Digestive System Overview
162 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?

  • Respiration (correct)
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Secretion

The Large Intestine is approximately 20 feet long.

False (B)

What structure separates the oral cavity from the pharynx?

Soft palate or hard palate

The main organ responsible for nutrient absorption is the __________.

<p>Small Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the digestive organ with its primary function:

<p>Liver = Produces bile Pancreas = Secretes digestive enzymes Gallbladder = Stores bile Stomach = Secretes hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the digestive system contains blood vessels and nerves?

<p>Submucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peristalsis refers to voluntary movements in the GI tract.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The layer responsible for lubricating the outside of the GI tract is called __________.

<p>Serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the muscularis layer is responsible for voluntary movement in the digestive system?

<p>Skeletal muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mesocolon?

<p>Holds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum is inflamed or infected as a result of organ ruptures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mechanical processing during digestion?

<p>To physically break food into smaller pieces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Absorption in digestion refers to removing waste from the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue lines the esophagus?

<p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ prevents liquids and foods from going up the nasal cavity.

<p>uvula</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the excretion process in digestion?

<p>Excess waste is removed from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the salivary glands with their triggers:

<p>Parotid gland = Triggered by sour foods Sublingual gland = Triggered by sweet foods Submandibular gland = Functions during regular eating All glands = Function in saliva secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of turning excess waste into feces is called __________.

<p>compaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each mesentery with its description:

<p>Greater omentum = Has the most fat, largest of the mesenteries Lesser omentum = Runs between the lesser curvature of the stomach to the fissure of the liver Falciform ligament = Connects the anterior surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall Mesentery proper = Connects the ileum and jejunum to the posterior abdominal wall Mesocolon = Connects the large intestine to the abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which set of teeth is also known as primary teeth?

<p>Deciduous teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pharynx is only used by the digestive system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If your pancreas stops functioning, what potential issue may arise in digestion?

<p>Inability to digest food effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What needs to happen for milk to not come out of your nose while laughing?

<p>The soft palate and uvula must be raised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one digestive enzyme secreted by the salivary glands.

<p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interruptions in the flow of bile do not affect fat digestion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Teeth held in the _____ processes are supported by the gums.

<p>alveolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the tonsils in the oral cavity?

<p>Filter bacteria and viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile salts in the intestines?

<p>To emulsify lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas is located in front of the stomach.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three sections of the small intestine.

<p>Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas secretes __________ to neutralize stomach acid.

<p>buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT found in pancreatic juice?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sections of the small intestine with their respective lengths:

<p>Duodenum = 1 foot Jejunum = 3 feet Ileum = 6 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ileocecal sphincter is located at the beginning of the duodenum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the small intestine?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glomerular filtration?

<p>To filter blood plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tubular reabsorption prevents useful substances from entering the bloodstream.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of dialysis mentioned?

<p>Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Micturition occurs when the bladder contains __________ mL of urine.

<p>200-400</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of renal failure?

<p>Excess calcium production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the urinary system with their primary structure:

<p>Ureters = No valves Urinary Bladder = Transitional epithelium Urethra = Varies in length between men and women Kidneys = Responsible for filtering blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

The internal urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layers make up the urinary bladder?

<p>Mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys regarding blood pressure?

<p>To control sodium and water balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys only excrete wastes and do not have any regulatory functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood?

<p>nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer layer of the kidney is called the __________.

<p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following kidney structures with their descriptions:

<p>Renal corpuscle = Contains glomerulus for filtration Cortex = Outer layer of kidney Medulla = Middle region of kidney with nephron loops Ureter = Transports urine to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are primarily regulated by the kidneys?

<p>Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The renal fascia serves as padding around the kidneys.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glomerulus in the kidneys?

<p>to filter blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for holding the ovaries in place?

<p>Suspensory ligament (B), Broad ligament (C), Ovarian ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation?

<p>Stratum functionalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does a primary follicle transform into a secondary oocyte?

