Questions and Answers
Which statement about CIELAB color space is true?
What does spatial resolutoin refer to in the context of digital images?
What characterizes the RGB color space?
What is the primary purpose of digitisation in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
In weak perspective projection, what is the relationship between magnification and distance from the camera?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of distortion is characterized by lines that bulge outward from the center of the image?
Signup and view all the answers
What does quantisation in digital images refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is essential when determining appropriate resolution for digital images?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the YCbCr color space facilitate digital image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about the relationship between human vision and camera technology is true?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the spatial discretisation of a picture function mathematically expressed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a main drawback of the HSV color space?
Signup and view all the answers
What does image formation fundamentally involve?
Signup and view all the answers
Which concept is associated with the mapping of 3D world coordinates to 2D image coordinates?
Signup and view all the answers
In image formation, what might be a consequence of placing a piece of film directly in front of an object?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the role of spatial sampling in digital image formation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT typically a technique used in the digitization of images?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of digital color images?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of adding a barrier in the image formation process?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of a pinhole camera model, what role does the focal length play?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens in projective geometry concerning lengths and areas during projection?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes the function of a lens in image formation compared to a pinhole?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome of using a piece of film in the initial image formation idea without any modifications?
Signup and view all the answers
What represents a primary challenge in the projection from 3D to 2D in image formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does digital image formation primarily rely on to create a representation of the real-world object?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about point operations in image processing is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of contrast stretching, what happens to values above the high threshold (H)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key feature of intensity thresholding?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is used for calculating the threshold automatically in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of neighbourhood operations in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
How does automatic intensity thresholding differ from traditional methods?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the general form of spatial domain operations represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a limitation of intensity thresholding in image segmentation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of updating the threshold to the mean of the means in thresholding techniques?
Signup and view all the answers
How does log transformation affect the input intensity values?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the intended use of gamma correction in power transformation?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic makes piecewise linear transformations different from other transformation methods?
Signup and view all the answers
In gray-level slicing, what is the effect of applying a low value to all gray levels outside a specified range?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main utility of bit-plane slicing in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is utilized for determining a threshold automatically in histogram-based thresholding?
Signup and view all the answers
What differentiates piecewise contrast stretching from other transformation methods?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of histogram equalization in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about histogram specification is true?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of discrete histogram equalization, how is the probability of each gray level defined?
Signup and view all the answers
How does constrained histogram equalization differ from full histogram equalization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicated by an increase in the number of images averaged together for noise reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition must the mapping function T(r) satisfy for histogram equalization?
Signup and view all the answers
In the discrete case of histogram matching, what is the relationship between the pixel intensities of the input and target histograms?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does histogram equalization have on histogram peaks in an image?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the transformation s = T(r) achieve in the context of intensity transformations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant component of high-level computer vision tasks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a task associated with low-level computer vision?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect contributes to the complexity and challenges in computer vision?
Signup and view all the answers
In computer vision, which step follows the extraction of measurements?
Signup and view all the answers
Which programming language is assumed to be well-understood or learnable for this course?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of applications might benefit from computer vision techniques?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the role of algorithms in the computer vision workflow?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an essential knowledge area for students taking this course to succeed?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is NOT part of the careful design required in the computer vision workflow?
Signup and view all the answers
Which assessment carries the highest weight in evaluation for this course?
Signup and view all the answers
Which property of the convolution operation allows for the rearrangement of terms in functions without changing the result?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method of fixing the border problem in convolution offers smooth and symmetric results without boundary artifacts?
Signup and view all the answers
What result does perform a convolution in the spatial domain equivalently lead to in the spectral domain?
Signup and view all the answers
What property of convolution indicates that the output does not depend on the spatial position of the input?
Signup and view all the answers
Which approach to handling borders in convolution uses original border pixel values to avoid edge artifacts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of using a simplest smoothing filter on an image?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the output image during convolution computed mathematically?
Signup and view all the answers
How does neighbourhood averaging utilized in smoothing filters affect the image?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic of convolution allows for linear combinations of input images to yield linear combinations of output images?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a uniform filter in the context of image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the neighborhood of a pixel in spatial filtering?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT considered a typical filtering technique in neighborhood operations?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a kernel in the context of spatial filtering generally refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common effect of applying a blur or low-pass filter during spatial filtering?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement best describes the border problem in spatial filtering?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key property of the Gaussian filter that distinguishes it from other low-pass filters?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement regarding the median filter's operation is accurate?
Signup and view all the answers
What outcome is expected when applying a Gaussian filter with a high sigma value compared to a low sigma value?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of the median filter, what defines the median value in a set with an even number of elements?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic makes the Gaussian filter preferable in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of using separable filter kernels in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
How do Prewitt and Sobel kernels differ in their operation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of Laplacean filtering in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the gradient vector represent in the context of image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of Gaussian filter kernels, how does increasing the scale parameter 's' affect the kernel size?
