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Questions and Answers
What is primarily regulated by salivary glands?
The sensation of thirst is unrelated to the regulation of water intake.
False
What sugar is primarily regulated via digestion and absorption?
glucose
The salivary glands are involved in the regulation of ______ and sensation of thirst.
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Match the following processes with their corresponding regulation:
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What is another name for the mouth?
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The mouth is where food enters the gastrointestinal tract through a process called ingestion.
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What is the primary function of the oral cavity?
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Food enters the GI tract by __________.
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Match the following terms related to the mouth and their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Digestive System Overview
- The digestive system processes food, extracting energy and nutrients.
- Food is broken down mechanically and chemically.
- Various organs and accessory structures are involved.
- The process includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Main Parts of the Digestive System
- Mouth (Oral Cavity): Ingestion and initial mechanical digestion (chewing).
- Pharynx & Esophagus: Transport food to stomach.
- Stomach: Food storage, mixing, and initial protein digestion.
- Small Intestine: Major site of digestion and absorption (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).
- Large Intestine (Colon): Water absorption, feces formation (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon).
- Rectum & Anus: Feces elimination.
Accessory Organs
- Pancreas: Produces enzymes for carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion; produces bicarbonate.
- Liver: Produces bile for fat emulsification, other key metabolic functions.
- Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile.
Digestive Processes
- Ingestion: Taking food into the body.
- Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food (chewing, churning).
- Chemical Digestion: Breaking down food molecules using enzymes.
- Absorption: Taking nutrients into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
- Elimination: Removing undigested material from the body.
Regulation of Digestive Processes
- Nervous System: Parasympathetic nerves stimulate digestion, sympathetic nerves inhibit.
- Hormones: Hormones like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin regulate various digestive processes.
- Reflex Mechanisms: Reflexes help coordinate digestive activities in different parts of the tract.
- Clinical Terms: Various diseases and conditions associated with digestive process (e.g., Achalasia, Cholecystitis, Cirrhosis).
Important Digestive Enzymes
- Salivary enzymes: Begins carbohydrate digestion.
- Gastric enzymes: Continues protein digestion.
- Pancreatic enzymes: Active in carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion.
- Intestinal enzymes: Complete carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion into absorbable nutrients.
Histology and Anatomy
- Histology: the microscopic study of tissue in the digestive tract.
- Anatomy: the structure of the digestive organs.
- Diagrams and illustrations are useful to visualize the anatomy.
Structure of Stomach
- Secretion cells: Chief cells (Pepsinogen), Parietal cells (HCl and intrinsic factor), and Mucous cells (mucus).
- Movement: Cardiac sphincter (esophagus to stomach), and Pyloric sphincter (stomach to small intestine) regulate food movement
- Structure and physiology of Stomach: Four regions: Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus. Thick folds (Rugae) increase surface area.
Structure of Pancreas
- Exocrine function: Produces enzymes (amylase, lipase, and nucleases) for digestion in the small intestine, and bicarbonate neutralize acidity.
- Endocrine function: Produces hormones (insulin and glucagon) that regulate blood sugar levels
Structure of Liver
- Functions: Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, bile production for fat emulsification; other metabolic processes
- Histology: Liver cells (hepatocytes) arranged in lobules.
- Vascular supply: Portal vein brings nutrient rich blood; hepatic artery brings oxygen rich blood.
Structure and Function of Gallbladder
- Function: Stores bile, concentrates it, releasing it through the cystic and common bile duct to small intestine as needed.
- Hormone regulation: Cholecystokinin (CCK) controls bile release into small intestine.
Structure and Function of Small Intestine
- Function: Complete digestion and absorption of nutrients, aided by enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase, peptidases, lipases, nucleases, enterokinase).
- Structure: Villi and microvilli increase surface area; capillaries and lacteals absorb nutrients.
Structure and Function of Large Intestine
- Function: Absorbs water and electrolytes; forms and stores feces.
- Structure: No villi or microvilli.
- Defecation: Feces expulsion.
Major Digestive tract Hormones
- Gastrin: Stimulates stomach acid production.
- Somatostatin: Inhibits stomach acid production.
- Cholecystokinin (CCK): Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion, and gallbladder contraction.
- Secretin: Stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the human digestive system with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the various organs, their functions, and the overall process of digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. Perfect for students learning about anatomy and physiology.
