Discover the Teachings of Confucius
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Questions and Answers

What did Confucius define as benevolence?

  • Loving one's fellow men (correct)
  • Knowing one's fellow men
  • Being kind to one's fellow men
  • Being generous to one's fellow men

    • According to Confucius, what is the exaltation of virtue?

  • Avoiding misguided judgment
  • Putting service before the reward (correct)
  • Putting reward before service
  • Attacking good as evil

    • What does the term 'being known' describe according to Confucius?

  • A man who is well-liked by others
  • A man who puts up a facade of benevolence but his deeds belie it (correct)
  • A man who is known by everyone in his community
  • A man who is honest and trustworthy

    • What did Confucius advise regarding killing in administering government?

    <p>Against killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of rectification of names according to Confucius?

    <p>Ensures reasonable speech, flourishing rites and music, and punishments that fit the crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given?

    <p>Personal correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was essential in government?

    <p>Promoting men of talent and setting an example for officials to follow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise his disciples to pursue?

    <p>Their own interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius define as a great minister?

    <p>Someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-lu and Jan Yu to do with what they have learned?

    <p>Immediately put it into practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius say about blindly following tenacious opinions?

    <p>He questioned whether someone who blindly follows tenacious opinions can be considered a gentleman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-chang about being a good man?

    <p>A good man does not blindly follow others and does not try to enter the inner room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius define as the most important quality in a great minister?

    <p>Relinquishing office when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what is the definition of benevolence?

    <p>Loving one's fellow men and knowing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a man who puts up a facade of benevolence but his deeds belie it?

    <p>The known man</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to ensuring obedience without orders being given, according to Confucius?

    <p>Personal correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise his disciples to pursue?

    <p>Their own interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-lu and Jan Yu to do with what they have learned?

    <p>Immediately put it into practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a man who is straight by nature, according to Confucius?

    <p>The straight man</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-chang about being a good man?

    <p>To not blindly follow others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe can overcome cruelty and killing?

    <p>Good rulership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius criticize Tzu-lu for when he makes Tzu-kao the prefect of Pi?

    <p>Ruining another man's son</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius define as the key to promoting reverence, obedience, and sincerity among the common people?

    <p>Loving the rites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise against in administering government?

    <p>Killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'getting through' describe according to Confucius?

    <p>A man who is straight by nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Master's advice on pursuing one's interests?

    <p>Pursue what you are good at</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius define as wisdom?

    <p>Knowing others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-lu to do after making Tzu-kao the prefect of Pi?

    <p>Apologize to the other man's son</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given?

    <p>Personal correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Master's definition of a great minister?

    <p>Someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Master's advice to Tzu-chang about being a good man?

    <p>Be true to oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Master believe is essential in government?

    <p>Promoting men of talent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Master's definition of benevolence?

    <p>Returning to the observance of the rites through overcoming the self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Master believe is necessary for success in affairs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Master's advice to his disciples on exalting virtue?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Master's view on rulership and cruelty?

    <p>Good rulership can overcome cruelty and killing after a hundred years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disciple of Confucius does he describe as one-sided?

    <p>Shih</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-lu to wait for before putting into practice what he has learned?

    <p>His father and elder brothers to die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'getting through' describe according to Confucius?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius define as wisdom?

    <p>Knowing one's fellow men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given?

    <p>Personal correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the definition of a great minister?

    <p>Someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise his disciples to pursue?

    <p>Their own interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-chang about being a good man?

    <p>To think for himself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is essential in government?

    <p>Promoting men of talent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the importance of rectification of names?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise his disciples to be when exalting virtue?

    <p>Trustworthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the importance of personal virtue in administering government?

    <p>It is the most important</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the most important quality in a great minister?

    <p>Serving their lord according to the Way and relinquishing office when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise his disciples to pursue?

    <p>Their own interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius define benevolence as?

    <p>Loving one's fellow men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius say about blindly following tenacious opinions?

    <p>It is the mark of a fool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of personal correctness according to Confucius?

    <p>It ensures obedience without orders being given</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-lu to do after making Tzu-kao the prefect of Pi?

    <p>To wait until his father and elder brothers are no longer alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term 'getting through' used to describe?

    <p>A man who is straight by nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the definition of benevolence?

    <p>Loving one's fellow men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-chang about being a good man?

    <p>To not blindly follow others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise his disciples to be when exalting virtue?

    <p>Trustworthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given?

    <p>Personal correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of rectification of names according to Confucius?

    <p>It ensures reasonable speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a great minister according to Confucius?

    <p>Someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to influencing the behavior of the common people?

    <p>Personal virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius define as the most important quality in a great minister?

    <p>Service according to the Way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise his disciples to pursue?

    <p>Their own interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given?

    <p>Personal correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-lu and Jan Yu to do with what they have learned?

    <p>Share it with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius say about blindly following tenacious opinions?

    <p>It is the sign of a fool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-chang about being a good man?

    <p>Do not blindly follow others and do not try to enter the inner room.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'being known' describe according to Confucius?

    <p>A man who puts up a facade of benevolence but his deeds belie it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was essential in government?

    <p>Promoting men of talent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius define as benevolence?

    <p>Loving one's fellow men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise his disciples to be when exalting virtue?

    <p>Trustworthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the exaltation of virtue?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise government officials to do to ensure prosperity for the state?

    <p>Ensure those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was more difficult for the poor than for the rich?

    <p>Not to complain of injustice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was found in covering up for family members?

    <p>Straightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most difficult to live up to?

    <p>Claims made immodestly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master advise officials to do when dealing with others?

    <p>Hold themselves in a respectful attitude and be reverent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the difference between a complete man and a small man?

    <p>A complete man seeks to impress others, while a small man strives to improve himself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius state about ruling without opposition?

    <p>It can lead to ruin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the highest rank of men?

    <p>Those who shun the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-lu to do with regards to his lord?

    <p>Be honest with him</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the definition of a gentleman?

    <p>Someone who cultivates himself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius report to Duke Ai about, and what was the Duke's response?

    <p>He reported the killing of Duke Chien and requested an army to punish the killer, but the Duke refused and asked him to tell the three noble lords instead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was crucial for a person to participate in government?

    <p>Being correct themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is the key to participating in government?

    <p>Being correct oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise government officials to do in order to ensure prosperity?

    <p>Ensuring that those who are near are pleased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is more difficult than not behaving with arrogance when rich?

    <p>Not complaining of injustice when poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is the mark of a complete man?

    <p>Wisdom, courage, and accomplishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is the highest rank of men?

    <p>Those who shun the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise officials to do in order to accomplish great tasks?

    <p>Be patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is found in covering up for family members?

    <p>Straightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is the mark of a gentleman?

    <p>Sense of shame and reverence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is the key to commanding the common people?

    <p>Observing the rites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is the difference between a gentleman and a small man?

    <p>Their motivations and conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is the mark of a good horse?

    <p>Virtue and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about destiny?

    <p>It is inevitable and cannot be changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was more difficult not to do when poor than not to do when rich?

    <p>Not to complain of injustice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master advise officials to do in order to ensure the satisfaction of those who are near and the attraction of those who are far away?

    <p>Be patient and not focus on petty gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to ruling without opposition and avoiding ruin?

    <p>Understanding the difficulty of ruling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master advise individuals to do when dealing with others?

    <p>Hold themselves in a respectful attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the mark of a Gentleman?

    <p>Having a sense of shame in their conduct and not disgracing their lord's commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the difference between a complete man and a small man?

    <p>A complete man is wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the highest rank of men?

    <p>Those who shun the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise against doing when making claims?

    <p>Making claims immodestly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the definition of a good horse?

    <p>Praised for its virtue, not just its strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master advise against doing when repaying a good turn?

    <p>Repaying it with an injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe about destiny?

    <p>Destiny would prevail, and there was nothing one could do to defy it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the role of a gentleman in society?

    <p>To cultivate himself, reverence, and bring peace and security to his fellow men and the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was more difficult, and why?

    <p>Not complaining of injustice when poor, because it requires more self-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise government officials to do, and why?

    <p>Ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted, because it promotes stability and prosperity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to effective government?

    <p>Ruling with opposition, because it ensures that all perspectives are taken into account</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important quality in a gentleman?

    <p>A sense of shame in their conduct and not disgracing their lord's commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to effective leadership?

    <p>Improving oneself and bringing peace and security to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the difference between a complete man and a small man?

    <p>A complete man is wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music, while a small man seeks to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to effective communication and leadership?

    <p>Observing the rites, because it makes it easier to command the common people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the mark of a good horse?

    <p>Virtue, not just strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to cultivating oneself and serving in an official capacity?

    <p>Holding oneself in a respectful attitude, being reverent, and doing one's best when dealing with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the difference between a complete man and a gentleman?

    <p>A complete man is wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music, while a gentleman cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to effective counseling?

    <p>Being honest with one's lord and not going beyond one's office</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to effective reporting?

    <p>Reporting incidents because of one's duty as a counselor, regardless of the response of those in power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise government officials to do in order to ensure prosperity?

    <p>Ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was more difficult, according to the text?

    <p>Not to complain of injustice when poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was found in covering up for family members?

