mechanism involves serum proteins with antimicrobial effects?
What is a common anatomical barrier that makes the skin virtually impenetrable?
What is a common anatomical barrier that makes the skin virtually impenetrable?
Which phase involves viral particles being susceptible to serum proteins like mannan-binding lectins?
Which phase involves viral particles being susceptible to serum proteins like mannan-binding lectins?
Which mechanism helps remove particulates from the respiratory tract?
Which mechanism helps remove particulates from the respiratory tract?
What type of barrier is made up of functional or structural components?
What type of barrier is made up of functional or structural components?
Which factor can influence viral pathogenicity in a host?
Which factor can influence viral pathogenicity in a host?
What is the role of p21cip in cell cycling in the context of HPV E7 protein?
What is the role of p21cip in cell cycling in the context of HPV E7 protein?
Which viral protein is responsible for sequestering pRb and disrupting pRb-E2f complexes in Cervical/Anal/Oropharyngeal Carcinoma?
Which viral protein is responsible for sequestering pRb and disrupting pRb-E2f complexes in Cervical/Anal/Oropharyngeal Carcinoma?
How does the HPV E6 protein affect p53 in the context of carcinogenesis?
How does the HPV E6 protein affect p53 in the context of carcinogenesis?
What is a characteristic effect of HBV X protein on cellular genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
What is a characteristic effect of HBV X protein on cellular genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
How do virokines contribute to tumorigenesis in Kaposi Sarcoma?
How do virokines contribute to tumorigenesis in Kaposi Sarcoma?
What is the effect of viroceptors encoded by large DNA viruses on host cytokines?
What is the effect of viroceptors encoded by large DNA viruses on host cytokines?
Which mechanism leads to increased probabilities of DNA mutations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Which mechanism leads to increased probabilities of DNA mutations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
What is the primary role of virokines in viral pathogenesis?
What is the primary role of virokines in viral pathogenesis?
What is the result of increased levels of p53 in the cell nucleus due to HPV E6 protein actions?
What is the result of increased levels of p53 in the cell nucleus due to HPV E6 protein actions?
How does HBV infection contribute to hepatocyte DNA mutations over time?
How does HBV infection contribute to hepatocyte DNA mutations over time?
How do large DNA viruses like Herpesviridae counteract host immune responses?
How do large DNA viruses like Herpesviridae counteract host immune responses?
Which type of proteins are mostly generated by the liver in response to macrophage proinflammatory cytokines and serve to promote viral particles inactivation?
Which type of proteins are mostly generated by the liver in response to macrophage proinflammatory cytokines and serve to promote viral particles inactivation?
Cells undergoing stress, such as infection, react by expressing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which induce an inflammatory process if the cell dies via:
Cells undergoing stress, such as infection, react by expressing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which induce an inflammatory process if the cell dies via:
Which type of cells will readily kill cells that express little or no MHC-I?
Which type of cells will readily kill cells that express little or no MHC-I?
Which type of interferons are particularly important for the initial containment of viral infections?
Which type of interferons are particularly important for the initial containment of viral infections?
Which receptors recognize dsRNA in infected cells, triggering the expression of type I interferons?
Which receptors recognize dsRNA in infected cells, triggering the expression of type I interferons?
What happens when infected cells express MHC-I-like molecules such as MICA and MICB on their surface?
What happens when infected cells express MHC-I-like molecules such as MICA and MICB on their surface?
What leads to the up-regulation of Fas surface expression in stressed cells?
What leads to the up-regulation of Fas surface expression in stressed cells?
'Type I IFNs stimulate the infected cell (autocrine) AND neighboring cells (paracrine) to express a set of hundreds of IFN-inducible genes' - This describes:
'Type I IFNs stimulate the infected cell (autocrine) AND neighboring cells (paracrine) to express a set of hundreds of IFN-inducible genes' - This describes:
'Virally infected cells have the capacity to recognize dsRNA' - Which cellular receptors play a role in this recognition process?
'Virally infected cells have the capacity to recognize dsRNA' - Which cellular receptors play a role in this recognition process?
'Fas surface expression is up-regulated in stressed cells' - What role does this up-regulation play in the immune response against infections?
'Fas surface expression is up-regulated in stressed cells' - What role does this up-regulation play in the immune response against infections?
'What is the primary role of autophagy in combating viral infections?'