Signup and view all the answers
Which property of the Fourier transform is associated with the addition of two functions in the spatial domain?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of Fourier transforms, what does the output $F(u,v)$ represent?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements correctly describes the Fourier series?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the spatial domain refer to in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the Inverse Fourier Transform relate to the original function?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of the Fourier transform, which statement is accurate regarding high and low frequencies?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do complex valued sinusoids play in Fourier transforms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the inverse Fourier transform?
Signup and view all the answers
In the Discrete Fourier Transform, what is a characteristic of digital images as they are mathematically processed?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following variables represents the radial frequency in the Fourier transform?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of using multiresolution image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the Difference of Gaussian (DoG) filter in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first step in reconstructing an image from an approximation pyramid?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of creating an approximation and prediction residual pyramid, what does the second step involve?
Signup and view all the answers
When lowering image resolution, what type of information is primarily lost?
Signup and view all the answers
What process involves creating image pyramids in multiresolution image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is computed after performing the upsampling and filtering in the reconstruction process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the Difference of Gaussian equation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does repeating the reconstruction process create in terms of image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between the output of the second step and the input of the first step in the reconstruction process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a low-pass filter in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key advantage of filtering in the frequency domain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the Fourier transform of a Gaussian filter?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'notch filter' refer to in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of band-pass filters, what is the function of these filters?
Signup and view all the answers
Which technique is essential for improving the robustness of parameter estimation in the presence of outliers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of feature encoding within the context of image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following features is primarily associated with texture analysis in images?
Signup and view all the answers
In context to spatial transformations, which method is primarily employed for object detection in images?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following shapes features is NOT mentioned as commonly used in feature representation?
Signup and view all the answers
What method is used to improve and reduce the set of found SIFT keypoints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which technique is employed to estimate keypoint orientation in SIFT?
Signup and view all the answers
What size is the SIFT keypoint descriptor feature vector?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of using the nearest neighbour distance ratio (NNDR) in descriptor matching?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following transformations is classified as nonrigid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the random sample consensus method in estimating transformations between matched points?
Signup and view all the answers
In alignment by least squares, what role does the matrix equation 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 = 𝐛𝐛 play?
Signup and view all the answers
When estimating transformations given matched points A and B, which operation is typically performed if translation is the focus?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'inliers' refer to when scoring models based on matched points?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main outcome of repeating the steps in the impact of the fraction of inliers on model confidence?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first step in the RANSAC algorithm for model fitting?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of scoring in the RANSAC method?
Signup and view all the answers
How does RANSAC determine when to stop iterating?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process follows after sampling points in the RANSAC algorithm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicated by the term 'inliers' in the context of the RANSAC algorithm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of extracting Haralick, run-length, and histogram features from biparametric MRI images?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the local binary patterns (LBP) method represent the texture of an image?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the multiresolution capability of local binary patterns?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of feature extraction, what is the outcome of combining histograms of all cells in an image when using LBP?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines the classification step in the process outlined for assessing prostate cancer prognosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a crucial step in creating a histogram of oriented gradients (HOG)?
Signup and view all the answers
In the HOG descriptor generation process, how are pixel gradient magnitudes utilized?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the process of training a classifier in HOG-based object detection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the predominant role of block-normalization in the HOG descriptor?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the formula for calculating the number of features in HOG imply, specifically \(# features = (7 x 15) x 9 x 4 = 3,780)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of updating cluster centers in k-means clustering?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor does NOT influence the number of iterations required in k-means clustering?
Signup and view all the answers
In the Bag-of-Words model for feature encoding, what do cluster centers represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome of assigning local feature descriptors to the visual words in the Bag-of-Words model?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common result when increasing the number of clusters in k-means clustering?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of sampling points on shape edges in the shape matching process?
Signup and view all the answers
In the computation of shape context for each point, what does the equation ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 = # 𝑞𝑞 ≠ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 : (𝑞𝑞 − 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 ) ∈ bin(𝑘𝑘) represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main objective of transforming one shape to another after computing the cost matrix in shape matching?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspects are crucial for computing the shape distance between two shapes according to the methodology described?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the process of finding one-to-one matching in shape contexts aim to achieve?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of using the Bag-of-Words (BoW) method in feature encoding?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do local SIFT keypoint descriptors play in the Bag-of-Words feature encoding method?
Signup and view all the answers
Which clustering technique is primarily used in creating the vocabulary for the Bag-of-Words method?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of SIFT features, what challenge arises due to the variable number of SIFT keypoints?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the global vector in encoding local SIFT features?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key challenge in defining shape features for object recognition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of local feature that can be used in feature extraction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the BoW technique in SIFT-based texture classification?
Signup and view all the answers
Which advanced technique surpasses the capabilities of the BoW in feature encoding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is essential for successful object classification utilizing shape features?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor does the effectiveness of feature selection primarily depend on?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of decision trees, which scenario best illustrates a case of overfitting?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the choice of training data impact the performance of a decision tree model?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes a method used for feature selection in a supervised learning environment?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a generative model compared to a discriminative model in pattern recognition?