    <p>Straightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master advise officials to do in order to accomplish great tasks?

    <p>Be patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most difficult thing to live up to?

    <p>Claims made immodestly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the mark of a complete man?

    <p>Wisdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-lu to do?

    <p>Be honest with his lord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the difference between a gentleman and a small man?

    <p>A gentleman strives to improve himself, while a small man seeks to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe was the best way to repay a good turn?

    <p>With another good turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master say about destiny?

    <p>It cannot be defied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master emphasize about those above observing the rites?

    <p>The common people will be easy to command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master describe the gentleman as?

    <p>Someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is more difficult when poor than when rich?

    <p>Not to complain of injustice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise government officials to do regarding those who are near and far away?

    <p>Ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is found in covering up for family members?

    <p>Straightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is the most difficult to live up to?

    <p>Claims made immodestly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master advise officials to do regarding petty gains?

    <p>Be patient and not focus on petty gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe is the definition of a complete man?

    <p>Wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius detest and not practice?

    <p>Inflexibility and flattery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe is the highest ranking man?

    <p>One who shuns the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master emphasize about observing the rites?

    <p>When those above observe the rites, the common people are easy to command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius report to Duke Ai about, and what was the Duke's response?

    <p>The killing of Duke Chien, and the Duke refused to punish the killer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master advise Tzu-lu to do with his lord, and what did he say about the gentleman and the small man?

    <p>Be honest with his lord and not go beyond his office; the gentleman strives to improve himself, while the small man seeks to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master say about repaying a good turn?

    <p>Repay it with another good turn, not with an injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was more difficult to do when poor than when rich?

    <p>Complain of injustice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise government officials to do in order to ensure prosperity?

    <p>Ensure those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to commanding the common people?

    <p>Observing the rites when those above do so</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important quality in a Gentleman?

    <p>Sense of shame in conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to ruling a state and avoiding ruin?

    <p>Understanding the difficulty of ruling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the difference between a complete man and a small man?

    <p>A complete man seeks to impress others, while a small man strives to improve himself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise officials to do in order to accomplish great tasks?

    <p>Be patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to participating in government?

    <p>Making oneself correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to straightness?

    <p>Covering up for family members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to being a good man?

    <p>Cultivating oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to repaying a good turn?

    <p>Repaying it with another good turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to being a complete man?

    <p>Being wise and accomplished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to being a Gentleman?

    <p>Having a sense of shame in conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what is the role of a government official?

    <p>To ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is more difficult than not behaving with arrogance when rich?

    <p>Not complaining of injustice when poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master advise individuals to do when serving in an official capacity?

    <p>Hold themselves in a respectful attitude, be reverent, and do their best when dealing with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe is found in covering up for family members?

    <p>Straightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe is the definition of a complete man?

    <p>Wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius detest and not practice?

    <p>Inflexibility and flattery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master recommend as a way to repay a good turn?

    <p>With another good turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe about destiny?

    <p>It would prevail, and there was nothing one could do to defy it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master rank as the highest and lowest qualities?

    <p>Men who shun the world as the highest and those who shun hostile words as the lowest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Master believe about those who strive to improve themselves?

    <p>They are gentlemen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius report to Duke Ai about?

    <p>The killing of Duke Chien and requested an army to punish the killer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the three noble lords do when Confucius reported the incident to them?

    <p>They refused to take action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was essential for government officials to do?

    <p>Ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most difficult thing to do?

    <p>Not to complain of injustice when poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the rank of men who shun the world?

    <p>The highest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise officials to do in order to accomplish great tasks?

    <p>Be patient and not focus on petty gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a complete man?

    <p>Wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important quality in a Gentleman?

    <p>A sense of shame in their conduct and not disgracing their lord's commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise individuals to do when dealing with others?

    <p>Hold themselves in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do their best</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the difference between a gentleman and a small man?

    <p>The gentleman strives to improve himself, while the small man seeks to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to commanding the common people?

    <p>When those above observe the rites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a good horse?

    <p>Praised for its virtue, not just its strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-lu to do?

    <p>Be honest with his lord and not go beyond his office</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a Gentleman?

    <p>Someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise government officials to do in order to maintain stability and prosperity?

    <p>Ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most difficult thing to do when poor?

    <p>Not to complain of injustice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius emphasize as the duty of a counselor when reporting an incident to a ruler?

    <p>To report the incident because of duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to effective governance?

    <p>Ruling without opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important quality of a gentleman?

    <p>Sense of shame in conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise individuals to do when dealing with others?

    <p>Hold themselves in a respectful attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the difference between a complete man and a small man?

    <p>Complete men strive to improve themselves, small men seek to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to commanding the common people?

    <p>Observing the rites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the difference between a good horse and a great horse?

    <p>Virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to repaying a good turn?

    <p>With another good turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the highest and lowest rank of men?

    <p>Those who shun the world as the lowest, those who shun hostile words as the highest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a gentleman?

    <p>Someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to ruling a state successfully?

    <p>Understanding the difficulty of ruling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was essential for a person to participate in government?

    <p>Correctness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise government officials to focus on?

    <p>Great tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a Gentleman?

    <p>Someone who has a sense of shame in their conduct and does not disgrace their lord's commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was more difficult for a person to do?

    <p>Complain of injustice when poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a complete man?

    <p>Courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the best way to repay a good turn?

    <p>With gratitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the highest rank of men?

    <p>Those who shun the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius emphasize as the key to commanding the common people?

    <p>Observance of the rites by those above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a gentleman?

    <p>Someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius report to Duke Ai, and what was the Duke's response?

    <p>He reported an assassination and the Duke refused to take action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the difference between a gentleman and a small man?

    <p>Desire to improve oneself versus desire to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise the Governor of She to do?

    <p>Ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what is more difficult?

    <p>Not to complain of injustice when poor than not to behave with arrogance when rich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Book of History say about officials when the ruler dies?

    <p>They join together and place themselves under the prime minister for three years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Fan Ch'ih to do?

    <p>Hold himself in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do his best when dealing with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is seen in behavior where fathers cover up for their sons, and sons cover up for their fathers?

    <p>Straightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is crucial in ensuring prosperity in a state?

    <p>Understanding the difficulty of being a ruler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the definition of a complete man in modern times?

    <p>A man who remembers what is right, is ready to lay down his life in the face of danger, and does not forget sentiments he has repeated all his life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-hsia to do?

    <p>Be patient and not just see petty gains in government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the definition of a Gentleman?

    <p>A man who has a sense of shame and does not disgrace the commission of his lord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the difference between men of antiquity and men today?

    <p>Men of antiquity studied to improve themselves, while men today study to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius believe is the most important quality in a Gentleman?

    <p>Sense of shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise regarding routine matters in government?

    <p>Routine matters are not affairs of state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise the Governor of She to do?

    <p>Ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was more difficult according to Chapter 13-14?

    <p>Not to complain of injustice when poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Fan Ch'ih to do?

    <p>Hold himself in a respectful attitude and be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do his best when dealing with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the defining quality of a Gentleman?

    <p>Sense of shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-hsia to do?

    <p>Be patient and not just see petty gains in government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the mark of straightness?

    <p>Sons covering up for their fathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the difference between men of antiquity and men of today?

    <p>Men of antiquity studied to improve themselves, while men today study to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding matters of government?

    <p>To concern oneself with matters of government only if they are the responsibility of one's office</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important quality of a gentleman?

    <p>Virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the defining quality of a complete man in modern times?

    <p>Remembers what is right, is ready to lay down his life in the face of danger, and does not forget sentiments he has repeated all his life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important factor in commanding the common people?

    <p>Observance of the rites by those above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about destiny?

    <p>Destiny prevails whether the Way falls into disuse or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Confucius' advice to the Governor of She?

    <p>Ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about a man who has a sense of shame?

    <p>He can be said to be a Gentleman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Fan Ch'ih to do?

    <p>Hold himself in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do his best when dealing with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was more difficult according to Chapter 13-14?

    <p>Not to behave with arrogance when poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Confucius advise Tzu-hsia to do?

    <p>Be patient and not just see petty gains in government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about routine matters?

    <p>They are not affairs of state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about a saying's impact on a state?

    <p>A saying can lead to the ruin of a state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the difficulty of being a ruler?

    <p>Understanding the difficulty of being a ruler can lead to prosperity in a state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about those who shun the world?

    <p>They come first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the Book of History?

    <p>It is a text that still has relevance today</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Confucius' advice regarding matters of government?

    <p>To only be involved in matters of government if they are the responsibility of one's office</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about men of antiquity compared to men today?

    <p>Men of antiquity studied to improve themselves, while men today study to impress others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste of time?

    <p>Speaking to incapable people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to going forward without obstruction, according to Confucius?

    <p>Being conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise seeking in order to practice a craft well?

    <p>The patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the guide to conduct throughout one's life?

    <p>The word 'shu'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was harmful when making friends?

    <p>Making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was beneficial when attending a gentleman?

    <p>Not speaking before being spoken to, not speaking when spoken to, and speaking without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe the gentleman should guard against in old age?

    <p>Acquisitiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius rank as the highest?

    <p>Those born with knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the first step in seeing what is good?

    <p>Acting as if he were in danger of being left behind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the first step in seeing what is not good?