<p>Ovulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones do the ovaries NOT secrete?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the uterus is closest to the vagina?

<p>Cervix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the remnants of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

<p>Corpus albicans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue lines the fallopian tubes, facilitating the movement of the oocyte?

<p>Ciliated simple columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the uterine tubes in female reproduction?

<p>To facilitate fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary anatomical feature of Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?

<p>Produce testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure can be found between the labia minora and the vaginal orifice?

<p>Vestibule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the ectoderm during embryonic development?

<p>Development of the central nervous system and skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the embryonic stage, what becomes of the yolk sac?

<p>It aids in the first blood cell production and gets reabsorbed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extraembryonic membrane forms part of the umbilical cord?

<p>Allantois (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of events in neurulation?

<p>Neural plate thickens, neural groove forms, then neural folds fuse to create the neural tube. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs before birth?

<p>Ductus arteriosus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive development in the first six weeks is the same for both males and females?

<p>Development of the genital bud (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin folate during embryonic development?

<p>Preventing neural tube defects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the dilation stage of labor?

<p>The cervix opens to allow the baby's head to enter the birth canal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cavity filled with amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo?

<p>Amniotic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is responsible for forming the linings of the digestive and urinary tracts?

<p>Endoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which terms are classified as sex rather than gender?

<p>Male and Female (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trophoblast during implantation?

<p>To embed in the endometrial layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are present in the zygote after fertilization occurs?

<p>46 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a vasectomy have on the volume of semen released during ejaculation?

<p>There is no noticeable change in volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of prenatal development includes the formation of the placenta?

<p>Embryonic stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer forms a protective barrier to prevent additional sperm from entering after fertilization?

<p>Zona pellucida (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of gametes produced by a single cell undergoing meiosis?

<p>4 gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period of human development does physiological adulthood typically occur?

<p>Around 20-25 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone during early pregnancy?

<p>It prevents menstruation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term correctly describes the initial phase of prenatal development involving fertilization and early cell divisions?

<p>Pre-embryonic stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does bile play in digestion?

<p>It emulsifies lipids for absorption in the small intestine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the gallbladder primarily functions as a storage area?

<p>Fundus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gallstones is accurate?

<p>They can block the cystic duct, disrupting bile flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing digestive enzymes?

<p>Pancreatic acini cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the digestive system does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

<p>Small intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

<p>To regulate the release of bile and pancreatic juices into the small intestine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood supply directly delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver?

<p>Hepatic portal vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of bile is primarily responsible for emulsifying fats?

<p>Bile salts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of a pancreas that fails to produce enough bicarbonate?

<p>Acid damage to the intestinal lining. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct order of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine?

<p>Hepatic ducts → cystic duct → common bile duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the uvula during the swallowing process?

<p>It closes off the nasopharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which salivary gland is primarily stimulated by sour or sweet foods?

<p>Parotid gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the part of the stomach responsible for storage.

<p>Fundus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of stomach tissue contains gastric pits and glands?

<p>Mucosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of teeth are primarily responsible for grinding food?

<p>Molars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

<p>To prevent backflow of stomach contents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component makes up the structure supporting each tooth?

<p>Periodontal ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the chief cell in the stomach secrete?

<p>Pepsinogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rugae in the stomach?

<p>Allow the stomach to stretch and accommodate food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can result from poor dental hygiene or smoking?

<p>Periodontal disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of villi in the small intestine?

<p>To increase surface area for nutrient absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is responsible for housing intestinal bacteria?

<p>Cecum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of goblet cells in the intestinal lining?

<p>To produce mucus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a lack of fiber contribute to constipation?

<p>It causes the intestines to absorb too much water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Clostridium difficile?

<p>It leads to deadly infections with severe diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes celiac disease to affect nutrient absorption?

<p>Deterioration of the villi into scar tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of haustra in the colon?

<p>They allow stretch and contraction of the colon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature differentiates internal and external anal sphincters?

