Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?
- Respiration (correct)
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Secretion
The Large Intestine is approximately 20 feet long.
The Large Intestine is approximately 20 feet long.
False (B)
What structure separates the oral cavity from the pharynx?
What structure separates the oral cavity from the pharynx?
Soft palate or hard palate
The main organ responsible for nutrient absorption is the __________.
The main organ responsible for nutrient absorption is the __________.
Match the digestive organ with its primary function:
Match the digestive organ with its primary function:
Which layer of the digestive system contains blood vessels and nerves?
Which layer of the digestive system contains blood vessels and nerves?
Peristalsis refers to voluntary movements in the GI tract.
Peristalsis refers to voluntary movements in the GI tract.
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines?
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines?
The layer responsible for lubricating the outside of the GI tract is called __________.
The layer responsible for lubricating the outside of the GI tract is called __________.
Which structure in the muscularis layer is responsible for voluntary movement in the digestive system?
Which structure in the muscularis layer is responsible for voluntary movement in the digestive system?
What is the primary function of the mesocolon?
What is the primary function of the mesocolon?
Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum is inflamed or infected as a result of organ ruptures.
Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum is inflamed or infected as a result of organ ruptures.
What is the primary purpose of mechanical processing during digestion?
What is the primary purpose of mechanical processing during digestion?
Absorption in digestion refers to removing waste from the body.
Absorption in digestion refers to removing waste from the body.
What type of tissue lines the esophagus?
What type of tissue lines the esophagus?
The _____ prevents liquids and foods from going up the nasal cavity.
The _____ prevents liquids and foods from going up the nasal cavity.
What happens during the excretion process in digestion?
What happens during the excretion process in digestion?
Match the salivary glands with their triggers:
Match the salivary glands with their triggers:
The process of turning excess waste into feces is called __________.
The process of turning excess waste into feces is called __________.
Match each mesentery with its description:
Match each mesentery with its description:
Which set of teeth is also known as primary teeth?
Which set of teeth is also known as primary teeth?
The pharynx is only used by the digestive system.
The pharynx is only used by the digestive system.
If your pancreas stops functioning, what potential issue may arise in digestion?
If your pancreas stops functioning, what potential issue may arise in digestion?
What needs to happen for milk to not come out of your nose while laughing?
What needs to happen for milk to not come out of your nose while laughing?
Name one digestive enzyme secreted by the salivary glands.
Name one digestive enzyme secreted by the salivary glands.
Interruptions in the flow of bile do not affect fat digestion.
Interruptions in the flow of bile do not affect fat digestion.
Teeth held in the _____ processes are supported by the gums.
Teeth held in the _____ processes are supported by the gums.
What is the primary purpose of the tonsils in the oral cavity?
What is the primary purpose of the tonsils in the oral cavity?
What is the primary function of bile salts in the intestines?
What is the primary function of bile salts in the intestines?
The pancreas is located in front of the stomach.
The pancreas is located in front of the stomach.
Name the three sections of the small intestine.
Name the three sections of the small intestine.
The pancreas secretes __________ to neutralize stomach acid.
The pancreas secretes __________ to neutralize stomach acid.
Which component is NOT found in pancreatic juice?
Which component is NOT found in pancreatic juice?
Match the following sections of the small intestine with their respective lengths:
Match the following sections of the small intestine with their respective lengths:
The ileocecal sphincter is located at the beginning of the duodenum.
The ileocecal sphincter is located at the beginning of the duodenum.
What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the small intestine?
What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the small intestine?
What is the primary function of glomerular filtration?
What is the primary function of glomerular filtration?
Tubular reabsorption prevents useful substances from entering the bloodstream.
Tubular reabsorption prevents useful substances from entering the bloodstream.
What are the two types of dialysis mentioned?
What are the two types of dialysis mentioned?
Micturition occurs when the bladder contains __________ mL of urine.
Micturition occurs when the bladder contains __________ mL of urine.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of renal failure?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of renal failure?
Match the following parts of the urinary system with their primary structure:
Match the following parts of the urinary system with their primary structure:
The internal urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.
The internal urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.
What layers make up the urinary bladder?
What layers make up the urinary bladder?
What is the primary function of the kidneys regarding blood pressure?
What is the primary function of the kidneys regarding blood pressure?
The kidneys only excrete wastes and do not have any regulatory functions.
The kidneys only excrete wastes and do not have any regulatory functions.
