Questions and Answers
True or false: The field of AI has only experienced waves of optimism and has never faced skepticism or reduced funding.
False
What are the traditional goals of AI research?
Reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, and the ability to move and manipulate objects
Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through ______.
experience.
True or false: Natural language processing allows machines to understand and speak any human language fluently.
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Which algorithm is used for moving limbs and grasping objects?
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AI researchers have tried and discarded many different approaches, including simulating the brain, modeling human problem solving, and imitating ______ behavior.
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What is the Turing test used for?
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The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, ______, and the ability to move and manipulate objects.
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True or false: Heuristics prioritize choices that are less likely to reach a goal and do so in a longer number of steps.
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Study Notes
- Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to perceive, synthesize, and infer information.
- AI tasks include speech recognition, computer vision, translation, recommendation systems, self-driving cars, and strategic game systems.
- AI has experienced waves of optimism, disappointment, and renewed funding since its founding as an academic discipline in 1956.
- AI researchers have tried and discarded many different approaches, including simulating the brain, modeling human problem solving, and imitating animal behavior.
- Highly mathematical and statistical machine learning has dominated the field in the first decades of the 21st century.
- The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, and the ability to move and manipulate objects.
- The field was founded on the assumption that human intelligence "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it".
- AI has raised philosophical arguments about the mind and the ethical consequences of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence.
- The study of mechanical or "formal" reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity, leading to the theory of computation and the possibility of building an electronic brain.
- AI has experienced two "AI winters" of reduced funding and skepticism, but has gradually restored its reputation in the late 1990s and early 21st century by finding specific solutions to specific problems.
- AI usage in Google increased from sporadic usage in 2012 to over 2,700 projects in 2015.
- 1 in 5 companies reported incorporating AI in some offerings or processes in 2017.
- AI research has focused on reasoning, problem-solving, knowledge representation, learning, natural language processing, perception, social intelligence, and general intelligence.
- Machine learning is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience.
- Natural language processing allows machines to read and understand human language.
- Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors to deduce aspects of the world.
- Affective computing comprises systems that recognize, interpret, process, or simulate human feeling, emotion, and mood.
- There are several competing ideas about how to develop artificial general intelligence.
- AI can solve problems by intelligently searching through many possible solutions.
- Planning algorithms search through trees of goals and subgoals, attempting to find a path to a target goal.
- AI uses different algorithms for problem-solving, including local searches, heuristics, optimization, logic, probabilistic methods, classifiers, neural networks, and deep learning.
- Local searches in configuration space are used for moving limbs and grasping objects, but simple exhaustive searches are inefficient for most real-world problems.
- Heuristics prioritize choices that are more likely to reach a goal and do so in a shorter number of steps, limiting the search for solutions into a smaller sample size.
- Optimization algorithms refine a guess incrementally until no more refinements can be made, and can be visualized as blind hill climbing.
- Logic is used for knowledge representation and problem-solving, and several different forms of logic are used in AI research.
- Probabilistic methods use tools from probability theory and economics to solve problems with incomplete or uncertain information, such as Bayesian networks and decision theory.
- Classifiers use pattern matching to determine the closest match and can be trained using statistical and machine learning approaches.
- Neural networks model complex relationships between inputs and outputs and find patterns in data, and can be viewed as a type of mathematical optimization.
- Deep learning uses several layers of neurons to progressively extract higher-level features from the raw input, drastically improving the performance of programs in many subfields of AI.
- Convolutional neural networks are often used for many or all of the layers in deep learning.
- Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that enables machines to perform human-like tasks.
- AI techniques include machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing.
- Specialized languages and hardware have been developed for AI, such as Lisp, Prolog, TensorFlow, and AI accelerators.
- AI is used in search engines, targeted advertising, virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, facial recognition, and chatbots, among others.
- AI has been successful in game playing, protein folding, and content detection.
- Smart traffic lights have been developed to reduce drive time and traffic jam waiting time.
- AI is the most prolific emerging technology in terms of patent applications and granted patents.
- The Turing test measures the ability of a machine to simulate human conversation.
- AI must be defined in terms of "acting" and not "thinking".
- Statistical machine learning has eclipsed all other approaches to AI research in the 2010s.
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