Digestive System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?

  • Respiration (correct)
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Secretion

    • The Large Intestine is approximately 20 feet long.

    False (B)

    What structure separates the oral cavity from the pharynx?

    Soft palate or hard palate

    The main organ responsible for nutrient absorption is the __________.

    <p>Small Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the digestive organ with its primary function:

    <p>Liver = Produces bile Pancreas = Secretes digestive enzymes Gallbladder = Stores bile Stomach = Secretes hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the digestive system contains blood vessels and nerves?

    <p>Submucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peristalsis refers to voluntary movements in the GI tract.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue is found in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer responsible for lubricating the outside of the GI tract is called __________.

    <p>Serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the muscularis layer is responsible for voluntary movement in the digestive system?

    <p>Skeletal muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mesocolon?

    <p>Holds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum is inflamed or infected as a result of organ ruptures.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mechanical processing during digestion?

    <p>To physically break food into smaller pieces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Absorption in digestion refers to removing waste from the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue lines the esophagus?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ prevents liquids and foods from going up the nasal cavity.

    <p>uvula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the excretion process in digestion?

    <p>Excess waste is removed from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the salivary glands with their triggers:

    <p>Parotid gland = Triggered by sour foods Sublingual gland = Triggered by sweet foods Submandibular gland = Functions during regular eating All glands = Function in saliva secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of turning excess waste into feces is called __________.

    <p>compaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each mesentery with its description:

    <p>Greater omentum = Has the most fat, largest of the mesenteries Lesser omentum = Runs between the lesser curvature of the stomach to the fissure of the liver Falciform ligament = Connects the anterior surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall Mesentery proper = Connects the ileum and jejunum to the posterior abdominal wall Mesocolon = Connects the large intestine to the abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which set of teeth is also known as primary teeth?

    <p>Deciduous teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharynx is only used by the digestive system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If your pancreas stops functioning, what potential issue may arise in digestion?

    <p>Inability to digest food effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What needs to happen for milk to not come out of your nose while laughing?

    <p>The soft palate and uvula must be raised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one digestive enzyme secreted by the salivary glands.

    <p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interruptions in the flow of bile do not affect fat digestion.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teeth held in the _____ processes are supported by the gums.

    <p>alveolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the tonsils in the oral cavity?

    <p>Filter bacteria and viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile salts in the intestines?

    <p>To emulsify lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas is located in front of the stomach.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three sections of the small intestine.

    <p>Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas secretes __________ to neutralize stomach acid.

    <p>buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT found in pancreatic juice?

    <p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sections of the small intestine with their respective lengths:

    <p>Duodenum = 1 foot Jejunum = 3 feet Ileum = 6 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ileocecal sphincter is located at the beginning of the duodenum.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the small intestine?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glomerular filtration?

    <p>To filter blood plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubular reabsorption prevents useful substances from entering the bloodstream.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of dialysis mentioned?

    <p>Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micturition occurs when the bladder contains __________ mL of urine.

    <p>200-400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of renal failure?

    <p>Excess calcium production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the urinary system with their primary structure:

    <p>Ureters = No valves Urinary Bladder = Transitional epithelium Urethra = Varies in length between men and women Kidneys = Responsible for filtering blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layers make up the urinary bladder?

    <p>Mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys regarding blood pressure?

    <p>To control sodium and water balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys only excrete wastes and do not have any regulatory functions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood?

    <p>nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of the kidney is called the __________.

    <p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kidney structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Renal corpuscle = Contains glomerulus for filtration Cortex = Outer layer of kidney Medulla = Middle region of kidney with nephron loops Ureter = Transports urine to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are primarily regulated by the kidneys?

    <p>Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal fascia serves as padding around the kidneys.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glomerulus in the kidneys?

    <p>to filter blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is responsible for holding the ovaries in place?

    <p>Suspensory ligament (B), Broad ligament (C), Ovarian ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation?

    <p>Stratum functionalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does a primary follicle transform into a secondary oocyte?

    <p>Ovulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones do the ovaries NOT secrete?

    <p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the uterus is closest to the vagina?