    <p>Acting as if he were testing hot water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a gentleman?

    <p>One who stands in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a small man?

    <p>One who does not stand in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding the calendar, music, and speech?

    <p>Adopt the calendar of the Hsia, Yin, and Chou dynasties, avoid the tunes of Cheng and plausible men, and sing the praises of other men's goodness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the word 'shu'?

    <p>It could be a guide to conduct throughout one's life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the understanding of virtue?

    <p>Few people truly understood it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding making friends?

    <p>Make friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding attending a gentleman?

    <p>One should not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the attraction of feminine beauty, bellicosity, and acquisitiveness?

    <p>The gentleman should guard against them in youth, prime of life, and old age respectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the Decree of Heaven?

    <p>The gentleman stands in awe of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about knowledge?

    <p>Those born with knowledge were the highest, followed by those who attain knowledge through study, then those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, and finally, the common people who make no effort to study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the gentleman's actions towards what is good and what is not good?

    <p>The gentleman should act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about power?

    <p>Power could pass from the Emperor to the feudal lords within ten generations and from the feudal lords to the Counsellors within five generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about policy when the Way prevails in the Empire?

    <p>Policy does not rest with the Counsellors, and the Commoners do not express critical views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding making friends?

    <p>Make friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given?

    <p>Sense of duty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important quality in a gentleman?

    <p>Virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the proper conduct when attending a gentleman?

    <p>Not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise seeking in order to practice a craft well?

    <p>The patronage of distinguished counselors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the guide to conduct throughout one's life?

    <p>Shu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the proper attitude towards the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages?

    <p>Respect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise Tzu-lu when provisions ran out on their journey?

    <p>It was surprising for a gentleman to face such situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the order of those born with knowledge and those who attain knowledge through study?

    <p>Those born with knowledge, those who attain knowledge through study, those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, the common people who make no effort to study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding military formations when asked by Duke Ling of Wei?

    <p>Confucius had no knowledge on the subject and left the next day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius cite as an example of a ruler who achieved order without taking any action?

    <p>Shun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise the gentleman to guard against in old age?

    <p>The desire for power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding making friends?

    <p>Make friends with those who are straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what is the key to going forward without obstruction?

    <p>Being conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the word 'shu'?

    <p>It is a guide to conduct throughout one's life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about power passing from the Emperor to the feudal lords?

    <p>It can happen within ten generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about patronage passing out of the control of the Ducal House?

    <p>It happened five generations ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding attending a gentleman?

    <p>Do not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the attraction of feminine beauty?

    <p>The gentleman should guard against it in youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the Decree of Heaven?

    <p>The gentleman should stand in awe of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about those born with knowledge?

    <p>They are the highest in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about turning one's thought to nine things?

    <p>It is essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about acting when seeing what is good or not good?

    <p>The gentleman should act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about military formations?

    <p>He had no knowledge on the subject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding making friends?

    <p>Make friends with those who are straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to going forward without obstruction?

    <p>Being conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste of time?

    <p>Speaking to an incapable person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Confucius, what is the order of those who attain knowledge?

    <p>Those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, those who attain knowledge through study, those born with knowledge, and the common people who make no effort to study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding attending a gentleman?

    <p>Not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most harmful thing?

    <p>Indulging in food and drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to conduct throughout one's life?

    <p>The word 'shu' (meaning not imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a sign of a gentleman?

    <p>Standing in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was necessary in order to accomplish goals?

    <p>Accepting death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding military formations?

    <p>Confucius had no knowledge on the subject of military formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the understanding of virtue?

    <p>Few people truly understand virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding seeking patronage and making friends?

    <p>Seek the patronage of distinguished counselors and make friends with benevolent gentlemen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the best way to achieve order?

    <p>Doing nothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise in order to practice a craft well?

    <p>Seeking the patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a guide to conduct throughout one's life?

    <p>Shu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste?

    <p>Not speaking to an incapable person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise against when making friends?

    <p>Making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to going forward without obstruction?

    <p>Being conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a ruler who achieved order without taking any action?

    <p>Shun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste in speech?

    <p>Speaking to a capable person who could benefit from one's words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the correct order of those born with knowledge and those who attain knowledge through study?

    <p>Those born with knowledge, those who attain knowledge through study, those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, the common people who make no effort to study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise when attending a gentleman?

    <p>Not speaking before being spoken to, not speaking when spoken to, and speaking without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the highest quality in a gentleman?

    <p>Benevolence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was harmful?

    <p>Showing off, leading a dissolute life, and indulging in food and drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was essential in accepting death to accomplish one's goals?

    <p>Courage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding the shao and wu music?

    <p>To adopt them in daily life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to going forward without obstruction?

    <p>Being conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about gentlemen and men of benevolence?

    <p>They may have to accept death in order to accomplish their goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise seeking in order to practice a craft well?

    <p>The patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste?

    <p>Not speaking to a capable person who could benefit from one's words, and speaking to an incapable person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was harmful in making friends?

    <p>Making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about power passing from the Emperor to the Counsellors?

    <p>It can happen within ten generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about policy when the Way prevails in the Empire?

    <p>It does not rest with the Counsellors, and the Commoners do not express critical views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about the gentleman's attitude towards the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages?

    <p>The gentleman stands in awe of them, while the small man does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the order of those with knowledge?

    <p>Those born with knowledge, those who attain knowledge through study, those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, and finally, the common people who make no effort to study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe the gentleman should guard against in different stages of life?

    <p>Feminine beauty in youth, bellicosity in the prime of life, and acquisitiveness in old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise when attending a gentleman?

    <p>Not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste of time?

    <p>Speaking to an incapable person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise seeking in order to practice a craft well?

    <p>The patronage of distinguished counselors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to going forward without obstruction?

    <p>Being conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the highest form of knowledge?

    <p>Being born with knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding making friends?

    <p>Making friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed is beneficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the correct way to attend a gentleman?

    <p>Not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was harmful?

    <p>Showing off, leading a dissolute life, and indulging in food and drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was not surprising for a gentleman to face?

    <p>Extreme straits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the proper way for a gentleman to act when seeing what is good or not good?

    <p>Act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a ruler who achieved order without taking any action?

    <p>Shun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of the word 'shu'?

    <p>Not imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was necessary for a gentleman to guard against?

    <p>The attraction of feminine beauty in youth, bellicosity in the prime of life, and acquisitiveness in old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise in order to practice a craft well?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste?

    <p>To not speak to a capable person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise in regards to making friends?

    <p>Make friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to going forward without obstruction?

    <p>Being single-minded and reverent in word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a gentleman's attitude towards the Decree of Heaven?

    <p>The gentleman should stand in awe of the Decree of Heaven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the highest form of knowledge?

    <p>Those born with knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the gentleman's attitude towards feminine beauty?

    <p>The gentleman should guard against the attraction of feminine beauty in youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a gentleman's attitude towards learning?

    <p>The gentleman should attain knowledge through study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of the word 'shu'?

    <p>Imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the gentleman's attitude towards hot water?

    <p>The gentleman should test hot water when seeing what is not good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the gentleman's attitude towards food and drink?

    <p>The gentleman should enjoy food and drink in moderation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the gentleman's behavior when attending another gentleman?

    <p>The gentleman should not speak before being spoken to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste of time?

    <p>Speaking to an incapable person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise seeking in order to practice a craft well?

    <p>The patronage of distinguished counselors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to going forward without obstruction?

    <p>Being conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a gentleman?

    <p>A man who is well-respected and virtuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding making friends?

    <p>Make friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the order of those who attain knowledge?

    <p>Those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, those born with knowledge, those who attain knowledge through study, and the common people who make no effort to study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding attending a gentleman?

    <p>Not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important quality in a gentleman?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise against indulging in?

    <p>Indulging in food and drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of shu?

    <p>Imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of a small man?

    <p>A man who does not stand in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of power?

    <p>The ability to control others through authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius advise regarding making friends?

    <p>Make friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a waste of time?

    <p>Speaking to an incapable person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Confucius' advice on seeking patronage and making friends?

    <p>Seek the patronage of distinguished counselors and make friends with benevolent gentlemen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Confucius' advice on how to act when seeing what is good and what is not good?

    <p>Act as if you are in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and act as if you are testing hot water when seeing what is not good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the key to going forward without obstruction?

    <p>Being conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was a gentleman's duty when seeing a capable person?

    <p>Not speak before being spoken to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the order of knowledge?

    <p>Those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, those who attain knowledge through study, those born with knowledge, and the common people who make no effort to study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the most important quality in a gentleman?

    <p>Standing in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe was the definition of 'shu'?

    <p>Imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about power?

    <p>When officials of the Counsellors hold the prerogative to command in a state, power can pass from them within three generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about virtue?

    <p>Few people truly understood virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Confucius believe about gentlemen and men of benevolence?

    <p>They may have to accept death in order to accomplish their goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Analects of Confucius: Chapter 11-12

    • The Chi Family's wealth surpasses that of the Duke of Chou, and even though Ch'iu helps them accumulate more wealth through taxes, Confucius does not consider him a disciple.