<p>Internal is smooth muscle, external is skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamins are primarily produced by the bacteria in the large intestine?

<p>Vitamin K and B vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical frequency for normal bowel movements in adults?

<p>3 times per day to 3 times a week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the kidneys play in the regulation of blood pressure?

<p>By controlling the volume of blood and balance of sodium and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options correctly describes the internal anatomy of the kidney?

<p>The renal pyramids are part of the medulla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nephrons primarily responsible for?

<p>Filtering blood to produce urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the renal fascia is correct?

<p>It attaches the kidney to the abdominal wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not involved in the regulatory function of the kidneys?

<p>Excreting bile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the renal capsule?

<p>To shape and protect the kidney. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding urine flow within the kidney, which sequence is correct?

<p>Nephrons → Renal pelvis → Ureters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is NOT listed as being regulated by the kidneys?

<p>Phosphate ions (PO4^3-) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the kidneys to filter excess sodium and water?

<p>High blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the adipose capsule surrounding the kidneys?

<p>Padding and protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

<p>Regulation of blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for concentrating urine?

<p>Juxtamedullary nephron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What histological feature is prominent in the proximal convoluted tubule?

<p>Microvilli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure directly drains urine from the renal pelvis?

<p>Ureter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can lead to renal failure?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does podocytes serve in renal function?

<p>Filtration of blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the micturition reflex?

<p>Stretch receptors in the bladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the renal artery to the nephron?

<p>Interlobar artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the kidney is primarily responsible for filtering blood plasma?

<p>Renal corpuscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect kidney function?

<p>Impaired blood filtration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is correctly associated with biological sex?

<p>Male (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many gametes are produced when a single cell undergoes meiosis?

<p>4 gametes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the trophoblast during pregnancy?

<p>To form the placenta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of the embryonic stage in prenatal development?

<p>Development of organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during gastrulation in embryonic development?

<p>Migration and division of inner cell mass cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal change prevents menstruation during pregnancy?

<p>A combination of hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sperm cells after they penetrate the corona radiata?

<p>Enzymes are released to help break through the zona pellucida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does a fertilized egg typically survive after ovulation?

<p>24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the sperm’s nucleus after fertilization?

<p>It combines with the oocyte's nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change noted in the scene from 'A Clash of Kings' regarding Sansa Stark?

<p>It shows an unrealistic scene with excessive blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer is primarily responsible for forming the connective tissues in the human body?

<p>Mesoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of events regarding neurulation?

<p>Neural tube forms and then develops into the brain and spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extraembryonic membrane is primarily involved in cushioning the embryo?

<p>Amnion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus during fetal circulation?

<p>To bypass the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which embryonic stage do the major structures of the reproductive system develop similarly in both males and females?

<p>First six weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the placental stage of labor and delivery?

<p>The placenta separates from the uterine wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Folate is particularly important for women during pregnancy because it helps prevent defects in which developmental process?

<p>Neurulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'allometric growth' refer to in human development?

<p>Differential growth rates of body parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily responsible for the first production of blood cells during early development?

<p>Yolk sac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the muscle contractions during the dilation stage of labor?

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the ovaries to the uterus and facilitates the movement of the oocyte?

<p>Uterine tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the inner lining of the ovaries?

<p>Simple cuboidal epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal change initiates the maturation of primordial follicles each month?

<p>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase follows the ejection of a secondary oocyte during ovulation?

<p>Ovum phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

<p>To release hormones preparing for implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure serves as the receptacle for the penis in the female reproductive system?

<p>Vagina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the myometrium in the uterus?

<p>Smooth muscle layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for the production of testosterone?

<p>Leydig cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of aging on female reproductive organs?

<p>Menopause and reduced hormone production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the tissue that surrounds and protects the female external genitalia?

<p>Mons pubis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mesocolon

Connects large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.

Peritoneum

Tissue lining the abdomen, can get inflamed or infected.

