Direct-Acting Antispasmodics Pharmacodynamics
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Questions and Answers

How does dantrolene cause muscle relaxation?

  • By increasing the release of calcium in slow muscle fibers
  • By inhibiting acetylcholine release
  • By interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (correct)
  • By blocking neuromuscular transmission

    • What is the unique characteristic of botulinum toxin type A's action when injected into the detrusor muscle?

  • It inhibits acetylcholine release (correct)
  • It affects the sweat glands
  • It blocks neuromuscular transmission
  • It causes muscle relaxation

    • Which condition is dantrolene mainly used to treat?

  • Localized muscle reduction
  • Dermatological conditions
  • Spasticity associated with upper neuron disorders (correct)
  • Neuromuscular disorders

    • What is the primary pharmacodynamic effect of botulinum toxin type A when injected intradermally?

    <p>Temporary denervation of sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does botulinum toxin type A have on neuromuscular transmission?

    <p>Blocks it by binding to receptor sites on motor or sympathetic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of dantrolene after a 100 mg dose?

    <p>8.7 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with prescribing mixed agonist-antagonists for narcotic-addicted individuals?

    <p>Risk of physical withdrawal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is careful titration of opioid antagonists required?

    <p>To prevent acute abstinence syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key concern with the use of codeine in children and adolescents?

    <p>Increased risk of respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of excretion for the opioid analgesics and antagonists listed in the table?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk for lactating women who are ultrametabolizers of codeine?

    <p>Increased risk of respiratory depression in their infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opioid analgesics has the fastest onset of action?

    <p>Sufentanil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of excretion for dantrolene?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contraindication for the use of dantrolene?

    <p>Active liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is most commonly associated with dantrolene administration?

    <p>Central nervous system effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for fatal hepatotoxicity associated with dantrolene?

    <p>Female sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which botulinum toxin type A can produce systemic effects?

    <p>Spread from the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for botulinum toxin type A overdose?

    <p>Administration of an antitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contraindication for the use of botulinum toxin type A for bladder dysfunction?

    <p>Urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect associated with the use of botulinum toxin type A for chronic migraine treatment?

    <p>Neck pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drug interaction concern with the concomitant use of dantrolene and calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Ventricular fibrillation and cardiovascular collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which aminoglycosides and anticholinergic drugs can potentiate the effects of botulinum toxin type A?

    <p>Synergistic inhibition of neuromuscular transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary receptor associated with the analgesic (pain-relieving) effects of opioids?

    <p>Mu receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid?

    <p>Buprenorphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is associated with the activation of delta and sigma receptors?

    <p>Dysphoria and hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid analgesics in producing analgesia?

    <p>Inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of opioid antagonists in reversing the effects of opioids?

    <p>Blocking opioid receptor sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical half-life range for most opioid analgesics?

    <p>6 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of opioid analgesics?

    <p>Acute abdominal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of metabolism for opioid analgesics and antagonists?

    <p>Hepatic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk associated with the use of opioids in infants and children?

    <p>Increased risk of respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Suboxone (a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone)?

    <p>Buprenorphine is a partial agonist, and naloxone is an antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily dose of dantrolene for adult patients?

    <p>100 mg four times a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended starting dose of dantrolene for children older than age 5?

    <p>0.5 mg/kg daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose of dantrolene for treating a malignant hyperthermia crisis?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for not administering a second dose of botulinum toxin until the effects of the first dose resolve?

    <p>To prevent excessive neuromuscular weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary monitoring parameter for patients taking dantrolene?

    <p>Decreased spasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect that requires stopping and restarting dantrolene?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect that patients should be warned about with botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injections?

    <p>Respiratory paralysis and swallowing problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mixed agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an opioid antagonist?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using opioid analgesics?

    <p>To alter the perception of and response to painful stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

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