    • Confucius describes his disciples: Ch'ai is stupid, Ts'an is slow, Shih is one-sided, Yu is forthright, Hui is difficult to improve upon, and Ssu is frequently right in his conjectures.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-chang that a good man does not blindly follow others and does not try to enter the inner room.

    • The Master questions whether someone who blindly follows tenacious opinions can be considered a gentleman.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-lu and Jan Yu that they should immediately put into practice what they have learned, but Tzu-lu should wait until his father and elder brothers are no longer alive.

    • Confucius urges Ch'iu to take action, while he tries to hold back Yu, who has the energy of two men.

    • Confucius expresses relief that Yen Yuan did not die when he fell behind during a siege.

    • Confucius defines a great minister as someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary. He believes that Yu and Ch'iu are only ministers appointed to make up the full quota.

    • When Tzu-lu makes Tzu-kao the prefect of Pi, Confucius criticizes him for ruining another man's son.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to pursue their own interests and not try to be someone they are not.

    • Confucius defines benevolence as returning to the observance of the rites through overcoming the self and gives specific examples of how to do so.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to be trustworthy and move towards what is right when exalting virtue. He also warns against misguided judgement and the pursuit of novelty.Teachings of Confucius on Virtue, Government, and Wisdom

    • Confucius advised against killing in administering government and emphasized the importance of personal virtue in influencing the behavior of the common people.

    • The term "getting through" describes a man who is straight by nature, fond of what is right, sensitive to other people's words, observant of their expressions, and mindful of being modest.

    • The term "being known" describes a man who puts up a facade of benevolence but his deeds belie it.

    • The exaltation of virtue involves putting service before the reward, attacking evil as evil, and avoiding misguided judgment.

    • The Master defined benevolence as loving one's fellow men and wisdom as knowing them, and advised raising the straight and setting them over the crooked to make them straight.

    • Promoting men of talent and setting an example for officials to follow are essential in government, as well as showing leniency towards minor offenders.

    • Rectification of names is critical in ensuring success in affairs, as it ensures reasonable speech, flourishing rites and music, and punishments that fit the crimes.

    • The Master emphasized the importance of loving the rites, what is right, and trustworthiness in promoting reverence, obedience, and sincerity among the common people.

    • Personal correctness is crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given, while its absence leads to disobedience even with orders.

    • Prince Ching of Wei demonstrated a laudable attitude towards his house, recognizing its adequacy, completeness, and grandeur in stages.

    • The Master believed in making the people rich and training them to further benefit a flourishing population.

    • Confucius was confident in his ability to bring things to a satisfactory state in a year if employed and to show results after three years, and he believed that good rulership could overcome cruelty and killing after a hundred years.

    The Analects of Confucius: Chapter 11-12

    • The Chi Family's wealth surpasses that of the Duke of Chou, and even though Ch'iu helps them accumulate more wealth through taxes, Confucius does not consider him a disciple.

    • Confucius describes his disciples: Ch'ai is stupid, Ts'an is slow, Shih is one-sided, Yu is forthright, Hui is difficult to improve upon, and Ssu is frequently right in his conjectures.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-chang that a good man does not blindly follow others and does not try to enter the inner room.

    • The Master questions whether someone who blindly follows tenacious opinions can be considered a gentleman.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-lu and Jan Yu that they should immediately put into practice what they have learned, but Tzu-lu should wait until his father and elder brothers are no longer alive.

    • Confucius urges Ch'iu to take action, while he tries to hold back Yu, who has the energy of two men.

    • Confucius expresses relief that Yen Yuan did not die when he fell behind during a siege.

    • Confucius defines a great minister as someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary. He believes that Yu and Ch'iu are only ministers appointed to make up the full quota.

    • When Tzu-lu makes Tzu-kao the prefect of Pi, Confucius criticizes him for ruining another man's son.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to pursue their own interests and not try to be someone they are not.

    • Confucius defines benevolence as returning to the observance of the rites through overcoming the self and gives specific examples of how to do so.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to be trustworthy and move towards what is right when exalting virtue. He also warns against misguided judgement and the pursuit of novelty.Teachings of Confucius on Virtue, Government, and Wisdom

    • Confucius advised against killing in administering government and emphasized the importance of personal virtue in influencing the behavior of the common people.

    • The term "getting through" describes a man who is straight by nature, fond of what is right, sensitive to other people's words, observant of their expressions, and mindful of being modest.

    • The term "being known" describes a man who puts up a facade of benevolence but his deeds belie it.

    • The exaltation of virtue involves putting service before the reward, attacking evil as evil, and avoiding misguided judgment.

    • The Master defined benevolence as loving one's fellow men and wisdom as knowing them, and advised raising the straight and setting them over the crooked to make them straight.

    • Promoting men of talent and setting an example for officials to follow are essential in government, as well as showing leniency towards minor offenders.

    • Rectification of names is critical in ensuring success in affairs, as it ensures reasonable speech, flourishing rites and music, and punishments that fit the crimes.

    • The Master emphasized the importance of loving the rites, what is right, and trustworthiness in promoting reverence, obedience, and sincerity among the common people.

    • Personal correctness is crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given, while its absence leads to disobedience even with orders.

    • Prince Ching of Wei demonstrated a laudable attitude towards his house, recognizing its adequacy, completeness, and grandeur in stages.

    • The Master believed in making the people rich and training them to further benefit a flourishing population.

    • Confucius was confident in his ability to bring things to a satisfactory state in a year if employed and to show results after three years, and he believed that good rulership could overcome cruelty and killing after a hundred years.

    The Analects of Confucius: Chapter 11-12

    • The Chi Family's wealth surpasses that of the Duke of Chou, and even though Ch'iu helps them accumulate more wealth through taxes, Confucius does not consider him a disciple.

    • Confucius describes his disciples: Ch'ai is stupid, Ts'an is slow, Shih is one-sided, Yu is forthright, Hui is difficult to improve upon, and Ssu is frequently right in his conjectures.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-chang that a good man does not blindly follow others and does not try to enter the inner room.

    • The Master questions whether someone who blindly follows tenacious opinions can be considered a gentleman.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-lu and Jan Yu that they should immediately put into practice what they have learned, but Tzu-lu should wait until his father and elder brothers are no longer alive.

    • Confucius urges Ch'iu to take action, while he tries to hold back Yu, who has the energy of two men.

    • Confucius expresses relief that Yen Yuan did not die when he fell behind during a siege.

    • Confucius defines a great minister as someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary. He believes that Yu and Ch'iu are only ministers appointed to make up the full quota.

    • When Tzu-lu makes Tzu-kao the prefect of Pi, Confucius criticizes him for ruining another man's son.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to pursue their own interests and not try to be someone they are not.

    • Confucius defines benevolence as returning to the observance of the rites through overcoming the self and gives specific examples of how to do so.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to be trustworthy and move towards what is right when exalting virtue. He also warns against misguided judgement and the pursuit of novelty.Teachings of Confucius on Virtue, Government, and Wisdom

    • Confucius advised against killing in administering government and emphasized the importance of personal virtue in influencing the behavior of the common people.

    • The term "getting through" describes a man who is straight by nature, fond of what is right, sensitive to other people's words, observant of their expressions, and mindful of being modest.

    • The term "being known" describes a man who puts up a facade of benevolence but his deeds belie it.

    • The exaltation of virtue involves putting service before the reward, attacking evil as evil, and avoiding misguided judgment.

    • The Master defined benevolence as loving one's fellow men and wisdom as knowing them, and advised raising the straight and setting them over the crooked to make them straight.

    • Promoting men of talent and setting an example for officials to follow are essential in government, as well as showing leniency towards minor offenders.

    • Rectification of names is critical in ensuring success in affairs, as it ensures reasonable speech, flourishing rites and music, and punishments that fit the crimes.

    • The Master emphasized the importance of loving the rites, what is right, and trustworthiness in promoting reverence, obedience, and sincerity among the common people.

    • Personal correctness is crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given, while its absence leads to disobedience even with orders.

    • Prince Ching of Wei demonstrated a laudable attitude towards his house, recognizing its adequacy, completeness, and grandeur in stages.

    • The Master believed in making the people rich and training them to further benefit a flourishing population.

    • Confucius was confident in his ability to bring things to a satisfactory state in a year if employed and to show results after three years, and he believed that good rulership could overcome cruelty and killing after a hundred years.

    The Analects of Confucius: Chapter 11-12

    • The Chi Family's wealth surpasses that of the Duke of Chou, and even though Ch'iu helps them accumulate more wealth through taxes, Confucius does not consider him a disciple.

    • Confucius describes his disciples: Ch'ai is stupid, Ts'an is slow, Shih is one-sided, Yu is forthright, Hui is difficult to improve upon, and Ssu is frequently right in his conjectures.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-chang that a good man does not blindly follow others and does not try to enter the inner room.

    • The Master questions whether someone who blindly follows tenacious opinions can be considered a gentleman.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-lu and Jan Yu that they should immediately put into practice what they have learned, but Tzu-lu should wait until his father and elder brothers are no longer alive.

    • Confucius urges Ch'iu to take action, while he tries to hold back Yu, who has the energy of two men.

    • Confucius expresses relief that Yen Yuan did not die when he fell behind during a siege.