    <p>Cervix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the remnants of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>Corpus albicans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue lines the fallopian tubes, facilitating the movement of the oocyte?

    <p>Ciliated simple columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the uterine tubes in female reproduction?

    <p>To facilitate fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary anatomical feature of Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Produce testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure can be found between the labia minora and the vaginal orifice?

    <p>Vestibule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the ectoderm during embryonic development?

    <p>Development of the central nervous system and skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the embryonic stage, what becomes of the yolk sac?

    <p>It aids in the first blood cell production and gets reabsorbed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extraembryonic membrane forms part of the umbilical cord?

    <p>Allantois (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of events in neurulation?

    <p>Neural plate thickens, neural groove forms, then neural folds fuse to create the neural tube. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs before birth?

    <p>Ductus arteriosus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive development in the first six weeks is the same for both males and females?

    <p>Development of the genital bud (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin folate during embryonic development?

    <p>Preventing neural tube defects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the dilation stage of labor?

    <p>The cervix opens to allow the baby's head to enter the birth canal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cavity filled with amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo?

    <p>Amniotic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer is responsible for forming the linings of the digestive and urinary tracts?

    <p>Endoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which terms are classified as sex rather than gender?

    <p>Male and Female (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trophoblast during implantation?

    <p>To embed in the endometrial layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes are present in the zygote after fertilization occurs?

    <p>46 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a vasectomy have on the volume of semen released during ejaculation?

    <p>There is no noticeable change in volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of prenatal development includes the formation of the placenta?

    <p>Embryonic stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer forms a protective barrier to prevent additional sperm from entering after fertilization?

    <p>Zona pellucida (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of gametes produced by a single cell undergoing meiosis?

    <p>4 gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period of human development does physiological adulthood typically occur?

    <p>Around 20-25 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone during early pregnancy?

    <p>It prevents menstruation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term correctly describes the initial phase of prenatal development involving fertilization and early cell divisions?

    <p>Pre-embryonic stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does bile play in digestion?

    <p>It emulsifies lipids for absorption in the small intestine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gallbladder primarily functions as a storage area?

    <p>Fundus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about gallstones is accurate?

    <p>They can block the cystic duct, disrupting bile flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing digestive enzymes?

    <p>Pancreatic acini cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the digestive system does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

    <p>Small intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

    <p>To regulate the release of bile and pancreatic juices into the small intestine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood supply directly delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver?

    <p>Hepatic portal vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of bile is primarily responsible for emulsifying fats?

    <p>Bile salts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of a pancreas that fails to produce enough bicarbonate?

    <p>Acid damage to the intestinal lining. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the correct order of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine?

    <p>Hepatic ducts → cystic duct → common bile duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the uvula during the swallowing process?

    <p>It closes off the nasopharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which salivary gland is primarily stimulated by sour or sweet foods?

    <p>Parotid gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the part of the stomach responsible for storage.

    <p>Fundus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of stomach tissue contains gastric pits and glands?

    <p>Mucosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of teeth are primarily responsible for grinding food?

    <p>Molars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>To prevent backflow of stomach contents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component makes up the structure supporting each tooth?

    <p>Periodontal ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chief cell in the stomach secrete?

    <p>Pepsinogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rugae in the stomach?

    <p>Allow the stomach to stretch and accommodate food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from poor dental hygiene or smoking?

    <p>Periodontal disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of villi in the small intestine?

    <p>To increase surface area for nutrient absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the large intestine is responsible for housing intestinal bacteria?

    <p>Cecum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of goblet cells in the intestinal lining?

    <p>To produce mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a lack of fiber contribute to constipation?

    <p>It causes the intestines to absorb too much water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding Clostridium difficile?

    <p>It leads to deadly infections with severe diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes celiac disease to affect nutrient absorption?

    <p>Deterioration of the villi into scar tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of haustra in the colon?

    <p>They allow stretch and contraction of the colon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature differentiates internal and external anal sphincters?

    <p>Internal is smooth muscle, external is skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamins are primarily produced by the bacteria in the large intestine?

    <p>Vitamin K and B vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical frequency for normal bowel movements in adults?