Signup and view all the answers
In entropy calculations related to information theory, which aspect does entropy primarily measure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best defines the concept of a feature vector?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an essential characteristic of the features selected for object recognition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the importance of feature extraction in pattern recognition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following features would be considered robust against occlusions during object recognition?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'distinguishing features' imply in the context of feature extraction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of transformation must features be invariant to for effective object recognition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary condition for stopping the growth of a branch in a decision tree?
Signup and view all the answers
How should features be selected for branching in a decision tree?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the implication of using a decision tree with a restricted number of branches?
Signup and view all the answers
In decision tree algorithms, what does the process of creating branches represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact does the quality of training data have on decision tree performance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common example of a nominal feature used in decision tree branching?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of data does supervised learning require to identify patterns?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following classification methods is a type of ensemble learning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of feature selection in pattern recognition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect of training data can significantly affect the performance of a classification model?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about decision trees is true?
Signup and view all the answers
How does weakly supervised learning differ from other learning paradigms?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does feature extraction play in a pattern recognition system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the correct formula for calculating the empirical error rate?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of binary classification, what does a false positive indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement best describes the consequence of prioritizing the minimization of false negatives in classification?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) in classification tasks?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of ensuring that training and testing samples are representative in classification tasks?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Area Under the ROC (AUC) indicate about the classifier's performance?
Signup and view all the answers
How does changing the threshold affect the true positive and false positive rates on the ROC curve?
Signup and view all the answers
Which scenario is best described by having a high false positive rate in a cancer detection test?
Signup and view all the answers
In evaluating the quality of a classifier using the ROC curve, which component signifies an effective trade-off between sensitivity and specificity?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a correct detection signify in terms of the confusion matrix associated with cancer classification?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the differentiation of RSS with respect to W yield?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of a convex function from the differentiation result, what is assumed about matrix X?
Signup and view all the answers
Which equation correctly represents how W is derived when X has full rank?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between RSS and the function of W in least squares regression?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicated by the term 'convex function' in relation to the RSS behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What does an increase in false alarms typically indicate when attempting to detect higher percentages of known objects?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) specifically summarize?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of error is associated with a patient having cancer but being classified as having no cancer?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the classification of 'no cancer' when the truth is 'no cancer' relate to detection errors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the implication of plotting a Receiver Operating Curve (ROC)?
Signup and view all the answers
What does RMSE primarily indicate in the context of regression evaluation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about R-Squared (R²) is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant characteristic of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) compared to RMSE?
Signup and view all the answers
In regression analysis, what is the impact of smaller values of RMSE and MAE?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the weighting vector W in regression analysis as indicated in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is NOT typically expected of regions in image segmentation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which segmentation approach is NOT classified among the commonly mentioned methods?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant challenge faced in segmentation methods?
Signup and view all the answers
Which property should NOT be true for the boundaries of segmented regions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following methods is NOT part of basic segmentation approaches?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary advantage of mean shifting over K-means clustering in image segmentation?
Signup and view all the answers
When performing mean shifting, what is the first step in the iterative mode searching process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect of mean shifting contributes to its ability to identify multiple cluster centers without prior knowledge of K?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of mean shifting, what does the term 'stationary points' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What iteration method is associated with the mean shifting algorithm?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the variable 'D' represent in the equation given for distance in color space?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of Conditional Random Fields, what is primarily encoded by the model?
Signup and view all the answers
Which equation component in the provided formulas directly denotes the pixel space distance?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do superpixels play in the segmentation process?
Signup and view all the answers
In the equation provided, what does the variable 'm' control?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the similarity measure in region merging?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first step of Meyer’s flooding algorithm in watershed segmentation?
Signup and view all the answers
In watershed segmentation, what role does the priority queue play?
Signup and view all the answers
Which best describes the process of region growing?
Signup and view all the answers
What concept does watershed segmentation commonly utilize to model its operation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which segmentation method is most effective for images with regions that have overlapping intensity distributions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant limitation of standard thresholding when applied to image segmentation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which evaluation method is often used to assess the performance of segmentation techniques?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following segmentation methods is most associated with processing based on region characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of segmentation, which algorithm is best suited for detecting boundaries in images with strong intensity gradients?
Signup and view all the answers
What technique is used to preserve object separation while processing binary images?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of computing the distance transform in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
What result is achieved through the iterative dilation of an image with no merging constraint?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of object shapes does ultimate erosion most effectively process?
Signup and view all the answers
During ultimate erosion, what is maintained in the output image for pixels just before final erosion?
Signup and view all the answers
What process can be performed to separate overlapping objects in an image effectively?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of binary dilation in image processing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which operation is performed in the binary closing process?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the binary opening operation modify an image?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the morphological edge detection process specifically aim to achieve?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of mathematical morphology, what is a common characteristic of structuring elements?