    • Confucius defines a great minister as someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary. He believes that Yu and Ch'iu are only ministers appointed to make up the full quota.

    • When Tzu-lu makes Tzu-kao the prefect of Pi, Confucius criticizes him for ruining another man's son.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to pursue their own interests and not try to be someone they are not.

    • Confucius defines benevolence as returning to the observance of the rites through overcoming the self and gives specific examples of how to do so.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to be trustworthy and move towards what is right when exalting virtue. He also warns against misguided judgement and the pursuit of novelty.Teachings of Confucius on Virtue, Government, and Wisdom

    • Confucius advised against killing in administering government and emphasized the importance of personal virtue in influencing the behavior of the common people.

    • The term "getting through" describes a man who is straight by nature, fond of what is right, sensitive to other people's words, observant of their expressions, and mindful of being modest.

    • The term "being known" describes a man who puts up a facade of benevolence but his deeds belie it.

    • The exaltation of virtue involves putting service before the reward, attacking evil as evil, and avoiding misguided judgment.

    • The Master defined benevolence as loving one's fellow men and wisdom as knowing them, and advised raising the straight and setting them over the crooked to make them straight.

    • Promoting men of talent and setting an example for officials to follow are essential in government, as well as showing leniency towards minor offenders.

    • Rectification of names is critical in ensuring success in affairs, as it ensures reasonable speech, flourishing rites and music, and punishments that fit the crimes.

    • The Master emphasized the importance of loving the rites, what is right, and trustworthiness in promoting reverence, obedience, and sincerity among the common people.

    • Personal correctness is crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given, while its absence leads to disobedience even with orders.

    • Prince Ching of Wei demonstrated a laudable attitude towards his house, recognizing its adequacy, completeness, and grandeur in stages.

    • The Master believed in making the people rich and training them to further benefit a flourishing population.

    • Confucius was confident in his ability to bring things to a satisfactory state in a year if employed and to show results after three years, and he believed that good rulership could overcome cruelty and killing after a hundred years.

    The Analects of Confucius: Chapter 11-12

    • The Chi Family's wealth surpasses that of the Duke of Chou, and even though Ch'iu helps them accumulate more wealth through taxes, Confucius does not consider him a disciple.

    • Confucius describes his disciples: Ch'ai is stupid, Ts'an is slow, Shih is one-sided, Yu is forthright, Hui is difficult to improve upon, and Ssu is frequently right in his conjectures.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-chang that a good man does not blindly follow others and does not try to enter the inner room.

    • The Master questions whether someone who blindly follows tenacious opinions can be considered a gentleman.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-lu and Jan Yu that they should immediately put into practice what they have learned, but Tzu-lu should wait until his father and elder brothers are no longer alive.

    • Confucius urges Ch'iu to take action, while he tries to hold back Yu, who has the energy of two men.

    • Confucius expresses relief that Yen Yuan did not die when he fell behind during a siege.

    • Confucius defines a great minister as someone who serves their lord according to the Way and relinquishes office when necessary. He believes that Yu and Ch'iu are only ministers appointed to make up the full quota.

    • When Tzu-lu makes Tzu-kao the prefect of Pi, Confucius criticizes him for ruining another man's son.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to pursue their own interests and not try to be someone they are not.

    • Confucius defines benevolence as returning to the observance of the rites through overcoming the self and gives specific examples of how to do so.

    • Confucius advises his disciples to be trustworthy and move towards what is right when exalting virtue. He also warns against misguided judgement and the pursuit of novelty.Teachings of Confucius on Virtue, Government, and Wisdom

    • Confucius advised against killing in administering government and emphasized the importance of personal virtue in influencing the behavior of the common people.

    • The term "getting through" describes a man who is straight by nature, fond of what is right, sensitive to other people's words, observant of their expressions, and mindful of being modest.

    • The term "being known" describes a man who puts up a facade of benevolence but his deeds belie it.

    • The exaltation of virtue involves putting service before the reward, attacking evil as evil, and avoiding misguided judgment.

    • The Master defined benevolence as loving one's fellow men and wisdom as knowing them, and advised raising the straight and setting them over the crooked to make them straight.

    • Promoting men of talent and setting an example for officials to follow are essential in government, as well as showing leniency towards minor offenders.

    • Rectification of names is critical in ensuring success in affairs, as it ensures reasonable speech, flourishing rites and music, and punishments that fit the crimes.

    • The Master emphasized the importance of loving the rites, what is right, and trustworthiness in promoting reverence, obedience, and sincerity among the common people.

    • Personal correctness is crucial in ensuring obedience without orders being given, while its absence leads to disobedience even with orders.

    • Prince Ching of Wei demonstrated a laudable attitude towards his house, recognizing its adequacy, completeness, and grandeur in stages.

    • The Master believed in making the people rich and training them to further benefit a flourishing population.

    • Confucius was confident in his ability to bring things to a satisfactory state in a year if employed and to show results after three years, and he believed that good rulership could overcome cruelty and killing after a hundred years.

    Benevolence, Government, and Virtue: Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius believed that it takes a generation for benevolence to become a reality, even with a true king in power.

    • A person who cannot make themselves correct cannot make others correct, and only those who are correct themselves can participate in government.

    • Confucius stated that understanding the difficulty of ruling can lead a state to prosperity, and that ruling without opposition can lead to ruin.

    • Confucius advised government officials to ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted.

    • The Master advised officials to be patient and not focus on petty gains, as it would hinder the accomplishment of great tasks.

    • Confucius believed that straightness is found in covering up for family members, not in betraying them.

    • The Master advised individuals to hold themselves in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do their best when dealing with others.

    • A Gentleman is someone who has a sense of shame in their conduct and does not disgrace their lord's commission.

    • Confucius believed that it is more difficult not to complain of injustice when poor than not to behave with arrogance when rich.

    • The Master believed that a complete man is wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music.

    • Confucius believed that claims made immodestly are difficult to live up to.

    • Kuan Chung's benevolence was demonstrated by his ability to save the Empire from collapse and help Duke Huan become the leader of the feudal lords.Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius reported to Duke Ai about the killing of Duke Chien and requested an army to punish the killer, but the Duke refused and asked him to tell the three noble lords instead.

    • The three noble lords also refused to take action, and Confucius emphasized that he reported the incident because of his duty as a counselor.

    • The Master advised Tzu-lu to be honest with his lord and not to go beyond his office.

    • The Master stated that the gentleman strives to improve himself, while the small man seeks to impress others.

    • Confucius detested inflexibility and did not practice flattery.

    • The Master believed that a good horse is praised for its virtue, not just its strength.

    • The Master disagreed with repaying a good turn with an injury and recommended repaying it with another good turn.

    • The Master stated that no one understood him, but he did not complain against Heaven or blame Man.

    • The Master believed that destiny would prevail, and there was nothing one could do to defy it.

    • The Master ranked men who shun the world as the highest and those who shun hostile words as the lowest.

    • The Master emphasized that when those above observe the rites, the common people are easy to command.

    • The Master described the gentleman as someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people.

    Benevolence, Government, and Virtue: Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius believed that it takes a generation for benevolence to become a reality, even with a true king in power.

    • A person who cannot make themselves correct cannot make others correct, and only those who are correct themselves can participate in government.

    • Confucius stated that understanding the difficulty of ruling can lead a state to prosperity, and that ruling without opposition can lead to ruin.

    • Confucius advised government officials to ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted.

    • The Master advised officials to be patient and not focus on petty gains, as it would hinder the accomplishment of great tasks.

    • Confucius believed that straightness is found in covering up for family members, not in betraying them.

    • The Master advised individuals to hold themselves in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do their best when dealing with others.

    • A Gentleman is someone who has a sense of shame in their conduct and does not disgrace their lord's commission.

    • Confucius believed that it is more difficult not to complain of injustice when poor than not to behave with arrogance when rich.

    • The Master believed that a complete man is wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music.

    • Confucius believed that claims made immodestly are difficult to live up to.

    • Kuan Chung's benevolence was demonstrated by his ability to save the Empire from collapse and help Duke Huan become the leader of the feudal lords.Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius reported to Duke Ai about the killing of Duke Chien and requested an army to punish the killer, but the Duke refused and asked him to tell the three noble lords instead.

    • The three noble lords also refused to take action, and Confucius emphasized that he reported the incident because of his duty as a counselor.

    • The Master advised Tzu-lu to be honest with his lord and not to go beyond his office.

    • The Master stated that the gentleman strives to improve himself, while the small man seeks to impress others.

    • Confucius detested inflexibility and did not practice flattery.

    • The Master believed that a good horse is praised for its virtue, not just its strength.

    • The Master disagreed with repaying a good turn with an injury and recommended repaying it with another good turn.

    • The Master stated that no one understood him, but he did not complain against Heaven or blame Man.

    • The Master believed that destiny would prevail, and there was nothing one could do to defy it.

    • The Master ranked men who shun the world as the highest and those who shun hostile words as the lowest.

    • The Master emphasized that when those above observe the rites, the common people are easy to command.

    • The Master described the gentleman as someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people.

    Benevolence, Government, and Virtue: Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius believed that it takes a generation for benevolence to become a reality, even with a true king in power.

    • A person who cannot make themselves correct cannot make others correct, and only those who are correct themselves can participate in government.

