Digital Forensics Evolution and Trends chapter 15
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Questions and Answers

Why is it important for a forensic examiner to keep up with changing trends in digital forensics?

  • Because it is a relatively old field in comparison to other forensic disciplines
  • Because the courts frequently sentence perpetrators to prison
  • Because the field of digital forensics is still growing and technology is constantly changing (correct)
  • Because standards are already established in the field

    • What was one of the earliest uses of digital systems?

  • To analyze DNA
  • To process fingerprints
  • To compute payroll (correct)
  • To examine digital crimes

    • What was the modus operandi of the perpetrator in one of the earliest digital crimes?

  • To hack into the payroll system
  • To send fake emails
  • To steal large amounts of money at once
  • To move the round-off to his or her own account (correct)

    • Why did digital crime become relatively easy to commit?

    <p>Because digital technology provided many benefits and reduced costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence for digital criminals who got caught?

    <p>They faced relatively minor consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of digital forensics as a scientific discipline?

    <p>It is still growing and evolving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges that increasing computing power poses to forensic investigations?

    <p>The need for more storage on forensics servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to use high-capacity cabling in forensics labs?

    <p>To increase the efficiency of future forensics investigations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a bundled product and software as a service (SaaS)?

    <p>The way the software is licensed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges of investigating software obtained as a shared service?

    <p>Obtaining access to the program code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is infrastructure as a service (IaaS)?

    <p>Virtualization of an entire network infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of platform as a service (PaaS)?

    <p>It provides individual operating systems as a service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges of investigating cloud-based systems?

    <p>Determining the physical location of the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to know how software is obtained in a forensic investigation?

    <p>To determine the functionality and patch levels of the software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cloud?

    <p>A model for delivering computing services over the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of larger hard drive sizes on forensic imaging?

    <p>Slower imaging processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in protecting digital systems and associated assets?

    <p>The growth of protection methods is not keeping pace with the growth of attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prediction made by Gordon E. Moore in 1965?

    <p>The number of components in integrated circuits would double every 18 to 24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of Moore's law on digital devices?

    <p>The capacity and capability of digital devices will double, and the cost will be halved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of Moore's law on digital forensics?

    <p>It makes digital forensics more complex and challenging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in conducting digital forensic investigations?

    <p>Analyzing a large amount of data from multiple devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expectation of the U.S. legal system regarding digital forensics?

    <p>It expects digital forensics to be unconstrained by time, money, and available technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Moore's law on digital storage capacity?

    <p>It doubles digital storage capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approach used by investigators in digital forensic investigations?

    <p>Selectively evaluating data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in developing new techniques for digital forensic investigations?

    <p>Developing techniques that can keep pace with the growth of digital devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of Moore's law on the cost of digital devices?

    <p>It decreases the cost of digital devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the IBM sales rep's action of erasing the chalkboard?

    <p>It simplified the concept of connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cloud providers like Microsoft Azure and Amazon cloud services?

    <p>To house valuable services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend observed in Microsoft certifications as of 2020?

    <p>Increased emphasis on Azure-focused certifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common use of cloud providers among individuals?

    <p>To store data in services like Google Drive, Microsoft One Drive, or Dropbox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of 'the cloud' in modern computing?

    <p>It is a simplified way of envisioning the connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the cloud's original function and its current use?

    <p>It has expanded from basic connectivity to housing valuable services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of having multiple redundant servers in a network?

    <p>To reduce the risk of hardware failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern in environments where there are only a few servers?

    <p>Hardware failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of a Storage Area Network (SAN)?

    <p>It has a finite capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disaster can a redundant network server or SAN withstand?

    <p>Hardware failure or accidental data deletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of cloud computing over traditional network redundancy?

    <p>It is more resilient to large-scale disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of Storage as a Service (STaaS) in terms of data backup?

    <p>It automatically backs up data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern for forensic examiners in the context of cloud computing?

    <p>Data tampering or chain of custody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the term 'the cloud'?

    <p>An IBM sales representative's presentation in 1973</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a SAN and cloud computing?

    <p>A SAN is limited to a single geographic location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of a cloud computing architecture?

    <p>It is highly resilient to large-scale disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to NIST, what is a characteristic of cloud computing?

    <p>Ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration for a forensic investigator when collecting evidence from a cloud-based server?

    <p>The logs for the host server also need to be retrieved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the NIST document on cloud forensics?

    <p>Documenting the challenges of cloud forensics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in cloud forensics due to the transnational nature of cloud computing?

    <p>Different laws and regulations in each country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in conducting cloud forensics, as compared to traditional computer forensics?

    <p>Imaging a cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the NISTIR 8006 document published by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology?

