Discourse Analysis in Social Sciences
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Questions and Answers

While disciplinary founders like Durkheim and Weber didn't focus on language, ______ addressed interaction management in everyday life, including written and spoken text as interactional resources.

Simmel

Reiner Keller's work on discourse analysis stems from the sociology of ______ approach.

knowledge

After World War II, sociology departments in the United States emphasized social psychological aspects of self, role, and interaction, but largely ignored the role played by ______.

language

According to Keller, discourse research in the social sciences begins with a theoretically informed research question and a ______ circumscription of the social phenomenon being studied.

<p>heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Since the 1940s, there has been a significant shift in sociology, with a far greater proportion of sociologists now considering ______ in their studies.

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Influential living theorists such as Bourdieu, Collins, and Habermas underscore the importance of examining language in use within ______ contexts.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Keller suggests that researchers might conduct explorative ______ to gather more information about the research object.

<p>interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Keller, the concept of discourse initially serves as a ______ hypothesis to guide data collection in identifying relevant sources.

<p>sensitising</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contemporary sociology features numerous journals publishing articles that investigate the interrelationships of language with social structures and ______.

<p>behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basil Bernstein's work, particularly his book Class, Codes and Control, explores connections between social class, ______ systems, and educational outcomes.

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data analysis is crucial in determining whether the initial ______ for data collection was appropriate or not.

<p>hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Keller argues that the elements, rules, and strategies that constitute a discourse can only be identified through the process of ______.

<p>analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike Durkheim and Weber, who did not emphasize language, later theorists recognized language as a key resource for understanding social ______ and interactions.

<p>structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Units of analysis in discourse studies can include various data formats such as documents, flyers, and ______ images.

<p>visual</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increased attention to language in sociology represents a ______ change from earlier approaches that primarily focused on individual and social psychological aspects.

<p>sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of data sources appropriate for discourse analysis include newspaper texts, speeches and ______ events.

<p>media</p> Signup and view all the answers

The document references theoretical studies contributing to a ______ of Language.

<p>Sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

The provided text includes images with attributions indicating sources and licenses, such as ______ use.

<p>fair</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions publication details including 'Fachbereich 2' and 'Institut für Sprach- und ______'.

<p>Literaturwissenschaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

The document includes dates such as '1922 – 2013' and '1917 – 2011' which might refer to the ______ of prominent figures in the field.

<p>lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The URL https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aman.12185 suggests the document may be sourced from ______.

<p>anthrosource</p> Signup and view all the answers

The document references a professor, 'Prof.Dr.Marcus ______', indicating academic authorship or oversight.

<p>Müller</p> Signup and view all the answers

The image from Wikimedia Commons is licensed under 'CC BY 3.0', indicating it's available under a ______ Commons Attribution license.

<p>Creative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the subject matter, the document likely explores how social structures and cultural norms influence the use and evolution of ______.

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sociology of knowledge approach to discourse suggests analysing the symbolic dimension of discourse by referring to the tradition of the sociology of knowledge and the ________ paradigm.

<p>interpretative</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Keller, the tradition of 'qualitative' research offers methodical devices for the analysis of knowledge that are useful for doing discourse analysis and illuminating the relationship between discourse and ________ fields of social practice.

<p>extra-discursive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'interpretative repertoire' consists of Deutungsmuster (interpretative schemes, frames), classifications, phenomenal structure and ________ structure, which together form the symbolic structuring of the world.

<p>narrative</p> Signup and view all the answers

When approaching discourse analysis from a sociology of knowledge perspective, the text suggests focusing on analytical units such as interpretative schemes, classifications, phenomenal structure, and narrative structures rather than ________ devices.

<p>linguistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike linguistic approaches, the sociology of knowledge approach seeks to understand discourses by examining ________, classifications, phenomenal structure, and plots.

<p>Deutungsmuster</p> Signup and view all the answers

The guiding questions provided, such as 'What are the authors' premises?' and 'What do we know about the authors' standpoint?', suggest a critical analysis of the texts that includes consideration of the authors' ________.

<p>standpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

'qualitative research offers methodical devices for the analysis of ________ which are useful (not only) for doing discourse analysis'.

<p>knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the focus on the symbolic dimension of discourse, the analysis should prioritize the ________ paradigm over linguistic concepts.

<p>interpretative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Language in Early Sociology

Early sociological founders like Durkheim and Weber didn't focus on language in their theories.

Simmel's Contribution

Simmel examined everyday interactions, including the role of written and spoken text.

Post-WWII Sociology Focus

Sociologists after WWII focused more on self, role, individual, and interaction, but still overlooked language.

Sociological Attention to Language

Since the 1940s, sociology has seen a significant increase in attention to language.

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Key Theorists of Language use in Social Contexts

Bourdieu, Collins, Garfinkel, Giddens, Habermas and Latour are influential theorists who emphasize language.

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Language & Social Structures

Many journals now publish research on the relationship between language, social structures and behaviors.

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Basil Bernstein’s Theory

Basil Bernstein (1924-2000) was a sociologist known for his work on class, codes, and control.

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Class, Codes and Control

This publication by Basil Bernstein explored the concepts of class, codes and control.

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Sociology of Language

The study of language in relation to society.

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Fair Use (Images)

Use of an image falls under fair use when it is transformative, not for profit, and does not harm the original's market value.

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Dell Hymes

American anthropologist known for his work on language and culture.

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Harold Garfinkel

American sociologist known for developing ethnomethodology.

