Artificial Intelligence: Concepts and Advancements

• AI is the study of machines that can think like humans.
• AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, but advancements in machine learning and deep learning are creating a paradigm shift in virtually every sector of the tech industry.
• Various new tests have been proposed recently that have been largely well received, including a 2019 research paper entitled “On the Measure of Intelligence.”
• In their book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, authors Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig approach the concept of AI by unifying their work around the theme of intelligent agents in machines.
• AI is “the study of agents that receive percepts from the environment and perform actions.”
• AI innovation has actually outperformed Moore’s Law, doubling every six months or so as opposed to two years.
• By that logic, the future of AI is looking very bright.
• Reactive machines are limited in scope and function and cannot store memories or make decisions based on past experiences.
• Limited memory AI is capable of storing past data and predictions and is more complex than reactive machines.
• Theory of mind is a psychological concept that is still theoretical and has not yet been achieved in terms of AI machines.
• AI is the ability of a computer system to perform tasks that ordinarily require human intelligence
• Narrow AI is all around us and is easily the most successful realization of AI to date
• Machine learning and deep learning are two types of AI that are responsible for many of the breakthroughs in narrow AI
• ML algorithms are used to "learn" how to get progressively better at a task, without necessarily having been specifically programmed for that task, while deep learning is a more recent type of AI that uses deep neural networks
• Deep learning is a type of machine learning that uses neural networks with many hidden layers to process data.
• Self-driving cars are an example of deep learning, as are wearable sensors and devices used in the healthcare industry.
• Artificial general intelligence is a type of machine intelligence that is able to apply to any task.
• The creation of a machine with human-level intelligence is the Holy Grail for many AI researchers, but the quest for artificial general intelligence has been fraught with difficulty.
• Superintelligence is a situation in which machines are completely self-aware, even surpassing the likes of human intelligence.
• Nick Bostrom, a founding professor and leader of Oxford’s Future of Humanity Institute, has coined the term “superintelligence.”
• Creating superintelligence by imitating the human brain will require not only sufficiently powerful hardware, but also an “adequate initial architecture” and a “rich flux of sensory input.”

Test your knowledge of various concepts and advancements in the field of artificial intelligence, including machine learning, deep learning, types of AI, and the quest for machine intelligence. Explore topics such as narrow AI, deep learning, and the challenges in achieving artificial general intelligence and superintelligence.