Oral Cavity

The mouth; the first part of the digestive tract.

Deglutition

The process of swallowing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Palate

Separates the nasal and oral cavities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Salivary Glands

Produce saliva to lubricate food and start digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Esophagus

Tube that connects the throat to the stomach.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Esophageal Hiatus

Where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Teeth Layers

Crown (covered by enamel), dentin, pulp cavity (blood vessels and nerves), cementum (root anchor).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Periodontal Disease

Inflammation and decay of the gums and tissues holding teeth in place, often a bacterial infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Digestion

The process of chemically breaking down food using enzymes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Absorption

The process of bringing nutrients into the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mechanical Processing

Physical breakdown of food (e.g., chewing).

Signup and view all the flashcards

MUCOSA

Innermost layer of the digestive tract, secretes mucus and is lined with epithelial tissue for protection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

SUBMUCOSA

Connective tissue layer with blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MUSCULARIS

Layer with smooth muscle for peristalsis (moving food).

Signup and view all the flashcards

SEROSA/ADVENTITIA

Outermost protective layer; serosa in most of the tract, except for pharynx, esophagus, rectum where it is called adventitia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peristalsis

Undulating movements of smooth muscle that move food through the digestive tract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Accessory Organs

Glands that aid in digestion (e.g., salivary glands, liver, pancreas).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alimentary Canal

The tube-like digestive tract, approximately 20ft long.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bile Salts

Substances produced by the liver that help emulsify fats in the small intestine, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bile Pigments

Waste products formed from the breakdown of red blood cells by the liver. These pigments are excreted in bile and give feces their characteristic brown color.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pancreatic Juice

A mixture of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions, produced by the pancreas, that flows into the duodenum to neutralize stomach acid and break down food further.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Where is the pancreas located?

The pancreas is located behind the stomach and the duodenum, in the retroperitoneal space.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

The point where the pancreatic duct and common bile duct join together before emptying into the duodenum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the functions of the small intestine?

The small intestine is responsible for approximately 90% of the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. It has three sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Villi and Lacteals

Villi are tiny finger-like projections lining the small intestine, increasing surface area for absorption. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries inside each villi, absorbing fats.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Segmentation and Peristalsis

These are two types of muscle contractions in the small intestine. Segmentation churns and mixes food, while peristalsis propels food forward.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secretion

The release of digestive juices and enzymes from specialized cells in the digestive tract. These substances help break down food and aid in digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Excretion

The removal of waste products from the body that are not absorbed or used. This includes undigested food and other byproducts of metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compaction

The process of solidifying waste (indigested food) in the large intestine, forming feces to be eliminated from the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What happens if your pancreas stops functioning?

Your digestive system would be significantly affected. You wouldn't produce enough digestive enzymes needed to break down food, leading to maldigestion. This can lead to nutrient deficiencies, weight loss, and even damage to your intestines due to the lack of digestive enzymes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What happens if the flow of bile is interrupted?

You wouldn't be able to adequately digest fats. Bile, produced by the liver, helps break down fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the small intestine. Without bile, fat digestion and absorption would be severely reduced.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urinary System Function

The urinary system is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, producing urine, and regulating blood pressure, pH, glucose, and ion levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kidney Location

The kidneys are located retroperitoneally, meaning they sit behind the peritoneum lining in the abdominal cavity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kidney Layers

The kidney is surrounded by three tissue layers: the fibrous capsule (maintains shape), the adipose capsule (protection), and the renal fascia (attachment to the abdominal wall).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kidney Internal Structure

The kidney has two main regions: the cortex (outer layer) and medulla (inner layer). The cortex contains the renal corpuscle, convoluted tubules, and the proximal ends of collecting ducts. The medulla contains the nephron loops and distal ends of collecting ducts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nephron: the Kidney's Functional Unit

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. They filter blood to form urine and transport it out of the kidney.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urinary Flow Pathway

