Discovering Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the four main goals of psychology?

  • To control an organism's behavior (correct)
  • To mediate conflicts between organisms
  • To change environmental factors
  • To manipulate emotional responses

    • Which approach in psychology focuses on how genes, hormones, and the nervous system interact with environments?

  • Humanistic approach
  • Biological approach (correct)
  • Behavioral approach
  • Cognitive approach

    • Cognitive neuroscience primarily involves what type of study?

  • Imaging and identifying brain functions during cognitive tasks (correct)
  • Observational studies of animal behavior
  • Surveying subjective experiences of individuals
  • Environmental impact assessments on behavior

    • How does the cognitive approach to psychology mainly examine behavior?

    <p>By examining information processing and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with the cognitive approach?

    <p>It focuses solely on observable behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Broca's Area?

    <p>Combining sounds into words and arranging them into sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with the somatosensory cortex?

    <p>Processing touch and pain sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Broca's Aphasia?

    <p>Inability to combine sounds into words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is Wernicke's Area responsible for?

    <p>Understanding speech and forming coherent sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the right somatosensory cortex interact with body sensations?

    <p>Processes sensory information from the left side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain is primarily involved in visual processing?

    <p>Occipital Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the right hemisphere primarily process?

    <p>Sensory inputs from the left side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory information does the parietal lobe typically process?

    <p>Touch and temperature sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>To manage salt and sugar balances and stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's experiment, what was identified as the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>The food presented to the dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of norepinephrine during stress according to the content?

    <p>To arouse the body for stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of stimulus presentation in classical conditioning based on Pavlov's method?

    <p>Neutral stimulus followed by unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might occur as a result of dysfunction in the adrenal glands?

    <p>Inability to cope with stress effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a neutral stimulus in the context of Pavlov’s classical conditioning?

    <p>A stimulus that causes a sensory response but not the reflex being tested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

    <p>The salivation triggered by food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the visual cortex?

    <p>To process and transform visual signals into meaningful perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the visual association area do?

    <p>It transforms basic visual sensations into complete perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is visual agnosia characterized by?

    <p>Failure to recognize objects, despite having intact vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the limbic system regulates eating and drinking behaviors?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the neglect syndrome result in?

    <p>Inability to see objects on one side of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system?

    <p>Transmitting visual signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the limbic system is primarily associated with emotional responses in stressful situations?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of visual information might a person with visual agnosia still be able to describe?

    <p>Colors and textures of visual stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of genes in the human body?

    <p>They contain chemical instructions for development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is specifically designed to receive electrical signals?

    <p>Dendrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what timeframe were only 8 Ph.D.s in psychology awarded to Black students?

    <p>1920-1966</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of the mature human brain?

    <p>3 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of neurons?

    <p>Releasing hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major components are included in the structure of a neuron?

    <p>Dendrites, axons, and cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about the brain's development is true?

    <p>The brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one role of scaffolding in neurodevelopment?

    <p>Guiding the growth of developing neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Discovering Psychology

    • The field of psychology focuses on understanding human behavior and mental processes through a systematic and scientific approach.
    • Four primary goals of psychology are:
      • Describe: Observing and documenting behaviors.
      • Explain: Identifying the causes of behavior.
      • Predict: Forecasting how individuals will behave in specific situations.
      • Control: Influencing behavior in desired ways.

    Modern Approaches

    • Biological Approach: Investigates the interplay between genetics, hormones, the nervous system, and the environment. This interplay shapes various aspects of human behavior, including learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, and coping mechanisms.
    • Cognitive Approach: Explores the processing, storage, and utilization of information, and how this information influences our perceptions and feelings. Cognitive neuroscience employs imaging techniques to identify the brain structures and functions involved in cognitive processes, such as thinking, planning, and object recognition.

    Neurobiological Basis of Psychology

    • Genes: Serve as the blueprints for development, containing chemical instructions that guide the formation of a complex body and brain. There are approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human body.
    • Brain Development: The brain undergoes significant development during early stages, starting with three major divisions in the six-week-old brain and culminating in a mature brain with approximately 1 trillion cells and weighing almost 3 pounds.

    Structure and Function of Neurons

    • Neurons: Are the fundamental brain cells, each possessing two specialized extensions: one for receiving electrical signals (dendrite) and a longer extension for transmitting these signals (axon).
    • Glial Cells: Support neurons by providing structural support, insulation, and chemical regulation. These cells play crucial roles in neural growth and function.
    • Neuron Types and Function: There are various types of neurons, each responsible for specific functions, including sensory processing, motor control, and information processing.

    Lobes of the Brain

    • Frontal Lobe: Responsible for functions like planning, decision making, voluntary movement, and language production.
    • Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information related to touch, location of limbs, pain, and temperature.
    • Temporal Lobe: Handles auditory information (hearing, recognizing sounds), language comprehension, and memory.
    • Occipital Lobe: Processes visual information, including color perception, object recognition, and spatial awareness.

    Limbic System

    • Limbic System: A group of interconnected brain structures responsible for regulating motivation, emotions, and memory.
    • Hypothalamus: Controls basic drives like hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. It also influences emotional responses and hormone secretion.
    • Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones that regulate sugar and salt balance, help cope with stress, and contribute to secondary sexual characteristics.
    • Autonomic Nervous System: The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions like heartbeat, breathing, and digestion.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Classical Conditioning: A learning process where a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to trigger a conditioned response due to its pairing with a specific stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
    • Pavlov's Experiment: Demonstrated classical conditioning using dogs. He paired a neutral stimulus (bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food) to elicit a conditioned response (salivation) after repeated pairings.
    • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally elicits a specific response. In Pavlov's experiment, food was the UCS.
    • Unconditioned Response (UCR): The natural response elicited by the UCS without prior conditioning. In Pavlov's experiment, salivation was the UCR.
    • Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that initially does not elicit the response of interest. In Pavlov's experiment, the bell was the NS.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): The previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response after conditioning. In Pavlov's experiment, the bell became the CS after multiple pairings with the food.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, salivation to the bell became the CR.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental goals and modern approaches in psychology. This quiz covers key concepts including the biological and cognitive perspectives that explain human behavior and mental processes. Test your understanding of these essential topics in psychology.

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