    • Confucius stated that understanding the difficulty of ruling can lead a state to prosperity, and that ruling without opposition can lead to ruin.

    • Confucius advised government officials to ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted.

    • The Master advised officials to be patient and not focus on petty gains, as it would hinder the accomplishment of great tasks.

    • Confucius believed that straightness is found in covering up for family members, not in betraying them.

    • The Master advised individuals to hold themselves in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do their best when dealing with others.

    • A Gentleman is someone who has a sense of shame in their conduct and does not disgrace their lord's commission.

    • Confucius believed that it is more difficult not to complain of injustice when poor than not to behave with arrogance when rich.

    • The Master believed that a complete man is wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music.

    • Confucius believed that claims made immodestly are difficult to live up to.

    • Kuan Chung's benevolence was demonstrated by his ability to save the Empire from collapse and help Duke Huan become the leader of the feudal lords.Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius reported to Duke Ai about the killing of Duke Chien and requested an army to punish the killer, but the Duke refused and asked him to tell the three noble lords instead.

    • The three noble lords also refused to take action, and Confucius emphasized that he reported the incident because of his duty as a counselor.

    • The Master advised Tzu-lu to be honest with his lord and not to go beyond his office.

    • The Master stated that the gentleman strives to improve himself, while the small man seeks to impress others.

    • Confucius detested inflexibility and did not practice flattery.

    • The Master believed that a good horse is praised for its virtue, not just its strength.

    • The Master disagreed with repaying a good turn with an injury and recommended repaying it with another good turn.

    • The Master stated that no one understood him, but he did not complain against Heaven or blame Man.

    • The Master believed that destiny would prevail, and there was nothing one could do to defy it.

    • The Master ranked men who shun the world as the highest and those who shun hostile words as the lowest.

    • The Master emphasized that when those above observe the rites, the common people are easy to command.

    • The Master described the gentleman as someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people.

    Benevolence, Government, and Virtue: Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius believed that it takes a generation for benevolence to become a reality, even with a true king in power.

    • A person who cannot make themselves correct cannot make others correct, and only those who are correct themselves can participate in government.

    • Confucius stated that understanding the difficulty of ruling can lead a state to prosperity, and that ruling without opposition can lead to ruin.

    • Confucius advised government officials to ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted.

    • The Master advised officials to be patient and not focus on petty gains, as it would hinder the accomplishment of great tasks.

    • Confucius believed that straightness is found in covering up for family members, not in betraying them.

    • The Master advised individuals to hold themselves in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do their best when dealing with others.

    • A Gentleman is someone who has a sense of shame in their conduct and does not disgrace their lord's commission.

    • Confucius believed that it is more difficult not to complain of injustice when poor than not to behave with arrogance when rich.

    • The Master believed that a complete man is wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music.

    • Confucius believed that claims made immodestly are difficult to live up to.

    • Kuan Chung's benevolence was demonstrated by his ability to save the Empire from collapse and help Duke Huan become the leader of the feudal lords.Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius reported to Duke Ai about the killing of Duke Chien and requested an army to punish the killer, but the Duke refused and asked him to tell the three noble lords instead.

    • The three noble lords also refused to take action, and Confucius emphasized that he reported the incident because of his duty as a counselor.

    • The Master advised Tzu-lu to be honest with his lord and not to go beyond his office.

    • The Master stated that the gentleman strives to improve himself, while the small man seeks to impress others.

    • Confucius detested inflexibility and did not practice flattery.

    • The Master believed that a good horse is praised for its virtue, not just its strength.

    • The Master disagreed with repaying a good turn with an injury and recommended repaying it with another good turn.

    • The Master stated that no one understood him, but he did not complain against Heaven or blame Man.

    • The Master believed that destiny would prevail, and there was nothing one could do to defy it.

    • The Master ranked men who shun the world as the highest and those who shun hostile words as the lowest.

    • The Master emphasized that when those above observe the rites, the common people are easy to command.

    • The Master described the gentleman as someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people.

    Benevolence, Government, and Virtue: Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius believed that it takes a generation for benevolence to become a reality, even with a true king in power.

    • A person who cannot make themselves correct cannot make others correct, and only those who are correct themselves can participate in government.

    • Confucius stated that understanding the difficulty of ruling can lead a state to prosperity, and that ruling without opposition can lead to ruin.

    • Confucius advised government officials to ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted.

    • The Master advised officials to be patient and not focus on petty gains, as it would hinder the accomplishment of great tasks.

    • Confucius believed that straightness is found in covering up for family members, not in betraying them.

    • The Master advised individuals to hold themselves in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do their best when dealing with others.

    • A Gentleman is someone who has a sense of shame in their conduct and does not disgrace their lord's commission.

    • Confucius believed that it is more difficult not to complain of injustice when poor than not to behave with arrogance when rich.

    • The Master believed that a complete man is wise, free of desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music.

    • Confucius believed that claims made immodestly are difficult to live up to.

    • Kuan Chung's benevolence was demonstrated by his ability to save the Empire from collapse and help Duke Huan become the leader of the feudal lords.Teachings of Confucius

    • Confucius reported to Duke Ai about the killing of Duke Chien and requested an army to punish the killer, but the Duke refused and asked him to tell the three noble lords instead.

    • The three noble lords also refused to take action, and Confucius emphasized that he reported the incident because of his duty as a counselor.

    • The Master advised Tzu-lu to be honest with his lord and not to go beyond his office.

    • The Master stated that the gentleman strives to improve himself, while the small man seeks to impress others.

    • Confucius detested inflexibility and did not practice flattery.

    • The Master believed that a good horse is praised for its virtue, not just its strength.

    • The Master disagreed with repaying a good turn with an injury and recommended repaying it with another good turn.

    • The Master stated that no one understood him, but he did not complain against Heaven or blame Man.

    • The Master believed that destiny would prevail, and there was nothing one could do to defy it.

    • The Master ranked men who shun the world as the highest and those who shun hostile words as the lowest.

    • The Master emphasized that when those above observe the rites, the common people are easy to command.

    • The Master described the gentleman as someone who cultivates himself, reverence, and brings peace and security to his fellow men and the people.

    Selected Sayings of Confucius, Chapter 13-14

    • Confucius believes that it takes a generation for benevolence to become a reality even with a true king.

    • Confucius believes that a man who manages to make himself correct can take part in government.

    • Confucius says that routine matters are not affairs of state.

    • Confucius believes that understanding the difficulty of being a ruler can lead to prosperity in a state.

    • Confucius believes that a saying cannot lead to the ruin of a state, but a ruler's actions can.

    • Confucius advises the Governor of She to ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-hsia to be patient and not just see petty gains in government.

    • Confucius believes that straightness is seen in behavior where fathers cover up for their sons, and sons cover up for their fathers.

    • Confucius advises Fan Ch'ih to hold himself in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do his best when dealing with others.

    • Confucius believes that a man who has a sense of shame and does not disgrace the commission of his lord can be said to be a Gentleman.

    • Confucius believes that it is more difficult not to complain of injustice when poor than not to behave with arrogance when rich.

    • Confucius believes that a complete man may be wise, free from desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music, but in modern times, a man who remembers what is right, is ready to lay down his life in the face of danger, and does not forget sentiments he has repeated all his life may be said to be a complete man.Confucius' Teachings on Duty, Virtue, and Destiny

    • Confucius reports the killing of Duke Chien to Duke Ai and requests an army to punish the killer, but is told to tell the three noble lords instead.

    • The gentleman does not allow his thoughts to go beyond his office and is ashamed of his word outstripping his deed.

    • Men of antiquity studied to improve themselves, while men today study to impress others.

    • The Master advises not to concern oneself with matters of government unless they are the responsibility of one's office.

    • The gentleman is praised for his virtue, not his strength, and repays an injury with straightness but repays a good turn with a good turn.

    • Confucius complains that no one understands him, and he does not blame Heaven or Man for it.

    • The Master believes that destiny prevails whether the Way falls into disuse or not, and that those who shun the world come first, while those who shun hostile words come last.

    • Tzu-lu stays at the Stone Gate and is asked if he comes from the K'ung family that keeps working towards a hopeless goal.

    • The Master plays the stone chimes, and a man carrying a basket criticizes him for his frustrated purpose and stubborn sound.

    • The Book of History says that when the ruler dies, all the officials join together and place themselves under the prime minister for three years.

    • When those above observe the rites, the common people are easy to command, and the gentleman cultivates himself and reverence to bring peace and security to his fellow men and the people.

    • Yuan Jang is criticized by the Master for being neither modest nor deferential when young, passing on nothing worthwhile when grown up, and refusing to die when old.

    Selected Sayings of Confucius, Chapter 13-14

    • Confucius believes that it takes a generation for benevolence to become a reality even with a true king.

    • Confucius believes that a man who manages to make himself correct can take part in government.

    • Confucius says that routine matters are not affairs of state.

    • Confucius believes that understanding the difficulty of being a ruler can lead to prosperity in a state.

    • Confucius believes that a saying cannot lead to the ruin of a state, but a ruler's actions can.

    • Confucius advises the Governor of She to ensure that those who are near are pleased and those who are far away are attracted.

    • Confucius advises Tzu-hsia to be patient and not just see petty gains in government.