    <p>3 times per day to 3 times a week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the kidneys play in the regulation of blood pressure?

    <p>By controlling the volume of blood and balance of sodium and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options correctly describes the internal anatomy of the kidney?

    <p>The renal pyramids are part of the medulla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nephrons primarily responsible for?

    <p>Filtering blood to produce urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the renal fascia is correct?

    <p>It attaches the kidney to the abdominal wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is not involved in the regulatory function of the kidneys?

    <p>Excreting bile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the renal capsule?

    <p>To shape and protect the kidney. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding urine flow within the kidney, which sequence is correct?

    <p>Nephrons → Renal pelvis → Ureters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is NOT listed as being regulated by the kidneys?

    <p>Phosphate ions (PO4^3-) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the kidneys to filter excess sodium and water?

    <p>High blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the adipose capsule surrounding the kidneys?

    <p>Padding and protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for concentrating urine?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological feature is prominent in the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Microvilli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure directly drains urine from the renal pelvis?

    <p>Ureter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can lead to renal failure?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does podocytes serve in renal function?

    <p>Filtration of blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the micturition reflex?

    <p>Stretch receptors in the bladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the renal artery to the nephron?

    <p>Interlobar artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood plasma?

    <p>Renal corpuscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect kidney function?

    <p>Impaired blood filtration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is correctly associated with biological sex?

    <p>Male (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many gametes are produced when a single cell undergoes meiosis?

    <p>4 gametes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the trophoblast during pregnancy?

    <p>To form the placenta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of the embryonic stage in prenatal development?

    <p>Development of organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during gastrulation in embryonic development?

    <p>Migration and division of inner cell mass cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change prevents menstruation during pregnancy?

    <p>A combination of hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sperm cells after they penetrate the corona radiata?

    <p>Enzymes are released to help break through the zona pellucida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does a fertilized egg typically survive after ovulation?

    <p>24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sperm’s nucleus after fertilization?

    <p>It combines with the oocyte's nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant change noted in the scene from 'A Clash of Kings' regarding Sansa Stark?

    <p>It shows an unrealistic scene with excessive blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer is primarily responsible for forming the connective tissues in the human body?

    <p>Mesoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of events regarding neurulation?

    <p>Neural tube forms and then develops into the brain and spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which extraembryonic membrane is primarily involved in cushioning the embryo?

    <p>Amnion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ductus arteriosus during fetal circulation?

    <p>To bypass the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which embryonic stage do the major structures of the reproductive system develop similarly in both males and females?

    <p>First six weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the placental stage of labor and delivery?

    <p>The placenta separates from the uterine wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Folate is particularly important for women during pregnancy because it helps prevent defects in which developmental process?

    <p>Neurulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'allometric growth' refer to in human development?

    <p>Differential growth rates of body parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the first production of blood cells during early development?

    <p>Yolk sac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the muscle contractions during the dilation stage of labor?

    <p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the ovaries to the uterus and facilitates the movement of the oocyte?

    <p>Uterine tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue is found in the inner lining of the ovaries?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change initiates the maturation of primordial follicles each month?

    <p>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase follows the ejection of a secondary oocyte during ovulation?

    <p>Ovum phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>To release hormones preparing for implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure serves as the receptacle for the penis in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Vagina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of the myometrium in the uterus?

    <p>Smooth muscle layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for the production of testosterone?

    <p>Leydig cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of aging on female reproductive organs?

    <p>Menopause and reduced hormone production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the tissue that surrounds and protects the female external genitalia?