What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood?
What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood?
The outer layer of the kidney is called the __________.
The outer layer of the kidney is called the __________.
Match the following kidney structures with their descriptions:
Match the following kidney structures with their descriptions:
Which ions are primarily regulated by the kidneys?
Which ions are primarily regulated by the kidneys?
The renal fascia serves as padding around the kidneys.
The renal fascia serves as padding around the kidneys.
What is the function of the glomerulus in the kidneys?
What is the function of the glomerulus in the kidneys?
What structure is responsible for holding the ovaries in place?
What structure is responsible for holding the ovaries in place?
Which layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation?
Which layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation?
During which phase does a primary follicle transform into a secondary oocyte?
During which phase does a primary follicle transform into a secondary oocyte?
Which of the following hormones do the ovaries NOT secrete?
Which of the following hormones do the ovaries NOT secrete?
Which part of the uterus is closest to the vagina?
Which part of the uterus is closest to the vagina?
What is the term for the remnants of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What is the term for the remnants of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
Which type of tissue lines the fallopian tubes, facilitating the movement of the oocyte?
Which type of tissue lines the fallopian tubes, facilitating the movement of the oocyte?
What is the main function of the uterine tubes in female reproduction?
What is the main function of the uterine tubes in female reproduction?
What is the primary anatomical feature of Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary anatomical feature of Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?
What structure can be found between the labia minora and the vaginal orifice?
What structure can be found between the labia minora and the vaginal orifice?
What is the main role of the ectoderm during embryonic development?
What is the main role of the ectoderm during embryonic development?
In the embryonic stage, what becomes of the yolk sac?
In the embryonic stage, what becomes of the yolk sac?
Which extraembryonic membrane forms part of the umbilical cord?
Which extraembryonic membrane forms part of the umbilical cord?
What is the correct sequence of events in neurulation?
What is the correct sequence of events in neurulation?
Which structure allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs before birth?
Which structure allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs before birth?
Which reproductive development in the first six weeks is the same for both males and females?
Which reproductive development in the first six weeks is the same for both males and females?
What is the primary function of vitamin folate during embryonic development?
What is the primary function of vitamin folate during embryonic development?
What happens during the dilation stage of labor?
What happens during the dilation stage of labor?
What is the name of the cavity filled with amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo?
What is the name of the cavity filled with amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo?
Which layer is responsible for forming the linings of the digestive and urinary tracts?
Which layer is responsible for forming the linings of the digestive and urinary tracts?
Which terms are classified as sex rather than gender?
Which terms are classified as sex rather than gender?
What is the primary function of the trophoblast during implantation?
What is the primary function of the trophoblast during implantation?
How many chromosomes are present in the zygote after fertilization occurs?
How many chromosomes are present in the zygote after fertilization occurs?
What effect does a vasectomy have on the volume of semen released during ejaculation?
What effect does a vasectomy have on the volume of semen released during ejaculation?
Which stage of prenatal development includes the formation of the placenta?
Which stage of prenatal development includes the formation of the placenta?
Which layer forms a protective barrier to prevent additional sperm from entering after fertilization?
Which layer forms a protective barrier to prevent additional sperm from entering after fertilization?
What is the total number of gametes produced by a single cell undergoing meiosis?
What is the total number of gametes produced by a single cell undergoing meiosis?
During which period of human development does physiological adulthood typically occur?
During which period of human development does physiological adulthood typically occur?
What is the significance of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone during early pregnancy?
What is the significance of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone during early pregnancy?
What term correctly describes the initial phase of prenatal development involving fertilization and early cell divisions?
What term correctly describes the initial phase of prenatal development involving fertilization and early cell divisions?
What role does bile play in digestion?
What role does bile play in digestion?
Which part of the gallbladder primarily functions as a storage area?
Which part of the gallbladder primarily functions as a storage area?
Which statement about gallstones is accurate?
Which statement about gallstones is accurate?
What type of cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing digestive enzymes?
What type of cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing digestive enzymes?
In which part of the digestive system does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?
In which part of the digestive system does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?
What is the primary function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?
What is the primary function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?
What type of blood supply directly delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver?
What type of blood supply directly delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver?
What component of bile is primarily responsible for emulsifying fats?
What component of bile is primarily responsible for emulsifying fats?
What could be a consequence of a pancreas that fails to produce enough bicarbonate?