    <p>To outline the challenges of cloud computing forensics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the chain of custody in cloud forensics?

    <p>To avoid allegations of evidence tampering or misconduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hashing in cloud forensics?

    <p>To validate the integrity of the copy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a forensic investigator to have knowledge of laws related to computer forensics in other countries?

    <p>To understand the laws of the country where the cloud provider is hosted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of collecting evidence from a cloud-based server similar to?

    <p>Imaging a virtual machine, just as you would image any other hard drive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of repeatability and reproducibility in cloud forensics?

    <p>To ensure the procedures and conclusions are repeatable and reproducible by the same or other forensic analysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of cloud computing on digital forensics?

    <p>It makes data acquisition more complicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge facing forensics, apart from increasing computing power?

    <p>The emergence of new devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential use of GPS data in forensic investigations?

    <p>To track a suspect's location at a crime scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential repository of forensic evidence in cars?

    <p>Hard drives for storing music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern related to the increasing use of technology in daily life?

    <p>The potential for decreased privacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypothetical scenario that highlights the importance of forensic evidence in cars?

    <p>A person is watching a pay-per-view movie and someone they have a conflict with is murdered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the increasing use of technology in daily life?

    <p>The loss of all vestige of privacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using digital forensics in a scenario where someone is accused of a crime they did not commit?

    <p>To prove the accused's whereabouts at the time of the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operating system used in some vehicle infotainment systems?

    <p>Android Automotive OS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of medical devices with wireless communication capabilities?

    <p>They can be hacked to dispense fatal doses of medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of increasing complexity of medical devices on digital forensics?

    <p>It will become easier to forensically examine devices in cases of foul play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the FDA's warning related to the essential programming functions of pacemakers?

    <p>It highlights the potential for unauthorized access and modification of pacemakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of digital forensics in the context of medical devices?

    <p>To analyze the device's software and potential vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using cell site analysis to locate individuals?

    <p>It can only provide a general location, not an exact location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of a cell phone tower?

    <p>5 to 10 kilometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect the range of a cell phone tower?

    <p>Terrain, including mountains and urban constructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a cell phone is in range of multiple cell towers?

    <p>The cell phone will be handed off to another tower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of extracting data from cell phone usage records in forensic investigations?

    <p>To attempt to locate individuals in criminal and civil investigations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why cell site analysis is scientifically invalid?

    <p>The latitude and longitude records from cell phone towers are for the cell, not for the individual phone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum range of a cell tower's coverage according to the 2014 NIST Guidelines on Mobile Device Forensics?

    <p>35 kilometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using cell phone records to determine a device's location?

    <p>The records can only give a general area and direction of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operating system used by the majority of smart televisions as of 2020?

    <p>Android</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using an Android-based approach for forensic analysis of smart televisions?

    <p>It is applicable to a wide array of televisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the command-line tool used for communicating with an Android device?

    <p>Android Debugging Bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using ADB for forensic analysis of smart televisions?

    <p>It is scientifically sound and widely accepted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using ADB via a network for forensic analysis of smart televisions?

    <p>It is the only way to access devices that do not allow a USB connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge of using historical cell phone records to geolocate a particular phone?

    <p>The cell towers can service phones at distances of up to 35 kilometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of examining smart televisions in digital forensics investigations?

    <p>It can provide valuable evidence that may be missed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the operating system used by some LG televisions?

    <p>webOS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the command 'adb devices' in the context of Android TV forensics?

    <p>To verify the connection to the Android TV device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of using the 'adb shell getprop' command during Android TV forensics?

    <p>To gather details about the Android TV device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'adb backup' command during Android TV forensics?

    <p>To back up the Android TV device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'adb shell' command during Android TV forensics?

    <p>To execute Linux commands on the Android TV device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of using ADB to obtain forensically relevant information from a smart TV?

    <p>Turn on USB debugging on the target device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'adb pull' command during Android TV forensics?

    <p>To copy relevant data from the Android TV device to the forensic workstation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the creation of the Electronic Crimes Task Force?

    <p>The establishment of regional computer forensic laboratories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of private forensics labs in civil litigation?

    <p>To process evidence and produce reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do defense attorneys often want their own lab to examine evidence?

    <p>To challenge the findings of the prosecution or find flaws in the methodology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason why smaller police departments outsource their computer forensics to private labs?

    <p>It is more cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for a private citizen in some states to practice digital forensics?

    <p>A valid private investigator's license</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in international digital forensics cases?

    <p>Different laws and jurisdictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Daubert Standard in digital forensics?

    <p>To verify that new techniques are generally accepted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for forensic investigators to be aware of emerging technologies and techniques?

