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Questions and Answers
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
What is the main reason behind the formation of pseudo-membrane in diphtheria?
What is the main reason behind the formation of pseudo-membrane in diphtheria?
Which of the following vaccines can prevent diphtheria?
Which of the following vaccines can prevent diphtheria?
What is the characteristic symptom of pertussis (whooping cough)?
What is the characteristic symptom of pertussis (whooping cough)?
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How is pertussis diagnosed?
How is pertussis diagnosed?
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Which microorganism causes typical pneumonia?
Which microorganism causes typical pneumonia?
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What is the preventive measure for pneumococcal pneumonia?
What is the preventive measure for pneumococcal pneumonia?
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What is the main characteristic of atypical pneumonia?
What is the main characteristic of atypical pneumonia?
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What symptoms commonly indicate alveolar damage in tuberculosis?
What symptoms commonly indicate alveolar damage in tuberculosis?
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Which term is used for the spread of bacteria from the primary lesion to other areas of the lung, liver, and nervous system in tuberculosis?
Which term is used for the spread of bacteria from the primary lesion to other areas of the lung, liver, and nervous system in tuberculosis?
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What is the purpose of the Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux Test) in diagnosing tuberculosis?
What is the purpose of the Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux Test) in diagnosing tuberculosis?
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Which imaging technique can show white spots indicating tubercle formation in tuberculosis diagnosis?
Which imaging technique can show white spots indicating tubercle formation in tuberculosis diagnosis?
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What is the consequence of the tubercle rupturing in tuberculosis?
What is the consequence of the tubercle rupturing in tuberculosis?
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In tuberculosis, what does a positive chest X-ray indicate?
In tuberculosis, what does a positive chest X-ray indicate?
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What is the significance of a persistent low-grade fever in tuberculosis?
What is the significance of a persistent low-grade fever in tuberculosis?
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Why are TD cells important in the Tuberculin Skin Test for tuberculosis diagnosis?
Why are TD cells important in the Tuberculin Skin Test for tuberculosis diagnosis?
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What is the minimum duration of multi-drug therapy for tuberculosis due to its slow growth and dormancy?
What is the minimum duration of multi-drug therapy for tuberculosis due to its slow growth and dormancy?
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Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug for tuberculosis treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug for tuberculosis treatment?
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What type of strains are Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) strains resistant to?
What type of strains are Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) strains resistant to?
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How many people develop tuberculosis annually?
How many people develop tuberculosis annually?
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What is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide?
What is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide?
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Why does antigenic variation make it difficult for the immune system to destroy a virus?
Why does antigenic variation make it difficult for the immune system to destroy a virus?
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Which age groups are most at high risk for severe complications from influenza?
Which age groups are most at high risk for severe complications from influenza?
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Why does the multivalent influenza vaccine not provide long-term immunity?
Why does the multivalent influenza vaccine not provide long-term immunity?
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Which antiviral is effective against Influenza Type A if taken within 30 hours of symptom onset?
Which antiviral is effective against Influenza Type A if taken within 30 hours of symptom onset?
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Why are the SARS-CoV-2 variants of great concern?
Why are the SARS-CoV-2 variants of great concern?
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What is a characteristic feature of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
What is a characteristic feature of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
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What makes viral pneumonia more likely to occur in some cases of Influenza infection?
What makes viral pneumonia more likely to occur in some cases of Influenza infection?
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Which antiviral medication is inhaled and used for treating Influenza?
Which antiviral medication is inhaled and used for treating Influenza?
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Which disease caused by a coronavirus was identified in 2003?
Which disease caused by a coronavirus was identified in 2003?
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What is the reservoir for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
What is the reservoir for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
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What is one of the ways COVID-19 can be transmitted?
What is one of the ways COVID-19 can be transmitted?
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Which COVID-19 vaccine was approved with an efficacy rate of over 92%?
Which COVID-19 vaccine was approved with an efficacy rate of over 92%?
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What is the average incubation period for COVID-19?
What is the average incubation period for COVID-19?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of COVID-19?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of COVID-19?
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What is the primary means to prevent COVID-19?
What is the primary means to prevent COVID-19?
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Study Notes
Diphtheria
- Diphtheria is a disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a non-toxigenic strain that produces a powerful exotoxin.
- The toxin causes damage to the heart and kidneys, and can lead to paralysis of the soft palate and pharynx, ultimately resulting in death.
- Treatment involves antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin.
- Early symptoms include sore throat and fever, while later symptoms involve the formation of a tough, grayish pseudo-membrane in the throat, which can block air passages to the lungs and lead to death.
- The disease is diagnosed by culturing a sample from a throat swab, and treatment is started immediately in suspected cases.
- Diphtheria can be prevented by vaccines such as DTap, Tdap, and Td.
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
- Pertussis is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis.
- The bacterium produces a capsule that attaches to ciliated cells in the trachea, and a tracheal cytotoxin that damages ciliated cells and shuts down the ciliary escalator.
- The disease has a 5-10 day incubation period, and symptoms include cold-like symptoms, uncontrollable violent coughing, and gasping for air.
- Diagnosis is by culture of a throat mucus sample.
- Pertussis is highly contagious and can be prevented by DTaP and Tdap vaccines.
Pneumonias
- Typical pneumonia is caused by bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, and is also known as bacterial pneumonia or pneumococcal pneumonia.
- Atypical pneumonia is caused by non-bacterial microbes, such as Influenza virus, and is also known as viral pneumonia or fungal pneumonia.
- Atypical pneumonia is seen in immunocompromised hosts, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
- Pneumococcal pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- The bacterium produces a very large capsule that allows it to grow and multiply outside macrophages, eventually rupturing and releasing bacteria into the lungs and cardiovascular system.
- Symptoms include chronic symptoms, persistent low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, weakness, and bloody cough, which indicates alveolar damage.
- The disease can spread from the primary lesion to other areas of the lung, liver, and nervous system, known as miliary tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- The disease is diagnosed by tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, and acid-fast staining of a sputum sample.
- Treatment involves a minimum of 6 months of multi-drug therapy, and can be prevented by the BCG vaccine.
- Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide, and 10 million people develop the disease annually, with 2 million deaths.
Influenza (Flu)
- Influenza is a viral infection caused by the Influenza virus, which has eight RNA segments and spikes.
- The virus undergoes antigenic variation, involving genetic recombination and the formation of hybrid viruses.
- The disease is transmitted by droplet and airborne transmission, and has a high mutation rate.
- Symptoms include chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches, and can lead to viral pneumonia.
- Influenza is difficult to diagnose from clinical symptoms, and can be treated with antivirals such as Zanamivir and Oseltamivir.
- The disease is prevented by a multivalent vaccine, which is determined annually, and does not provide long-term immunity.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
- COVID-19 is a viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the Coronaviridae family.
- The virus has a single-stranded RNA, is enveloped, and has spikes.
- The disease was first detected in open food markets in Wuhan, China in December 2019.
- COVID-19 has a high mutation rate, and several human variants have been identified, including the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Omicron variants.
- The disease is transmitted by zoonotic, droplet, and airborne transmission, and can be prevented by washing hands frequently, maintaining social distancing, and practicing respiratory hygiene.
- Vaccines have been developed, including the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine, Moderna mRNA vaccine, and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen viral vector vaccine.
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Description
Test your knowledge on diphtheria toxin, symptoms, and treatment. Learn about the toxemia effects, early symptoms like sore throat and fever, and later symptoms involving the formation of a tough grayish pseudo-membrane in the throat. Understand the importance of early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics and Diphtheria antitoxin.
