Discrimination Perception Concepts

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Questions and Answers

According to Major and Dover (2016), what is the definition of "legitimate discrimination"?

  • Discrimination against individuals who are perceived as having chosen their group affiliation.
  • Discrimination that is acknowledged but justified due to context-specific reasons. (correct)
  • Treatment of a person based on their social identity, deemed unfair and unjustified.
  • Differential treatment based on group membership, perceived as deserved by society.

Which of the following is NOT a group characteristic that increases the likelihood of perceiving unequal treatment as discrimination?

  • High status of the perpetrator.
  • The perpetrator's perceived intention to harm the victim.
  • The prevalence of prejudice related cues in the situation. (correct)
  • Voluntary membership of the group by the affected individual.

What is the main concept behind the prototype effect in discrimination attribution?

  • The likelihood of attributing discrimination increases with the similarity of the event to a pre-existing prototype. (correct)
  • Individuals are more likely to attribute discrimination to groups they are unfamiliar with.
  • This effect emphasizes the role of intention in discrimination attribution.
  • The effect is more pronounced when the perpetrator is of higher status than the victim.

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the status asymmetry effect in discrimination attribution?

<p>A manager hires a candidate from a different social class, despite their qualifications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a situational cue that can increase the likelihood of attributing unequal treatment to discrimination?

<p>The presence of prejudice-related cues, such as visual symbols or slurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is unequal treatment more likely to be seen as discrimination, according to Major and Dover (2016)?

<p>When the perpetrator's intention is perceived to be harmful to the victim. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples demonstrates the concept of "justifiable differential treatment"?

<p>A gym charging different rates based on age due to different workout needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations would MOST likely be attributed to discrimination, according to the text?

<p>A company hires a candidate with connections, despite their lack of qualifications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Major and Dover (2016), which of the following is NOT a group characteristic that makes it more likely that unequal treatment will be viewed as discrimination?

<p>Weight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of discrimination attribution, what does the "prototype effect" refer to?

<p>The idea that people have mental representations of what constitutes discrimination, and events that fit these representations are more likely to be recognized as discriminatory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situational cues, according to Major and Dover (2016), increases the likelihood of attributing unequal treatment to discrimination?

<p>The evaluator's awareness of the target's group membership. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individual factors is NOT mentioned by Major and Dover (2016) as affecting the likelihood of attributing unequal treatment to discrimination?

<p>Level of education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the "status asymmetry effect" influence the perception of discrimination?

<p>It suggests that discrimination is more likely to be attributed when the perpetrator belongs to a higher status group than the victim. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Major and Dover (2016), which of the following situations is MOST likely to be perceived as discriminatory?

<p>A person being treated unfairly by someone from a higher-status group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the concept of "justifiable differential treatment" as defined by Major and Dover (2016)?

<p>Unequal treatment that is perceived as acceptable or warranted, based on factors other than discrimination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that a high "need to belong" might make people less likely to report experiencing discrimination, as suggested by Major and Dover (2016)?

<p>They fear negative social consequences from others, such as rejection or isolation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Major and Dover (2016), which of the following is MOST likely to contribute to a person attributing negative treatment to discrimination?

<p>A neutral emotional state with no external explanation for it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that Major and Dover (2016) suggest can influence the perception of discrimination as being "legitimate"?

<p>The person's personal opinion of the perpetrator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the "status asymmetry effect" in discrimination attribution?

<p>A wealthy businessman is denied service at a restaurant and believes it is due to his race. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Major and Dover (2016), what is the main difference between "attribution to discrimination" and "justifiable differential treatment"?

<p>Attribution to discrimination is always considered unfair, whereas justifiable differential treatment is sometimes seen as acceptable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the idea that a high "need to belong" can influence the perception of discrimination?

<p>People with a high need to belong may be less likely to report experiencing discrimination, fearing social rejection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Major and Dover (2016), in which of the following situations is the perception of discrimination MOST likely to be heightened?

<p>When the negative treatment is perceived as intentional and harmful. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the "prototype effect" in discrimination attribution?

<p>It suggests that people are more likely to perceive discrimination when the negative treatment clearly fits their mental model of what constitutes discrimination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Major and Dover (2016), which of the following is a situational cue that can make it more likely that a person will attribute negative treatment to discrimination?

<p>The person's awareness of the evaluator's prejudice towards their group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Attribution to discrimination

Treatment based on social identity judged as unfair.

Legitimate discrimination

Acknowledged discrimination considered justified in certain situations.

Justifiable differential treatment

Differential treatment perceived as deserved by society in context.

Outgroup-perpetrator

Discrimination perceived when the perpetrator belongs to a different group.

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Prototype effect

Events compared to discriminatory prototypes; likeness increases perception of discrimination.

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Status asymmetry effect

Discrimination perceived more if perpetrator has higher status than the victim.

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Voluntary membership influence

Beliefs about group characteristics affecting perception of discrimination.

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Situational cues to discrimination

Circumstances increasing likelihood of attributing discrimination to unequal treatment.

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Group Characteristics

Attributes like race and gender that influence views on discrimination.

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Situational Cues

Environmental factors that affect attribution of discrimination.

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Ingroup Loyalty Norm

Belief in loyalty to one's own group affects discrimination perception.

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Stigma Consciousness

Awareness of being viewed negatively based on group membership.

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Chronic Affective States

Persistent emotional states that affect perception of discrimination.

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Higher Status Perpetrator

Perceptions of discrimination increase when the perpetrator is higher status than the victim.

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Need to Belong

Desire for social connection affecting acknowledgment of discrimination.

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Temporal Affective States

Mood changes impacting discrimination perception at any moment.

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Group Identification

How central a group is to one's identity and its effect on discrimination views.

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System Justifying Beliefs

Beliefs that support social hierarchies may influence discrimination perception.

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Study Notes

Discrimination Perception: Key Concepts

  • Attribution to Discrimination: Judging negative treatment as unfair due to someone's social identity/group membership.
  • Legitimate Discrimination: Acknowledging discrimination as potentially justified in specific contexts.
  • Justifiable Differential Treatment: Unequal treatment deemed acceptable/deserved based on a group membership in a specific situation.

Factors Influencing Discrimination Attribution

  • Group Characteristics: Outgroup-perpetrator dynamic, lower-status victims/higher-status perpetrators, factors like race, gender, age, weight, voluntary membership (e.g., weight), and perceived intentionality of perpetrator's actions increase perceived discrimination.
  • Prototype Effect: Events matching existing discrimination prototypes increase perceived discrimination.
  • Status Asymmetry: Discriminatory perceptions more likely when the perpetrator is of higher status.
  • Situational Cues: Self-presentational concerns, prejudice cues (e.g., visual/auditory), perceived role of social identity (e.g., group membership known and visible), diversity, stereotype typicality (e.g., male in female domains).
  • Individual Factors: Ingroup loyalty and group identification, beliefs about social hierarchy/status permeability, temporary/chronic affective states, high stigma consciousness, personal characteristics/prejudices.

System Justification & Status

  • System Justification Beliefs: Beliefs that support existing social hierarchies; these can reduce perceptions of discrimination in lower-status victims/higher-status perpetrators, increasing the likelihood that discrimination is not recognized by them.

Need to Belong & Discrimination

  • Need to Belong: High need to belong can decrease reporting of discrimination due to concerns over social costs and rejection.

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