What could be a consequence of a pancreas that fails to produce enough bicarbonate?
Which is the correct order of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine?
Which is the correct order of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine?
What is the role of the uvula during the swallowing process?
What is the role of the uvula during the swallowing process?
Which salivary gland is primarily stimulated by sour or sweet foods?
Which salivary gland is primarily stimulated by sour or sweet foods?
Identify the part of the stomach responsible for storage.
Identify the part of the stomach responsible for storage.
Which layer of stomach tissue contains gastric pits and glands?
Which layer of stomach tissue contains gastric pits and glands?
What type of teeth are primarily responsible for grinding food?
What type of teeth are primarily responsible for grinding food?
What is the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
What is the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
Which component makes up the structure supporting each tooth?
Which component makes up the structure supporting each tooth?
What does the chief cell in the stomach secrete?
What does the chief cell in the stomach secrete?
What is the function of the rugae in the stomach?
What is the function of the rugae in the stomach?
Which condition can result from poor dental hygiene or smoking?
Which condition can result from poor dental hygiene or smoking?
What is the primary role of villi in the small intestine?
What is the primary role of villi in the small intestine?
Which part of the large intestine is responsible for housing intestinal bacteria?
Which part of the large intestine is responsible for housing intestinal bacteria?
What is the role of goblet cells in the intestinal lining?
What is the role of goblet cells in the intestinal lining?
How does a lack of fiber contribute to constipation?
How does a lack of fiber contribute to constipation?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Clostridium difficile?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Clostridium difficile?
What causes celiac disease to affect nutrient absorption?
What causes celiac disease to affect nutrient absorption?
What is the significance of haustra in the colon?
What is the significance of haustra in the colon?
What anatomical feature differentiates internal and external anal sphincters?
What anatomical feature differentiates internal and external anal sphincters?
Which vitamins are primarily produced by the bacteria in the large intestine?
Which vitamins are primarily produced by the bacteria in the large intestine?
What is the typical frequency for normal bowel movements in adults?
What is the typical frequency for normal bowel movements in adults?
What role do the kidneys play in the regulation of blood pressure?
What role do the kidneys play in the regulation of blood pressure?
Which of the following options correctly describes the internal anatomy of the kidney?
Which of the following options correctly describes the internal anatomy of the kidney?
What are nephrons primarily responsible for?
What are nephrons primarily responsible for?
Which statement about the renal fascia is correct?
Which statement about the renal fascia is correct?
Which component is not involved in the regulatory function of the kidneys?
Which component is not involved in the regulatory function of the kidneys?
What is the main function of the renal capsule?
What is the main function of the renal capsule?
Regarding urine flow within the kidney, which sequence is correct?
Regarding urine flow within the kidney, which sequence is correct?
Which ion is NOT listed as being regulated by the kidneys?
Which ion is NOT listed as being regulated by the kidneys?
What triggers the kidneys to filter excess sodium and water?
What triggers the kidneys to filter excess sodium and water?
What is the function of the adipose capsule surrounding the kidneys?
What is the function of the adipose capsule surrounding the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for concentrating urine?
Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for concentrating urine?
What histological feature is prominent in the proximal convoluted tubule?
What histological feature is prominent in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Which structure directly drains urine from the renal pelvis?
Which structure directly drains urine from the renal pelvis?
Which factors can lead to renal failure?
Which factors can lead to renal failure?
What primary role does podocytes serve in renal function?
What primary role does podocytes serve in renal function?
What triggers the micturition reflex?
What triggers the micturition reflex?
What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the renal artery to the nephron?
What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the renal artery to the nephron?
Which part of the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood plasma?
Which part of the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood plasma?
How does aging affect kidney function?
How does aging affect kidney function?
What term is correctly associated with biological sex?
What term is correctly associated with biological sex?
How many gametes are produced when a single cell undergoes meiosis?
How many gametes are produced when a single cell undergoes meiosis?
What is the primary purpose of the trophoblast during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of the trophoblast during pregnancy?
What is the primary feature of the embryonic stage in prenatal development?
What is the primary feature of the embryonic stage in prenatal development?
What occurs during gastrulation in embryonic development?
What occurs during gastrulation in embryonic development?
What hormonal change prevents menstruation during pregnancy?
What hormonal change prevents menstruation during pregnancy?
What happens to sperm cells after they penetrate the corona radiata?
What happens to sperm cells after they penetrate the corona radiata?