    <p>To be aware of new tools and techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of private forensics labs in criminal cases?

    <p>To challenge the findings of the state's lab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of digital forensics in transnational cases?

    <p>To follow the laws of the most restrictive jurisdiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001?

    <p>To combat terrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the USA PATRIOT Act affected computer crime?

    <p>It has allowed internet service providers to share information with law enforcement without a warrant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of changes in the law on evidence examination?

    <p>It affects the collection of evidence, but not the analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Section 816 of the USA PATRIOT Act?

    <p>Cybersecurity forensic capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the U.S. Supreme Court's 2013 ruling on DNA evidence?

    <p>It allows law enforcement to collect DNA evidence without consent in certain cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do changes in the law affect warrant requirements and consent to search?

    <p>They can alter the requirements for a warrant and exceptions to warrant requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Network Redundancy and Disaster Recovery

    • Network redundancy is having multiple servers to ensure continued operation in case of a failure
    • A simple configuration involves two servers that are identical mirrors of each other, so if one fails, the other can take over
    • This setup works well for small environments with few servers, but has limitations in larger environments with massive data storage needs

    Storage Area Network (SAN)

    • A SAN is a high-speed network that connects multiple servers and storage devices
    • It appears as a single storage device to the user, but provides redundancy and increased storage capacity
    • If one server fails, the others can continue operating without interruption to the user

    Cloud Computing

    • Cloud computing combines the ideas of SAN and off-site backup networks
    • It involves multiple servers in diverse geographic locations, with data redundantly stored in several servers
    • The user accesses "the cloud" without knowing the location of the data

    Impact on Forensic Investigations

    • Cloud computing makes data acquisition more complicated, as data may be stored in multiple locations
    • It is important for forensic investigators to have familiarity with laws related to computer forensics, including those in other countries
    • NIST has outlined forensic challenges and procedures for cloud forensics, including the importance of legal authority, chain of custody, and validated tools

    Digital Forensics

    • Digital forensics is a relatively new field that is still evolving
    • It involves the investigation of digital crimes, including fraud and identity theft
    • The field is dynamic, and forensic examiners must keep up with changing trends and technology

    Moore's Law

    • Gordon E. Moore predicted that the number of components in integrated circuits would double every 18-24 months, leading to exponential growth in computing power and reduction in cost
    • This prediction, known as Moore's Law, has held true for over 50 years and has driven the development of modern computing and digital forensics### Digital Forensics

    Vehicles with Infotainment Systems

    • Many modern vehicles have infotainment systems with operating systems like Android Automotive OS.
    • These systems can be a source of forensic evidence, including GPS data and other electronic records.

    Medical Devices

    • Medical devices, such as insulin pumps and pacemakers, can be compromised by hackers, posing a significant threat to users.
    • These devices can be hacked to dispense lethal doses of insulin or alter pacemaker settings.
    • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued warnings about the potential for unauthorized access to these devices.

    New Devices

    • The increasing sophistication of devices, such as smartphones and tablets, presents new challenges for digital forensics.
    • New devices, like cars, can contain forensic evidence, including GPS data, that can be used in investigations.
    • The legal environment for digital forensics is constantly evolving, with changes in laws affecting how evidence is seized and analyzed.
    • The USA PATRIOT Act, for example, has had a significant impact on digital forensics, allowing internet service providers to share data with law enforcement without a warrant.

    Private Laboratories

    • Private forensic laboratories are becoming more common, handling forensic examinations for private companies, attorneys, and law enforcement agencies.
    • These laboratories can gather evidence, analyze it, and produce reports that can be used in civil litigation or criminal investigations.

    International Issues

    • Digital forensics often involves international legal issues, particularly in cases of transnational crime.
    • Investigators must be aware of the laws in each country involved and ensure they comply with the most restrictive laws.

    Techniques

    • New techniques and tools are constantly evolving, but must be verified before being used in court.
    • Investigators must stay up to date with emerging technologies and techniques to ensure the validity of their findings.

    GPS Forensics

    • GPS forensic analysis is a common practice in criminal and civil investigations, but it has limitations.
    • Cell tower logs can only provide a general area of where a phone was located, not a precise location.

    Smart Televisions

    • Smart televisions are essentially computers with internet connectivity, applications, and internal storage, making them a subject of digital forensics investigations.
    • Android operating systems are commonly used in smart TVs, and Android Debugging Bridge (ADB) can be used to access and analyze data on these devices.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the development of digital forensics as a scientific discipline, its evolution, and the importance of staying up-to-date with changing technology trends. Explore the history of digital systems and their applications. Assess your understanding of digital forensics in a dynamic environment.

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