    <p>Mons pubis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System

    • The digestive system has 7 functions:
      • Mechanical processing (chewing)
      • Digestion (using enzymes)
      • Secretion (releasing substances)
      • Absorption (bringing substances into the body)
      • Excretion (eliminating waste)
      • Compaction (dehydrating and forming feces)
      • Elimination (excretion of feces)
    • Overview:
      • Accessory organs (help with movement, digestion, & processing of food):
        • Salivary glands
        • Liver
        • Gallbladder
        • Pancreas
      • Gastrointestinal (GI) tract/Alimentary Canal (≈ 20 ft long):
        • Mouth
        • Pharynx
        • Esophagus
        • Stomach
        • Small intestine (≈ 18 ft)
        • Colon
        • Rectum
        • Anus
    • 4 Layers of the Digestive System:
      • Mucosa:
        • Innermost layer, mucus membrane lining the lumen.
        • Secretes mucus for lubrication and protection.
        • Epithelial tissue (stratified squamous).
        • Specialized secretory cells (hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes).
        • Enteroendocrine cells regulate hormones.
      • Lamina Propia:
        • Basement membrane
        • Connects to areolar connective tissue
        • Support vessels, lymphatics, glands, and space
        • MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) patrols the tract for pathogens.
      • Submucosa: areolar connective tissue, support vessels, and lymphatics; contains Meissner's plexus (specialized neurons).
      • Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle (circular & longitudinal)
        • Creates Peristalsis, wave of contraction that moves food along the GI tract.
      • Serosa: -Outermost layer, serous membrane. -Simple squamous epithelium -Allows organs to move without sticking together; contains Auerbach's plexus (specialized neurons).
    • Submucosa contains Meissner's plexus.
    • Muscularis contains Auerbach's plexus.

    Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Deglutition

    • Oral Cavity (Buccal Cavity):
      • Cheeks, Lips, Vestibule, Palate, Uvula, Tonsils, Fauces.
      • Salivary glands (1-1.5 liters/day).
        • Saliva contains water, ions, buffers, digestive enzymes (amylase), and antibacterial enzymes.
    • Teeth:
      • Dental arcades (Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars)
    • Deglutition (swallowing):
      • Voluntary, Pharyngeal, and Esophageal stages.
      • 2 sphincters: Upper Esophageal and Lower Esophageal.

    Stomach

    • Stomach: expandable and stretchable; stores food, mixes it with acids and enzymes, absorbs water and alcohol.
    • Parts:
      • Cardia (esophagus entry)
      • Fundus (storage)
      • Body
      • Pyloric region (pyloric antrum, canal, sphincter)
      • Rugae: allows the stomach to expand.
    • Histology:
      • MUCOSA
        • Gastric pits and glands (for functions like mucous, parietal, and chief cells).
        • Mucous cells, Parietal cells (HCl), and Chief cells (Pepsinogen).
        • Intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption).
    • Chyme: mixture of partially digested food and enzymes.

    Accessory Glands (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas)

    • Liver:
      • Recycles old RBCs.
      • Inactivates toxins/old hormones.
      • Stores and breaks down carbs, fats, proteins.
      • Produce bile: emulsify fats for digestion; bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts.,
      • Has 3 parts (Neck, Body, Fundus).
    • Gallbladder: Stores bile; bile ducts connect liver, gallbladder, and small intestines.
    • Pancreas:
      • Produces pancreatic juice (contains buffers and enzymes for protein, fat, and carb digestion),
      • Ducts carry pancreatic juice to the small intestine; hepatopancreatic ampulla/sphincter controls release of pancreatic juice and bile..
    • Pancreatic juice contains enzymes for digestion of carbs (amylase), proteins (trypsin,chymotrypsin), and fats (lipase). Pancreatic juice also contains bicarbonate ions.

    Intestines

    • Small intestine: primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption (90% digestion/absorption).
      • 3 sections: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum; duodenum is retroperitoneal.
    • Large intestine (colon):
      • Bacteria digest remaining nutrients, absorb water.
      • Forms feces; contains ileocecal sphincter.
      • 4 parts: Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, and Rectum

    Urinary System

    • Kidneys:
      • Filter blood, remove waste, regulate blood pressure, pH, ions, and glucose
      • Blood flows into kidneys via the renal artery and exits via the renal vein.
      • Structures: cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, and nephrons.
    • Nephrons:
      • Functional units of the kidneys
        • Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
    • Urine Formation:
      • Glomeruli filter blood
      • Filtrate enters renal tubules, where reabsorption and secretion occur.

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    Explore the essential functions and components of the digestive system in this quiz. Learn about mechanical processing, secretion, absorption, and the various organs involved in digestion. Test your knowledge on the structure and roles of the GI tract and accessory organs.

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