Digestive

Respiratory Membrane

• Capillary Endothelium: Responsible for gas exchange.
• Alveolar Epithelium: Plays a key role in gas exchange.

Surfactant

• Function: Reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse.

Intraperitoneal Organs

• Small Intestine: Located within the peritoneal cavity.

Mesentery

• Function: Supports the small intestine, providing blood supply and lymphatic drainage.

Gastrointestinal (GI) Wall Layers

• Muscularis: Contains smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis, propelling food through the digestive tract.

Alveoli

• Primary Function: Gas exchange, where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released.

Respiratory Membrane Layers

• Alveolar Epithelium: Responsible for gas exchange.
• Capillary Endothelium: Responsible for gas exchange.
• Basement Membranes: Connect alveolar and capillary epithelium.

Sinuses

• Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Frontal, and Maxillary: These are the four sinuses.

Nasal Hairs

• Function: Filter large particles from inhaled air.

Pharyngeal Tonsils

• Location: Posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

Larynx Structure

• Thyroid Cartilage: Main cartilaginous structure, forming the "Adam's apple."

Larynx Muscles

• Intrinsic Muscles: Control vocal cord tension and shape, influencing pitch and loudness.
• Extrinsic Muscles: Move the larynx during swallowing and speaking.

Trachea

• Function: Conducts air to the lungs.

Gas Exchange Site

• Alveoli: The primary site of gas exchange.

Nasal Structure

• Vestibule: Outer portion of the nose, composed of bone and cartilage covered by skin, containing many sebaceous glands.

Nasal Cavity Separation

• Cribriform Plate: Separates the nasal cavity from the cranial cavity.

Vestibule Hair Function

• Function: Filter large particles from inhaled air.

Nasal Cilia Role

• Function: Move mucus and trapped particles towards the pharynx for removal.

Conchae Function

• Function: Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, promoting air turbulence and enhancing filtration and humidification.

Respiratory Portion Air Entry

• Olfactory Region: Air enters the respiratory portion of each nasal passage through the olfactory region.

Paranasal Sinuses

• Four Pairs: The paranasal sinuses exist in four pairs.

Nutrient Absorption Organ

• Small Intestine: Responsible for the absorption of most nutrients in the digestive system.

Diffusion Absorption

• Lipids: Absorbed through diffusion in the small intestine.

Sodium Absorption

• Active Transport: Sodium is absorbed into the blood capillaries in the small intestine through active transport, requiring energy.

Sodium Transport

• Water: Sodium is transported out of the GI lumen together with water.

Amino Acid Absorption

• Active Transport: Amino acids are absorbed into the intestinal blood capillaries through active transport, requiring energy.

Mineral Ion Absorption

• Small Intestine: The small intestine is primarily responsible for the absorption of mineral ions.

Accessory Digestive Organs

• Pancreas, Gallbladder, Liver: These are accessory organs in the digestive system.
• Salivary Glands: These are also accessory organs in the digestive system.

Absorption Stage

• Small Intestine: This is the primary site of absorption in the digestive system.

Bile Storage

• Gallbladder: Responsible for storing and concentrating bile.