Diphtheria Toxin and Symptoms Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

Influenza virus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Bordetella pertussis

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (correct)

What is the main reason behind the formation of pseudo-membrane in diphtheria?

Bacterial colonization

Capsule production

Toxemia (correct)

Tracheal cytotoxin

Which of the following vaccines can prevent diphtheria?

Varicella vaccine

Hepatitis B vaccine

DTaP (correct)

MMR

What is the characteristic symptom of pertussis (whooping cough)?

Uncontrollable violent coughing Signup and view all the answers

How is pertussis diagnosed?

By throat swab culture Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism causes typical pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

What is the preventive measure for pneumococcal pneumonia?

Pneumococcal vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of atypical pneumonia?

Caused by non-bacterial microbes Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms commonly indicate alveolar damage in tuberculosis?

Bloody cough Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used for the spread of bacteria from the primary lesion to other areas of the lung, liver, and nervous system in tuberculosis?

Miliary Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux Test) in diagnosing tuberculosis?

To confirm current or previous infection Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique can show white spots indicating tubercle formation in tuberculosis diagnosis?

Chest X-ray Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the tubercle rupturing in tuberculosis?

Release of bacteria into the lungs and cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

In tuberculosis, what does a positive chest X-ray indicate?

Current or previous infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a persistent low-grade fever in tuberculosis?

May point towards systemic infection Signup and view all the answers

Why are TD cells important in the Tuberculin Skin Test for tuberculosis diagnosis?

To react to Tuberculin protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration of multi-drug therapy for tuberculosis due to its slow growth and dormancy?

9 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a first-line drug for tuberculosis treatment?

Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

What type of strains are Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) strains resistant to?

Second-line drugs Signup and view all the answers

How many people develop tuberculosis annually?

10 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Why does antigenic variation make it difficult for the immune system to destroy a virus?

Presence of human and non-human virus spikes Signup and view all the answers

Which age groups are most at high risk for severe complications from influenza?

Elderly individuals and young children Signup and view all the answers

Why does the multivalent influenza vaccine not provide long-term immunity?

The vaccine composition changes annually Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral is effective against Influenza Type A if taken within 30 hours of symptom onset?

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Signup and view all the answers

Why are the SARS-CoV-2 variants of great concern?

High mutation rates of the protein spikes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?

Enveloped structure with RNA genome Signup and view all the answers

What makes viral pneumonia more likely to occur in some cases of Influenza infection?

'GeneBc recombinaBon' ability of the virus Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral medication is inhaled and used for treating Influenza?

'Zanamivir (Relenza)' Signup and view all the answers

Which disease caused by a coronavirus was identified in 2003?

SARS Signup and view all the answers

What is the reservoir for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)?

Animals (bats, intermediate animal hosts) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the ways COVID-19 can be transmitted?

Zoonotic transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which COVID-19 vaccine was approved with an efficacy rate of over 92%?

Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the average incubation period for COVID-19?

4-5 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of COVID-19?

Vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means to prevent COVID-19?

'Practicing respiratory hygiene' Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a non-toxigenic strain that produces a powerful exotoxin.
The toxin causes damage to the heart and kidneys, and can lead to paralysis of the soft palate and pharynx, ultimately resulting in death.
Treatment involves antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin.
Early symptoms include sore throat and fever, while later symptoms involve the formation of a tough, grayish pseudo-membrane in the throat, which can block air passages to the lungs and lead to death.
The disease is diagnosed by culturing a sample from a throat swab, and treatment is started immediately in suspected cases.
Diphtheria can be prevented by vaccines such as DTap, Tdap, and Td.

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Pertussis is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis.
The bacterium produces a capsule that attaches to ciliated cells in the trachea, and a tracheal cytotoxin that damages ciliated cells and shuts down the ciliary escalator.
The disease has a 5-10 day incubation period, and symptoms include cold-like symptoms, uncontrollable violent coughing, and gasping for air.
Diagnosis is by culture of a throat mucus sample.
Pertussis is highly contagious and can be prevented by DTaP and Tdap vaccines.

Pneumonias

Typical pneumonia is caused by bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, and is also known as bacterial pneumonia or pneumococcal pneumonia.
Atypical pneumonia is caused by non-bacterial microbes, such as Influenza virus, and is also known as viral pneumonia or fungal pneumonia.
Atypical pneumonia is seen in immunocompromised hosts, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Pneumococcal pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
The bacterium produces a very large capsule that allows it to grow and multiply outside macrophages, eventually rupturing and releasing bacteria into the lungs and cardiovascular system.
Symptoms include chronic symptoms, persistent low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, weakness, and bloody cough, which indicates alveolar damage.
The disease can spread from the primary lesion to other areas of the lung, liver, and nervous system, known as miliary tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The disease is diagnosed by tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, and acid-fast staining of a sputum sample.
Treatment involves a minimum of 6 months of multi-drug therapy, and can be prevented by the BCG vaccine.
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide, and 10 million people develop the disease annually, with 2 million deaths.

Influenza (Flu)

Influenza is a viral infection caused by the Influenza virus, which has eight RNA segments and spikes.
The virus undergoes antigenic variation, involving genetic recombination and the formation of hybrid viruses.
The disease is transmitted by droplet and airborne transmission, and has a high mutation rate.
Symptoms include chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches, and can lead to viral pneumonia.
Influenza is difficult to diagnose from clinical symptoms, and can be treated with antivirals such as Zanamivir and Oseltamivir.
The disease is prevented by a multivalent vaccine, which is determined annually, and does not provide long-term immunity.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

COVID-19 is a viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to the Coronaviridae family.
The virus has a single-stranded RNA, is enveloped, and has spikes.
The disease was first detected in open food markets in Wuhan, China in December 2019.
COVID-19 has a high mutation rate, and several human variants have been identified, including the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, and Omicron variants.
The disease is transmitted by zoonotic, droplet, and airborne transmission, and can be prevented by washing hands frequently, maintaining social distancing, and practicing respiratory hygiene.
Vaccines have been developed, including the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine, Moderna mRNA vaccine, and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen viral vector vaccine.

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Description

Test your knowledge on diphtheria toxin, symptoms, and treatment. Learn about the toxemia effects, early symptoms like sore throat and fever, and later symptoms involving the formation of a tough grayish pseudo-membrane in the throat. Understand the importance of early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics and Diphtheria antitoxin.