Digital Image Processing: Color Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What phenomenon did Sir Isaac Newton discover in 1666 regarding sunlight and prisms?

  • Sunlight loses energy when passing through a prism.
  • Sunlight can create a spectrum of colors when passed through a prism. (correct)
  • Sunlight produces a single color when passed through a prism.
  • Sunlight can be absorbed by a prism.

    • What is the primary function of cones in the human eye?

  • To perceive color (correct)
  • To detect temperature
  • To focus light
  • To sense motion

    • What determines the colors perceived by humans and most animals in an object?

  • The distance of the observer from the object
  • The nature of the light reflected from the object (correct)
  • The size of the object
  • The temperature of the light source

    • What does chromatic light span in the electromagnetic spectrum?

    <p>400 to 700 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cones in the human eye is sensitive to red light?

    <p>66%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measurements indicates the amount of energy perceived by an observer from a light source?

    <p>Luminance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding color image processing?

    <p>It involves understanding the visible spectrum and color models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a glass prism affect sunlight?

    <p>It refracts and separates the light into a spectrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color of light has the shortest wave length that is primarily absorbed by cones?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does brightness represent in the context of color perception?

    <p>A subjective measure of light intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength of chromatic light and color perception?

    <p>Different wavelengths correspond to different perceived colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cones are typically present in each human eye for color vision?

    <p>6 to 7 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the electromagnetic spectrum important in color image processing?

    <p>It determines how light interacts with various materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the core concepts in color fundamentals relevant to digital image processing?

    <p>Colors arise from the reflection and transmission of light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total amount of energy flowing from a light source?

    <p>Radiance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which colors of light did the CIE standards not match based on absorption curves of the cones?

    <p>Red, Green, Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which colors are classified as the primary colors of light?

    <p>Red, Green, Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by mixing the three primary colors of light?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When mixing a secondary color with its opposite primary, what is the result?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'brightness' refer to in the context of color fundamentals?

    <p>The intensity of a color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly distinguishes hue from brightness?

    <p>Hue is the dominant wavelength, brightness is the intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which colors make up the secondary colors when mixed?

    <p>Cyan, Yellow, Magenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes primary colors of pigments?

    <p>Magenta, Cyan, Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a color subtracts a primary color of light?

    <p>It produces a darker shade of that primary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct colors can be created using the RGB color model as explained?

    <p>216 colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dealing with pigments in the CMY color model, what do equal amounts of cyan, magenta, and yellow theoretically produce?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color model is primarily used in hardware implementations related to human vision?

    <p>RGB Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is used for converting RGB to CMY?

    <p>Mathematical subtraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'K' in the CMYK color model stand for?

    <p>Key light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of mixing red, green, and blue light in the RGB model?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is true black achieved in the printing process using the CMYK model?

    <p>By adding black pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lists the correct decimal values in the RGB color model?

    <p>0, 51, 102, 153, 204, 255</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation $z = 1 - (x + y)$ represent in the context of color mixing?

    <p>The proportion of blue in a color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes points located on the boundary of the chromaticity chart?

    <p>They indicate fully saturated colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Point of Equal Energy (PEE)' refer to?

    <p>A standard for pure white color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a line drawn from the Point of Equal Energy to a boundary point in the chromaticity diagram?

    <p>It shows all the shades of that particular color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can colors be obtained by combining three given colors in the chromaticity diagram?

    <p>They are limited to the colors found in the shape created by the three points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation exists regarding the triangle formed by three fixed pure colors in the chromaticity diagram?

    <p>It cannot enclose the entire color region defined by those three colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the CIE Chromaticity Diagram?

    <p>To represent the relationships between colors and their saturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color component is left out when calculating the proportion of blue in a mixture?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the saturation of a color represent in terms of intensity?

    <p>The percentage of white missing from the color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the plane defined by cyan, black, and white in relation to hue?

    <p>It has the same hue but different intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can different hues be obtained from the HSI color model?

    <p>By rotating the shaded plane around the intensity axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of geometric configuration, how are primary and secondary colors arranged in the HSI model?

    <p>Separated by 120° for primary colors and 60° for secondary colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to derive HSI values from RGB values?

    <p>Geometric formulas must be applied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do black and white not contribute to hue information in the HSI color model?

    <p>They are considered neutral colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape is formed when looking straight down at the RGB cube in context of the HSI model?

    <p>A hexagonal shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the intensity axis play within the HSI color model?

    <p>It acts as a reference point for hue extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digital Image Processing: Color Image Processing

    • Introduction:
      • Digital Image Processing is a field that involves manipulating images digitally using computers.
      • Color image processing is a branch that deals specifically with color images and the algorithms used to manipulate them.
      • A key concept is that colors seen are determined by the type of light reflected from an object.
    • Color Fundamentals:
      • In 1666, Sir Isaac Newton discovered that white light can be separated into a spectrum of colors by a prism.
      • Visible light is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from approximately 400 to 700 nanometers.
      • Human color vision is dependent on cones in the eye, approximately 6-7 million per eye.
      • Cones are sensitive to different colors (red, green, blue) in specific proportions.
      • The absorption curves for these cones have been determined through experiments, but do not match the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standards for red, green, and blue light.
      • Three key qualities for describing chromatic light sources are radiance (total energy), luminance (observed energy), and brightness (perceived intensity).
    • Color Models:
      • RGB (Red, Green, Blue): A common model for representing color based on combining red, green, and blue light. In this model, colors appear in their primary spectral components. It uses a Cartesian coordinate system.
      • CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow): A subtractive color model mainly used in printing. These colors subtract (absorb) certain colors from white light.
      • CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black): An extension of CMY, adding black (K) to produce richer black tones for better print quality.
      • HSI (Hue, Saturation, Intensity): A model that is more intuitive for humans in describing colors. Hue is the pure color (red, orange, green etc.), saturation is how much white has been mixed with the color, and intensity is the perceived intensity of the color. It is particularly relevant in hardware implementations and the human visual system. The HSI model is composed of a vertical intensity axis and planes perpendicular to it.
    • CIE Chromaticity Diagram:
      • A systematic way to specify colors. The x-axis represents red proportion and the y-axis represents green proportion, allowing the calculation of the proportion of blue.
      • Points on the boundary of the diagram represent fully saturated colors.
      • A triangle formed by any three fixed pure colors cannot encompass the entire color gamut.
      • The diagram is helpful for analyzing color mixing and defining colors.

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    Explore the world of digital image processing with a focus on color image processing. This quiz covers the principles of how color is perceived and the historical discoveries that laid the groundwork for manipulating colors digitally. Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of color vision and related algorithms.

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