'What is the primary role of autophagy in combating viral infections?'
'Why is apoptosis considered a preferred mode of cellular killing by the immune system?'
'Why is apoptosis considered a preferred mode of cellular killing by the immune system?'
What is the main consequence of the activation of PKR upon type I IFN stimulation?
What is the main consequence of the activation of PKR upon type I IFN stimulation?
Which pathway triggered by IFN-α/ß stimulation leads to degradation of cellular RNA?
Which pathway triggered by IFN-α/ß stimulation leads to degradation of cellular RNA?
What is the primary role of Mx genes in combating viral infections?
What is the primary role of Mx genes in combating viral infections?
Which proteins are examples of APOBEC proteins that cause virus restriction?
Which proteins are examples of APOBEC proteins that cause virus restriction?
What is the impact of activating RNase L upon IFN-α/ß stimulation?
What is the impact of activating RNase L upon IFN-α/ß stimulation?
Which proteins impede (-)ssRNA virus replication by interfering with viral nucleoprotein uncoating and RNA transcription?
Which proteins impede (-)ssRNA virus replication by interfering with viral nucleoprotein uncoating and RNA transcription?
What is the main impact of MxA proteins on influenza viruses?
What is the main impact of MxA proteins on influenza viruses?
Which cellular defense mechanisms act as DNA transcription inhibitors to hinder DNA virus replication?
Which cellular defense mechanisms act as DNA transcription inhibitors to hinder DNA virus replication?
What is the driving force behind genetic drift in viruses?
What is the driving force behind genetic drift in viruses?
How do some viruses evade immune responses by altering NK cell cytotoxicity?
How do some viruses evade immune responses by altering NK cell cytotoxicity?
What is the consequence of reduced class I-mediated CD8 cell cytotoxicity by viruses?
What is the consequence of reduced class I-mediated CD8 cell cytotoxicity by viruses?
How do some enveloped viruses increase virulence?
How do some enveloped viruses increase virulence?
Which characteristic of RNA viruses contributes to the frequent introduction of mutations?
Which characteristic of RNA viruses contributes to the frequent introduction of mutations?
How do some viruses modulate the host cell's antigen presentation capability?
How do some viruses modulate the host cell's antigen presentation capability?
Why can mutations in viral epitopes lead to the generation of escape mutants?
Why can mutations in viral epitopes lead to the generation of escape mutants?
How do some viruses increase infectivity through alterations in their membranes?
How do some viruses increase infectivity through alterations in their membranes?
What is the role of caspase 1 in the activation of IL-18?
What is the role of caspase 1 in the activation of IL-18?
How does IL-18 differ from other proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α?
How does IL-18 differ from other proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α?
In viral infections, which cells does IL-18 work in tandem with to activate NK cells and macrophages?
In viral infections, which cells does IL-18 work in tandem with to activate NK cells and macrophages?
What is the primary function of IL-18 and IL-12 in acquired responses?
What is the primary function of IL-18 and IL-12 in acquired responses?
Which immunoglobulin isotype is more efficient for antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
Which immunoglobulin isotype is more efficient for antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
Among the following cells, which one is NOT mentioned as engaging IgG-bound infected cells in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity?
Among the following cells, which one is NOT mentioned as engaging IgG-bound infected cells in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity?
Which immunoglobulin isotype is highlighted as being better at activating complement?
Which immunoglobulin isotype is highlighted as being better at activating complement?
In the context of specific functions, which immunoglobulin isotype is better suited for neutralization?
In the context of specific functions, which immunoglobulin isotype is better suited for neutralization?
Which cells play a significant role in controlling viral infections through IFN-γ and TNF-α expression at the cell-cell interface?
Which cells play a significant role in controlling viral infections through IFN-γ and TNF-α expression at the cell-cell interface?
What is the main action of the vIL-18BP expressed by some viruses?
What is the main action of the vIL-18BP expressed by some viruses?
Which receptors are primarily responsible for recognizing viral infections in macrophages and dendritic cells?
Which receptors are primarily responsible for recognizing viral infections in macrophages and dendritic cells?
What is the main function of immature dendritic cells at the site of infection?
What is the main function of immature dendritic cells at the site of infection?
Which pathway is another important virus-detecting system besides Toll-like receptors in macrophages?
Which pathway is another important virus-detecting system besides Toll-like receptors in macrophages?