    • Confucius believes that straightness is seen in behavior where fathers cover up for their sons, and sons cover up for their fathers.

    • Confucius advises Fan Ch'ih to hold himself in a respectful attitude, be reverent when serving in an official capacity, and do his best when dealing with others.

    • Confucius believes that a man who has a sense of shame and does not disgrace the commission of his lord can be said to be a Gentleman.

    • Confucius believes that it is more difficult not to complain of injustice when poor than not to behave with arrogance when rich.

    • Confucius believes that a complete man may be wise, free from desires, courageous, accomplished, and refined by the rites and music, but in modern times, a man who remembers what is right, is ready to lay down his life in the face of danger, and does not forget sentiments he has repeated all his life may be said to be a complete man.Confucius' Teachings on Duty, Virtue, and Destiny

    • Confucius reports the killing of Duke Chien to Duke Ai and requests an army to punish the killer, but is told to tell the three noble lords instead.

    • The gentleman does not allow his thoughts to go beyond his office and is ashamed of his word outstripping his deed.

    • Men of antiquity studied to improve themselves, while men today study to impress others.

    • The Master advises not to concern oneself with matters of government unless they are the responsibility of one's office.

    • The gentleman is praised for his virtue, not his strength, and repays an injury with straightness but repays a good turn with a good turn.

    • Confucius complains that no one understands him, and he does not blame Heaven or Man for it.

    • The Master believes that destiny prevails whether the Way falls into disuse or not, and that those who shun the world come first, while those who shun hostile words come last.

    • Tzu-lu stays at the Stone Gate and is asked if he comes from the K'ung family that keeps working towards a hopeless goal.

    • The Master plays the stone chimes, and a man carrying a basket criticizes him for his frustrated purpose and stubborn sound.

    • The Book of History says that when the ruler dies, all the officials join together and place themselves under the prime minister for three years.

    • When those above observe the rites, the common people are easy to command, and the gentleman cultivates himself and reverence to bring peace and security to his fellow men and the people.

    • Yuan Jang is criticized by the Master for being neither modest nor deferential when young, passing on nothing worthwhile when grown up, and refusing to die when old.

    Teachings of Confucius, Chapter 15-16

    • Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about military formations, but Confucius admitted he had no knowledge on the subject and left the next day.

    • When provisions ran out on their journey, Tzu-lu asked Confucius if even gentlemen could find themselves in extreme straits, and Confucius responded that it was not surprising for a gentleman to face such situations.

    • Confucius stated that he did not retain knowledge widely, but rather had a single thread binding it all together.

    • Confucius believed that few people truly understood virtue.

    • Confucius cited Shun as a ruler who achieved order without taking any action.

    • The key to going forward without obstruction, according to Confucius, was to be conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed.

    • Confucius praised the straightness of Shih Yu and the gentlemanliness of Ch'u Po-yu.

    • Confucius believed that it was a waste to not speak to a capable person who could benefit from one's words, and a waste to speak to an incapable person.

    • Confucius believed that gentlemen and men of benevolence may have to accept death in order to accomplish their goals.

    • Confucius advised seeking the patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen in order to practice a craft well.

    • Confucius advised following the calendar of the Hsia, Yin, and Chou dynasties, adopting the shao and wu music, and avoiding the tunes of Cheng and plausible men.

    • Confucius believed that the word "shu" (meaning not imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself) could be a guide to conduct throughout one's life.Confucius on Power, Friendship, and Gentlemen

    • Confucius believed that power could pass from the Emperor to the feudal lords within ten generations and from the feudal lords to the Counsellors within five generations.

    • When officials of the Counsellors hold the prerogative to command in a state, power can pass from them within three generations.

    • When the Way prevails in the Empire, policy does not rest with the Counsellors, and the Commoners do not express critical views.

    • Confucius observed that patronage passed out of the control of the Ducal House five generations ago and government came under the control of the Counsellors four generations ago, leading to the decline of the descendants of the three houses of Huan.

    • Confucius advised that making friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed is beneficial, while making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech is harmful.

    • Taking pleasure in the correct regulation of the rites and music, singing the praises of other men's goodness, and having a large number of excellent men as friends is beneficial, while showing off, leading a dissolute life, and indulging in food and drink is harmful.

    • When attending a gentleman, one should not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face.

    • The gentleman should guard against the attraction of feminine beauty in youth, bellicosity in the prime of life, and acquisitiveness in old age.

    • The gentleman stands in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages, while the small man does not.

    • Confucius ranked those born with knowledge as the highest, followed by those who attain knowledge through study, then those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, and finally, the common people who make no effort to study.

    • The gentleman should turn his thought to nine things, such as seeking advice when in doubt and being conscientious when speaking.

    • Confucius believed that a gentleman should act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good.

    Teachings of Confucius, Chapter 15-16

    • Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about military formations, but Confucius admitted he had no knowledge on the subject and left the next day.

    • When provisions ran out on their journey, Tzu-lu asked Confucius if even gentlemen could find themselves in extreme straits, and Confucius responded that it was not surprising for a gentleman to face such situations.

    • Confucius stated that he did not retain knowledge widely, but rather had a single thread binding it all together.

    • Confucius believed that few people truly understood virtue.

    • Confucius cited Shun as a ruler who achieved order without taking any action.

    • The key to going forward without obstruction, according to Confucius, was to be conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed.

    • Confucius praised the straightness of Shih Yu and the gentlemanliness of Ch'u Po-yu.

    • Confucius believed that it was a waste to not speak to a capable person who could benefit from one's words, and a waste to speak to an incapable person.

    • Confucius believed that gentlemen and men of benevolence may have to accept death in order to accomplish their goals.

    • Confucius advised seeking the patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen in order to practice a craft well.

    • Confucius advised following the calendar of the Hsia, Yin, and Chou dynasties, adopting the shao and wu music, and avoiding the tunes of Cheng and plausible men.

    • Confucius believed that the word "shu" (meaning not imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself) could be a guide to conduct throughout one's life.Confucius on Power, Friendship, and Gentlemen

    • Confucius believed that power could pass from the Emperor to the feudal lords within ten generations and from the feudal lords to the Counsellors within five generations.

    • When officials of the Counsellors hold the prerogative to command in a state, power can pass from them within three generations.

    • When the Way prevails in the Empire, policy does not rest with the Counsellors, and the Commoners do not express critical views.

    • Confucius observed that patronage passed out of the control of the Ducal House five generations ago and government came under the control of the Counsellors four generations ago, leading to the decline of the descendants of the three houses of Huan.

    • Confucius advised that making friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed is beneficial, while making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech is harmful.

    • Taking pleasure in the correct regulation of the rites and music, singing the praises of other men's goodness, and having a large number of excellent men as friends is beneficial, while showing off, leading a dissolute life, and indulging in food and drink is harmful.

    • When attending a gentleman, one should not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face.

    • The gentleman should guard against the attraction of feminine beauty in youth, bellicosity in the prime of life, and acquisitiveness in old age.

    • The gentleman stands in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages, while the small man does not.

    • Confucius ranked those born with knowledge as the highest, followed by those who attain knowledge through study, then those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, and finally, the common people who make no effort to study.

    • The gentleman should turn his thought to nine things, such as seeking advice when in doubt and being conscientious when speaking.

    • Confucius believed that a gentleman should act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good.

    Teachings of Confucius, Chapter 15-16

    • Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about military formations, but Confucius admitted he had no knowledge on the subject and left the next day.

    • When provisions ran out on their journey, Tzu-lu asked Confucius if even gentlemen could find themselves in extreme straits, and Confucius responded that it was not surprising for a gentleman to face such situations.

    • Confucius stated that he did not retain knowledge widely, but rather had a single thread binding it all together.

    • Confucius believed that few people truly understood virtue.

    • Confucius cited Shun as a ruler who achieved order without taking any action.

    • The key to going forward without obstruction, according to Confucius, was to be conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed.

    • Confucius praised the straightness of Shih Yu and the gentlemanliness of Ch'u Po-yu.

    • Confucius believed that it was a waste to not speak to a capable person who could benefit from one's words, and a waste to speak to an incapable person.

    • Confucius believed that gentlemen and men of benevolence may have to accept death in order to accomplish their goals.

    • Confucius advised seeking the patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen in order to practice a craft well.

    • Confucius advised following the calendar of the Hsia, Yin, and Chou dynasties, adopting the shao and wu music, and avoiding the tunes of Cheng and plausible men.

    • Confucius believed that the word "shu" (meaning not imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself) could be a guide to conduct throughout one's life.Confucius on Power, Friendship, and Gentlemen

    • Confucius believed that power could pass from the Emperor to the feudal lords within ten generations and from the feudal lords to the Counsellors within five generations.

    • When officials of the Counsellors hold the prerogative to command in a state, power can pass from them within three generations.

    • When the Way prevails in the Empire, policy does not rest with the Counsellors, and the Commoners do not express critical views.

    • Confucius observed that patronage passed out of the control of the Ducal House five generations ago and government came under the control of the Counsellors four generations ago, leading to the decline of the descendants of the three houses of Huan.

    • Confucius advised that making friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed is beneficial, while making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech is harmful.

    • Taking pleasure in the correct regulation of the rites and music, singing the praises of other men's goodness, and having a large number of excellent men as friends is beneficial, while showing off, leading a dissolute life, and indulging in food and drink is harmful.