How long does a fertilized egg typically survive after ovulation?
How long does a fertilized egg typically survive after ovulation?
What happens to the sperm’s nucleus after fertilization?
What happens to the sperm’s nucleus after fertilization?
What is a significant change noted in the scene from 'A Clash of Kings' regarding Sansa Stark?
What is a significant change noted in the scene from 'A Clash of Kings' regarding Sansa Stark?
Which germ layer is primarily responsible for forming the connective tissues in the human body?
Which germ layer is primarily responsible for forming the connective tissues in the human body?
What is the correct order of events regarding neurulation?
What is the correct order of events regarding neurulation?
Which extraembryonic membrane is primarily involved in cushioning the embryo?
Which extraembryonic membrane is primarily involved in cushioning the embryo?
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus during fetal circulation?
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus during fetal circulation?
During which embryonic stage do the major structures of the reproductive system develop similarly in both males and females?
During which embryonic stage do the major structures of the reproductive system develop similarly in both males and females?
What happens during the placental stage of labor and delivery?
What happens during the placental stage of labor and delivery?
Folate is particularly important for women during pregnancy because it helps prevent defects in which developmental process?
Folate is particularly important for women during pregnancy because it helps prevent defects in which developmental process?
What does the term 'allometric growth' refer to in human development?
What does the term 'allometric growth' refer to in human development?
What structure is primarily responsible for the first production of blood cells during early development?
What structure is primarily responsible for the first production of blood cells during early development?
What initiates the muscle contractions during the dilation stage of labor?
What initiates the muscle contractions during the dilation stage of labor?
Which structure connects the ovaries to the uterus and facilitates the movement of the oocyte?
Which structure connects the ovaries to the uterus and facilitates the movement of the oocyte?
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the inner lining of the ovaries?
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the inner lining of the ovaries?
What hormonal change initiates the maturation of primordial follicles each month?
What hormonal change initiates the maturation of primordial follicles each month?
Which phase follows the ejection of a secondary oocyte during ovulation?
Which phase follows the ejection of a secondary oocyte during ovulation?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What structure serves as the receptacle for the penis in the female reproductive system?
What structure serves as the receptacle for the penis in the female reproductive system?
What are the primary components of the myometrium in the uterus?
What are the primary components of the myometrium in the uterus?
Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for the production of testosterone?
Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for the production of testosterone?
What is the main effect of aging on female reproductive organs?
What is the main effect of aging on female reproductive organs?
What term describes the tissue that surrounds and protects the female external genitalia?
What term describes the tissue that surrounds and protects the female external genitalia?
Flashcards
Mesocolon
Mesocolon
Connects large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
Peritoneum
Peritoneum
Tissue lining the abdomen, can get inflamed or infected.
Oral Cavity
Oral Cavity
The mouth; the first part of the digestive tract.
Deglutition
Deglutition
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Palate
Palate
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Salivary Glands
Salivary Glands
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Esophagus
Esophagus
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Esophageal Hiatus
Esophageal Hiatus
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Teeth Layers
Teeth Layers
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Periodontal Disease
Periodontal Disease
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Digestion
Digestion
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Absorption
Absorption
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Mechanical Processing
Mechanical Processing
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MUCOSA
MUCOSA
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SUBMUCOSA
SUBMUCOSA
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MUSCULARIS
MUSCULARIS
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SEROSA/ADVENTITIA
SEROSA/ADVENTITIA
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Accessory Organs
Accessory Organs
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Alimentary Canal
Alimentary Canal
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Bile Salts
Bile Salts
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Bile Pigments
Bile Pigments
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Pancreatic Juice
Pancreatic Juice
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Where is the pancreas located?
Where is the pancreas located?
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Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
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What are the functions of the small intestine?
What are the functions of the small intestine?
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Villi and Lacteals
Villi and Lacteals
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Segmentation and Peristalsis
Segmentation and Peristalsis
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Secretion
Secretion
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Excretion
Excretion
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Compaction
Compaction
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What happens if your pancreas stops functioning?
What happens if your pancreas stops functioning?
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What happens if the flow of bile is interrupted?
What happens if the flow of bile is interrupted?