What is the outcome of IL-12 secretion by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to viral infections?
What is the outcome of IL-12 secretion by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to viral infections?
What causes immature dendritic cells to mature as they migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues?
What causes immature dendritic cells to mature as they migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues?
Which subset of macrophages is activated following PAMP-PRR interaction in viral infections?
Which subset of macrophages is activated following PAMP-PRR interaction in viral infections?
What is the primary purpose of pathogen engulfment by macrophages and dendritic cells at the site of infection?
What is the primary purpose of pathogen engulfment by macrophages and dendritic cells at the site of infection?
What happens when immature dendritic cells and macrophages migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues?
What happens when immature dendritic cells and macrophages migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues?
What is the main function of monocyte-derived phagocytic cells in controlling viral infections?
What is the main function of monocyte-derived phagocytic cells in controlling viral infections?
How do some viruses counteract host immune responses?
How do some viruses counteract host immune responses?
Which proteasomal subunits are replaced by the LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 subunits under the influence of IFN-γ?
Which proteasomal subunits are replaced by the LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 subunits under the influence of IFN-γ?
What transformation occurs to immature dendritic cells under the influence of IFN-γ?
What transformation occurs to immature dendritic cells under the influence of IFN-γ?
Which cytokine is produced when a naïve CD4+ lymphocyte is engaged by a pAPC in an IL-12-rich environment?
Which cytokine is produced when a naïve CD4+ lymphocyte is engaged by a pAPC in an IL-12-rich environment?
What is the outcome of TH1 cell activation?
What is the outcome of TH1 cell activation?
Which subset of macrophages secretes IL-10 to shut off the immune response?
Which subset of macrophages secretes IL-10 to shut off the immune response?
In the context of viral infection containment, what is the main adaptive mechanism for killing virally-infected cells?
In the context of viral infection containment, what is the main adaptive mechanism for killing virally-infected cells?
What is the primary function of IFN-γ-producing CD4+, CD8+, and NK cells at the site of infection?
What is the primary function of IFN-γ-producing CD4+, CD8+, and NK cells at the site of infection?
What is the role of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in subsequent infections with the same pathogen?
What is the role of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in subsequent infections with the same pathogen?
What is the function of IL-10 secreted by specific macrophages and Treg cells after infection containment?
What is the function of IL-10 secreted by specific macrophages and Treg cells after infection containment?
What is unique about CD8+ T lymphocyte activation requirements?
What is unique about CD8+ T lymphocyte activation requirements?
What leads to the establishment of the TH1 response through inter-stimulation and positive feedback mechanisms?
What leads to the establishment of the TH1 response through inter-stimulation and positive feedback mechanisms?
What triggers the differentiation of a TH1 cell producing key cytokines like IL-2 and IFN-γ?
What triggers the differentiation of a TH1 cell producing key cytokines like IL-2 and IFN-γ?
What is the main role of activated CD8+ T lymphocytes?
What is the main role of activated CD8+ T lymphocytes?
Which molecule is involved in transferring peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum for loading onto MHC-I molecules?
Which molecule is involved in transferring peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum for loading onto MHC-I molecules?
In CD8 T lymphocyte activation, what is the role of CD4+ T lymphocyte help?
In CD8 T lymphocyte activation, what is the role of CD4+ T lymphocyte help?
Which cells differentiate into TFH1 cells that help in B cell activation?
Which cells differentiate into TFH1 cells that help in B cell activation?
How do antibodies created by B cells help combat viruses?
How do antibodies created by B cells help combat viruses?
Which process involves B cells capturing viral antigen via their BCR?
Which process involves B cells capturing viral antigen via their BCR?
What role do TFH1 cells play in secondary lymphoid tissues?
What role do TFH1 cells play in secondary lymphoid tissues?
In viral spread, what is the function of follicular dendritic cells?
In viral spread, what is the function of follicular dendritic cells?
How does IFN-γ influence the TH1 response?
How does IFN-γ influence the TH1 response?
What is the primary function of APOBEC expression in combatting viruses?
What is the primary function of APOBEC expression in combatting viruses?
Why does CD8 T lymphocyte activation require a higher threshold of CD86 co-stimulation compared to CD4 T lymphocytes?
Why does CD8 T lymphocyte activation require a higher threshold of CD86 co-stimulation compared to CD4 T lymphocytes?