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Ethnomethodology

An approach that studies how people make sense of their everyday world.

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Common-sense Knowledge

Shared cultural understandings individuals use to coordinate their activities.

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Communicative Competence

The capacity to achieve communicative goals.

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SPEAKING framework

A framework developed by Dell Hymes for analyzing speech events.

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Symbolic Dimension of Discourse

The symbolic dimension of discourse, focusing on how phenomena are configured through meaning and knowledge.

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Sociology of Knowledge Approach

An approach to discourse analysis using the sociology of knowledge and interpretative paradigms.

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Qualitative Research Methods

Methodical tools from qualitative research useful for analyzing knowledge in discourse.

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Discourse & Social Practice

The relationship between discourse and the broader social context, including everyday knowledge and actions.

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Interpretative Repertoire

Analytical units for discourse analysis that helps achieve symbolic structuring of the world.

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Deutungsmuster

Patterns of interpretation; frames.

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Narrative Structure (Plots)

A structured sequence of events.

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Symbolic Structuring

The key elements that structure how a discourse represents the world symbolically.

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Discourse Research Start

Discourse research begins with a theoretically grounded question and a defined scope of the social phenomenon under study.

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Explorative Interviews Function

Explorative interviews gather deeper insights into the object of study.

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Data Format Definition

Units of analysis are defined (e.g., documents, flyers) and systematically collected.

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Discourse as Hypothesis

The concept of discourse acts as a preliminary guide for sourcing data.

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Appropriateness of Analysis

Data analysis reveals if the initial data collection approach was appropriate.

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Language Phenomena

Analysis is needed to determine if language phenomena relate to a particular discourse.

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Constitutive Elements

Data analysis identifies the elements, "rules," and strategies constituting a discourse.

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Object Insights

Insights into the object requires exploratory interviews

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Study Notes

  • The lecture covers discourse analysis in the social sciences, specifically sociology and language.

Sociology and Language

  • Disciplinary founders Durkheim and Weber did not focus on language.
  • Simmel addressed interaction management, including written and spoken text.
  • Sociologists were reading Simmel's work as early as the 1920s.
  • No one followed up on sociolinguistic implications at the time.
  • After WWII, sociology graduate students in the US learned about Cooley, Dewey, and Mead.
  • The focus was on social psychological issues such as self, role, individual, and interaction, not on language.
  • Sociological attention to language has changed since the 1940s.
  • Proportionately more sociologists are attending to language than in previous decades.
  • Influential theorists like Bourdieu, Collins, Garfinkel, Giddens, Habermas, and Latour consider language in social contexts.
  • Journals publish articles exploring the interrelationships of language and social structures and behaviors.
  • Basil Bernstein distinguished between elaborated and restricted codes.
  • Codes can be defined on a linguistic level, based on the predictability of a speaker's syntactic elements used to organize meaning.
  • Elaborated code: speakers select from a range of alternatives, and predictability is reduced.
  • Restricted code: the number of alternatives is limited, and predictability is greatly increased.
  • Garfinkel's "Studies in Ethnomethodology" (1967)
  • Gumperz's "Discourse Strategies" (1982)
  • Goffman's "Frame Analysis" (1974)

Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD)

  • SKAD is a social science research program for studying discourse.
  • SKAD analyses knowledge relationships and conditions in society.
  • SKAD was developed by Reiner Keller.
  • SKAD stems from the sociology of knowledge of Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann.
  • Berger and Luckmann studied the social construction of everyday knowledge in the 1960s.
  • Keller combines this approach with Michel Foucault's discourse theory.
  • Foucault is responsible for the prominent role of discourse concepts in social science.
  • Foucault inspired approaches to discourse analysis.
  • SKAD is applied in various empirical studies, including archaeology, Japanese studies, criminology, and linguistics.
  • SKAD is predominantly used in German-speaking academia.
  • SKAD focuses on the analytical part of discourse studies.
  • Social sciences' discourse research starts with a theoretically informed research question.
  • Begin with a heuristic circumscription of the social phenomenon.
  • Explorative interviews help to gather more information on the research question.
  • Units of analysis (data format) must be defined and collected.
  • Discourse functions as a sensitising hypothesis for data collection.
  • Data sources include newspaper texts, books, speeches, media events, web presentations etc.
  • Data analysis determines if the hypothesis is suited.
  • Analysis determines if concrete language phenomena account for a particular discourse.
  • Analysis determines what elements, rules and strategies constitute the discourse.
  • Analysis should refer to the sociology of knowledge and the interpretative paradigm.
  • Qualitative research offers devices for analyzing knowledge useful for discourse analysis.
  • It also illuminates the relationship between discourse and fields of social practice.
  • Four analytical units or concepts:
    • Deutungsmuster (interpretative schemes, frames)
    • Classifications
    • Phenomenal structure
    • Narrative structure (plots)
  • Together these elements form the "interpretative repertoire."
  • Discourses uses this to achieve symbolic structuring of the world according to Potter & Wetherell 1995.

Review Questions

  • What are the authors' premises?
  • What methods do the authors use?
  • Are the methods' potentials fully exploited?
  • What do we know about the authors' standpoint?
  • How do these methods differ from linguistic approaches?

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Description

Lecture on discourse analysis within sociology and language studies. It overviews historical trends, noting early sociological figures like Simmel and the post-WWII focus on social psychology. It also highlights contemporary theorists who integrate language into their analysis of social contexts.

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