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Urinary System Function
Urinary System Function
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Kidney Location
Kidney Location
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Kidney Layers
Kidney Layers
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Kidney Internal Structure
Kidney Internal Structure
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Nephron: the Kidney's Functional Unit
Nephron: the Kidney's Functional Unit
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Urinary Flow Pathway
Urinary Flow Pathway
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Glomerulus: Blood Filtration
Glomerulus: Blood Filtration
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Renal Blood Supply
Renal Blood Supply
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Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular Filtration
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Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Reabsorption
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Tubular Secretion
Tubular Secretion
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Renal Failure
Renal Failure
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Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis
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Peritoneal Dialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
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Ureters
Ureters
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Urinary Bladder
Urinary Bladder
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What are the female gonads?
What are the female gonads?
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What is the function of the uterine tubes?
What is the function of the uterine tubes?
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What are the layers of the uterus?
What are the layers of the uterus?
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What is the role of the corpus luteum?
What is the role of the corpus luteum?
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What are the phases of oocyte development?
What are the phases of oocyte development?
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What are the functions of the vagina?
What are the functions of the vagina?
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What is the role of the mammary glands?
What is the role of the mammary glands?
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What are the layers of the scrotum?
What are the layers of the scrotum?
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What are the main components of semen?
What are the main components of semen?
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Sex vs. Gender
Sex vs. Gender
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Male/Female vs. Man/Woman
Male/Female vs. Man/Woman
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What is Meiosis?
What is Meiosis?
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How many cells does meiosis make?
How many cells does meiosis make?
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Pre-embryonic Stage
Pre-embryonic Stage
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Ovulation and the Secondary Oocyte
Ovulation and the Secondary Oocyte
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Fertilization: Fusion of Sperm and Egg
Fertilization: Fusion of Sperm and Egg
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Cleavage and Morula
Cleavage and Morula
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Blastocyst Formation
Blastocyst Formation
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Implantation: Attachment to the Uterus
Implantation: Attachment to the Uterus
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What are the three primary germ layers?
What are the three primary germ layers?
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What does the ectoderm form?
What does the ectoderm form?
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What does the mesoderm form?
What does the mesoderm form?
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What does the endoderm form?
What does the endoderm form?
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What is neurulation?
What is neurulation?
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Describe the steps of neurulation.
Describe the steps of neurulation.
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What is the role of the amniotic sac?
What is the role of the amniotic sac?
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What is the function of the yolk sac?
What is the function of the yolk sac?
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What are the extraembryonic membranes?
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Explain fetal circulation.
Explain fetal circulation.
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What are the 3 salivary glands?
What are the 3 salivary glands?
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What are the layers of a tooth?
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What is the function of the pharynx?
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What is the esophageal hiatus?
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What are the 3 phases of deglutition?
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What are the main parts of the stomach?
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What are rugae?
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What are the main cells in the stomach lining?
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What are the roles of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas?
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What are the three smooth muscle layers of the stomach?
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What increases the small intestine's surface area?
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What is Celiac disease?
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What happens in the large intestine?
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What is the function of the appendix?
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What are the two smooth muscle layers in the colon?
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What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?
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What is diarrhea?
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What is constipation?
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What is C. diff?
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What is a fecal transplant?
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What does bile do?
What does bile do?
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How is bile stored and released?
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What are gallstones?
What are gallstones?
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
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What happens if bile flow is interrupted?
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What is the role of the small intestine?
What is the role of the small intestine?
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Describe the structure of the small intestine.
Describe the structure of the small intestine.
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What are the two main types of movements in the small intestine?
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What is the importance of the ileocecal sphincter?
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What is the function of the urinary system?
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Where are the kidneys located?
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What are the layers surrounding the kidney?
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Describe the internal anatomy of the kidney.
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What is a nephron, and what is its function?
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What is the pathway of urine flow?
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What is the role of the glomerulus in blood filtration?
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What are the main steps involved in urine formation?
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What is the function of the ureters?
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Describe the structure and function of the urinary bladder.
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What are the two layers of the ureter's mucosa?
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What is the function of the glomerulus?
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What is the role of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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What are the three main functions of the nephron?
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What are the consequences of renal failure?
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What is the histology of the ureter?
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What are the three layers of the urinary bladder?
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What is the difference between the male and female urethras?
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What is micturition and how does it work?
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What are the main changes in the urinary system during aging?
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What is the corpus luteum?
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What are the four steps of neurulation?
What are the four steps of neurulation?
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What is the difference between sex and gender?
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What does Meiosis produce and how many cells?