    • When attending a gentleman, one should not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face.

    • The gentleman should guard against the attraction of feminine beauty in youth, bellicosity in the prime of life, and acquisitiveness in old age.

    • The gentleman stands in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages, while the small man does not.

    • Confucius ranked those born with knowledge as the highest, followed by those who attain knowledge through study, then those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, and finally, the common people who make no effort to study.

    • The gentleman should turn his thought to nine things, such as seeking advice when in doubt and being conscientious when speaking.

    • Confucius believed that a gentleman should act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good.

    Teachings of Confucius, Chapter 15-16

    • Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about military formations, but Confucius admitted he had no knowledge on the subject and left the next day.

    • When provisions ran out on their journey, Tzu-lu asked Confucius if even gentlemen could find themselves in extreme straits, and Confucius responded that it was not surprising for a gentleman to face such situations.

    • Confucius stated that he did not retain knowledge widely, but rather had a single thread binding it all together.

    • Confucius believed that few people truly understood virtue.

    • Confucius cited Shun as a ruler who achieved order without taking any action.

    • The key to going forward without obstruction, according to Confucius, was to be conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed.

    • Confucius praised the straightness of Shih Yu and the gentlemanliness of Ch'u Po-yu.

    • Confucius believed that it was a waste to not speak to a capable person who could benefit from one's words, and a waste to speak to an incapable person.

    • Confucius believed that gentlemen and men of benevolence may have to accept death in order to accomplish their goals.

    • Confucius advised seeking the patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen in order to practice a craft well.

    • Confucius advised following the calendar of the Hsia, Yin, and Chou dynasties, adopting the shao and wu music, and avoiding the tunes of Cheng and plausible men.

    • Confucius believed that the word "shu" (meaning not imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself) could be a guide to conduct throughout one's life.Confucius on Power, Friendship, and Gentlemen

    • Confucius believed that power could pass from the Emperor to the feudal lords within ten generations and from the feudal lords to the Counsellors within five generations.

    • When officials of the Counsellors hold the prerogative to command in a state, power can pass from them within three generations.

    • When the Way prevails in the Empire, policy does not rest with the Counsellors, and the Commoners do not express critical views.

    • Confucius observed that patronage passed out of the control of the Ducal House five generations ago and government came under the control of the Counsellors four generations ago, leading to the decline of the descendants of the three houses of Huan.

    • Confucius advised that making friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed is beneficial, while making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech is harmful.

    • Taking pleasure in the correct regulation of the rites and music, singing the praises of other men's goodness, and having a large number of excellent men as friends is beneficial, while showing off, leading a dissolute life, and indulging in food and drink is harmful.

    • When attending a gentleman, one should not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face.

    • The gentleman should guard against the attraction of feminine beauty in youth, bellicosity in the prime of life, and acquisitiveness in old age.

    • The gentleman stands in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages, while the small man does not.

    • Confucius ranked those born with knowledge as the highest, followed by those who attain knowledge through study, then those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, and finally, the common people who make no effort to study.

    • The gentleman should turn his thought to nine things, such as seeking advice when in doubt and being conscientious when speaking.

    • Confucius believed that a gentleman should act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good.

    Teachings of Confucius, Chapter 15-16

    • Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about military formations, but Confucius admitted he had no knowledge on the subject and left the next day.

    • When provisions ran out on their journey, Tzu-lu asked Confucius if even gentlemen could find themselves in extreme straits, and Confucius responded that it was not surprising for a gentleman to face such situations.

    • Confucius stated that he did not retain knowledge widely, but rather had a single thread binding it all together.

    • Confucius believed that few people truly understood virtue.

    • Confucius cited Shun as a ruler who achieved order without taking any action.

    • The key to going forward without obstruction, according to Confucius, was to be conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed.

    • Confucius praised the straightness of Shih Yu and the gentlemanliness of Ch'u Po-yu.

    • Confucius believed that it was a waste to not speak to a capable person who could benefit from one's words, and a waste to speak to an incapable person.

    • Confucius believed that gentlemen and men of benevolence may have to accept death in order to accomplish their goals.

    • Confucius advised seeking the patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen in order to practice a craft well.

    • Confucius advised following the calendar of the Hsia, Yin, and Chou dynasties, adopting the shao and wu music, and avoiding the tunes of Cheng and plausible men.

    • Confucius believed that the word "shu" (meaning not imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself) could be a guide to conduct throughout one's life.Confucius on Power, Friendship, and Gentlemen

    • Confucius believed that power could pass from the Emperor to the feudal lords within ten generations and from the feudal lords to the Counsellors within five generations.

    • When officials of the Counsellors hold the prerogative to command in a state, power can pass from them within three generations.

    • When the Way prevails in the Empire, policy does not rest with the Counsellors, and the Commoners do not express critical views.

    • Confucius observed that patronage passed out of the control of the Ducal House five generations ago and government came under the control of the Counsellors four generations ago, leading to the decline of the descendants of the three houses of Huan.

    • Confucius advised that making friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed is beneficial, while making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech is harmful.

    • Taking pleasure in the correct regulation of the rites and music, singing the praises of other men's goodness, and having a large number of excellent men as friends is beneficial, while showing off, leading a dissolute life, and indulging in food and drink is harmful.

    • When attending a gentleman, one should not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face.

    • The gentleman should guard against the attraction of feminine beauty in youth, bellicosity in the prime of life, and acquisitiveness in old age.

    • The gentleman stands in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages, while the small man does not.

    • Confucius ranked those born with knowledge as the highest, followed by those who attain knowledge through study, then those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, and finally, the common people who make no effort to study.

    • The gentleman should turn his thought to nine things, such as seeking advice when in doubt and being conscientious when speaking.

    • Confucius believed that a gentleman should act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good.

    Teachings of Confucius, Chapter 15-16

    • Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about military formations, but Confucius admitted he had no knowledge on the subject and left the next day.

    • When provisions ran out on their journey, Tzu-lu asked Confucius if even gentlemen could find themselves in extreme straits, and Confucius responded that it was not surprising for a gentleman to face such situations.

    • Confucius stated that he did not retain knowledge widely, but rather had a single thread binding it all together.

    • Confucius believed that few people truly understood virtue.

    • Confucius cited Shun as a ruler who achieved order without taking any action.

    • The key to going forward without obstruction, according to Confucius, was to be conscientious, trustworthy, single-minded, and reverent in both word and deed.

    • Confucius praised the straightness of Shih Yu and the gentlemanliness of Ch'u Po-yu.

    • Confucius believed that it was a waste to not speak to a capable person who could benefit from one's words, and a waste to speak to an incapable person.

    • Confucius believed that gentlemen and men of benevolence may have to accept death in order to accomplish their goals.

    • Confucius advised seeking the patronage of distinguished counselors and making friends with benevolent gentlemen in order to practice a craft well.

    • Confucius advised following the calendar of the Hsia, Yin, and Chou dynasties, adopting the shao and wu music, and avoiding the tunes of Cheng and plausible men.

    • Confucius believed that the word "shu" (meaning not imposing on others what one does not desire for oneself) could be a guide to conduct throughout one's life.Confucius on Power, Friendship, and Gentlemen

    • Confucius believed that power could pass from the Emperor to the feudal lords within ten generations and from the feudal lords to the Counsellors within five generations.

    • When officials of the Counsellors hold the prerogative to command in a state, power can pass from them within three generations.

    • When the Way prevails in the Empire, policy does not rest with the Counsellors, and the Commoners do not express critical views.

    • Confucius observed that patronage passed out of the control of the Ducal House five generations ago and government came under the control of the Counsellors four generations ago, leading to the decline of the descendants of the three houses of Huan.

    • Confucius advised that making friends with the straight, trustworthy in word, and well-informed is beneficial, while making friends with the ingratiating in action, pleasant in appearance, and plausible in speech is harmful.

    • Taking pleasure in the correct regulation of the rites and music, singing the praises of other men's goodness, and having a large number of excellent men as friends is beneficial, while showing off, leading a dissolute life, and indulging in food and drink is harmful.

    • When attending a gentleman, one should not speak before being spoken to, not speak when spoken to, and speak without observing the expression on his face.

    • The gentleman should guard against the attraction of feminine beauty in youth, bellicosity in the prime of life, and acquisitiveness in old age.

    • The gentleman stands in awe of the Decree of Heaven, great men, and the words of the sages, while the small man does not.

    • Confucius ranked those born with knowledge as the highest, followed by those who attain knowledge through study, then those who turn to study after having been vexed by difficulties, and finally, the common people who make no effort to study.

    • The gentleman should turn his thought to nine things, such as seeking advice when in doubt and being conscientious when speaking.

    • Confucius believed that a gentleman should act as if he were in danger of being left behind when seeing what is good and as if he were testing hot water when seeing what is not good.

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    Test your knowledge on the teachings of Confucius with these two quizzes. In the first quiz, explore the insights found in Chapters 11-12 of "The Analects of Confucius," including the importance of personal virtue, the definition of benevolence, and the qualities of a good minister. The second quiz delves into Confucius' teachings on virtue, government, and wisdom, including the promotion of men of talent, the importance of personal correctness, and the rectification

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