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What is Neurulation and what does it form?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- The digestive system has 7 functions:
- Mechanical processing (chewing)
- Digestion (using enzymes)
- Secretion (releasing substances)
- Absorption (bringing substances into the body)
- Excretion (eliminating waste)
- Compaction (dehydrating and forming feces)
- Elimination (excretion of feces)
- Overview:
- Accessory organs (help with movement, digestion, & processing of food):
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Gastrointestinal (GI) tract/Alimentary Canal (≈ 20 ft long):
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine (≈ 18 ft)
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
- Accessory organs (help with movement, digestion, & processing of food):
- 4 Layers of the Digestive System:
- Mucosa:
- Innermost layer, mucus membrane lining the lumen.
- Secretes mucus for lubrication and protection.
- Epithelial tissue (stratified squamous).
- Specialized secretory cells (hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes).
- Enteroendocrine cells regulate hormones.
- Lamina Propia:
- Basement membrane
- Connects to areolar connective tissue
- Support vessels, lymphatics, glands, and space
- MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) patrols the tract for pathogens.
- Submucosa: areolar connective tissue, support vessels, and lymphatics; contains Meissner's plexus (specialized neurons).
- Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle (circular & longitudinal)
- Creates Peristalsis, wave of contraction that moves food along the GI tract.
- Serosa: -Outermost layer, serous membrane. -Simple squamous epithelium -Allows organs to move without sticking together; contains Auerbach's plexus (specialized neurons).
- Mucosa:
- Submucosa contains Meissner's plexus.
- Muscularis contains Auerbach's plexus.
Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Deglutition
- Oral Cavity (Buccal Cavity):
- Cheeks, Lips, Vestibule, Palate, Uvula, Tonsils, Fauces.
- Salivary glands (1-1.5 liters/day).
- Saliva contains water, ions, buffers, digestive enzymes (amylase), and antibacterial enzymes.
- Teeth:
- Dental arcades (Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars)
- Deglutition (swallowing):
- Voluntary, Pharyngeal, and Esophageal stages.
- 2 sphincters: Upper Esophageal and Lower Esophageal.
Stomach
- Stomach: expandable and stretchable; stores food, mixes it with acids and enzymes, absorbs water and alcohol.
- Parts:
- Cardia (esophagus entry)
- Fundus (storage)
- Body
- Pyloric region (pyloric antrum, canal, sphincter)
- Rugae: allows the stomach to expand.
- Histology:
- MUCOSA
- Gastric pits and glands (for functions like mucous, parietal, and chief cells).
- Mucous cells, Parietal cells (HCl), and Chief cells (Pepsinogen).
- Intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption).
- MUCOSA
- Chyme: mixture of partially digested food and enzymes.
Accessory Glands (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas)
- Liver:
- Recycles old RBCs.
- Inactivates toxins/old hormones.
- Stores and breaks down carbs, fats, proteins.
- Produce bile: emulsify fats for digestion; bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts.,
- Has 3 parts (Neck, Body, Fundus).
- Gallbladder: Stores bile; bile ducts connect liver, gallbladder, and small intestines.
- Pancreas:
- Produces pancreatic juice (contains buffers and enzymes for protein, fat, and carb digestion),
- Ducts carry pancreatic juice to the small intestine; hepatopancreatic ampulla/sphincter controls release of pancreatic juice and bile..
- Pancreatic juice contains enzymes for digestion of carbs (amylase), proteins (trypsin,chymotrypsin), and fats (lipase). Pancreatic juice also contains bicarbonate ions.
Intestines
- Small intestine: primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption (90% digestion/absorption).
- 3 sections: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum; duodenum is retroperitoneal.
- Large intestine (colon):
- Bacteria digest remaining nutrients, absorb water.
- Forms feces; contains ileocecal sphincter.
- 4 parts: Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, and Rectum
Urinary System
- Kidneys:
- Filter blood, remove waste, regulate blood pressure, pH, ions, and glucose
- Blood flows into kidneys via the renal artery and exits via the renal vein.
- Structures: cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, and nephrons.
- Nephrons:
- Functional units of the kidneys
- Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
- Functional units of the kidneys
- Urine Formation:
- Glomeruli filter blood
- Filtrate enters renal tubules, where reabsorption and secretion occur.
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Description
Explore the essential functions and components of the digestive system in this quiz. Learn about mechanical processing, secretion, absorption, and the various organs involved in digestion. Test your knowledge on the structure and roles of the GI tract and accessory organs.