Urine flows from nephrons to collecting ducts, then to calyces, merging into the renal pelvis, and finally draining into the ureter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glomerulus: Blood Filtration

The glomerulus is a specialized capillary network within the nephron responsible for filtering blood. It receives 25% of the blood flow directly from the renal arteries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renal Blood Supply

The abdominal aorta branches into renal arteries, which then branch into smaller arteries supplying different kidney sections. Ultimately, afferent arterioles deliver blood to the glomerulus for filtration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glomerular Filtration

The process where the renal corpuscle filters blood plasma, preventing blood cells from entering the nephron.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tubular Reabsorption

The process where useful substances are reabsorbed from the tubules back into the bloodstream. Water, ions, and nutrients are reabsorbed into capillaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tubular Secretion

The process where specific wastes are pumped into the urine. Metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs are secreted.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renal Failure

A condition where there is a decrease or cessation of glomerular filtration. This leads to enlarged kidneys, edema, metabolic acidosis, urea accumulation in the blood, and calcium deficiency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hemodialysis

A medical procedure that filters blood to remove waste and excess fluid when the kidneys are no longer functioning properly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peritoneal Dialysis

A type of dialysis that uses the peritoneal membrane to filter blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ureters

Two tubes that sit retroperitoneally and carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They enter the bladder from the bottom and have no valves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urinary Bladder

A muscular sac located anterior to the rectum that stores urine. It has three layers: mucosa (transitional epithelium), submucosa, and muscularis (detrusor muscle).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the female gonads?

The ovaries are the female gonads, responsible for producing female gametes (eggs) and secreting hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

The uterine tubes, also known as fallopian tubes, connect the ovaries to the uterus. They provide a pathway for the sperm and oocyte to meet. Ciliated cells in the lining help move the oocyte towards the uterus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the layers of the uterus?

The uterus has three layers: the perimetrium (outer), myometrium (middle), and endometrium (inner). The myometrium is a strong muscle layer responsible for contractions during labor. The endometrium is the lining that thickens and sheds during the menstrual cycle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland that forms after ovulation. It releases progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the phases of oocyte development?

Oocyte development involves four phases: oogonia (stem cells in the embryo), primary oocytes (begin meiosis I in the fetus), secondary oocytes (released during ovulation), and ovum (after fertilization).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the functions of the vagina?

The vagina is the birth canal and also acts as a receptacle for the penis during intercourse. It has folds called rugae that allow for expansion during childbirth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of the mammary glands?

Mammary glands are modified sweat glands primarily responsible for milk production during lactation. Under hormonal influence, they secrete milk to nourish a newborn baby.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the layers of the scrotum?

The scrotum, which contains the testicles, has two layers: the dartos muscle (external) and the cremaster muscle (internal). These muscles regulate the temperature of the testicles for optimal sperm production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main components of semen?

Semen consists of sperm cells produced by the testes and fluids contributed by various glands: seminal vesicles (60%), prostate (25%), and bulbourethral glands (5%).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sex vs. Gender

Sex refers to biological differences between males and females, including chromosomes, reproductive organs, and hormones. Gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions, and identities associated with being male or female.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Male/Female vs. Man/Woman

Male and female are terms used to describe biological sex. Man and woman are terms used to describe gender identities and roles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Meiosis?

Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes of a normal cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How many cells does meiosis make?

Meiosis results in the production of four gametes from a single starting cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pre-embryonic Stage

The first stage of prenatal development, lasting from fertilization to the end of the second week, characterized by rapid cell division and implantation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ovulation and the Secondary Oocyte

Ovulation releases a mature egg called a secondary oocyte, surrounded by the corona radiata (granulosa cells) and zona pellucida (protective layer).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fertilization: Fusion of Sperm and Egg

Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates a secondary oocyte, fusing their nuclei and creating a zygote with 46 chromosomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cleavage and Morula

After fertilization, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division (cleavage), forming a solid ball of cells called a morula.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blastocyst Formation

The morula develops a fluid-filled cavity, becoming a blastocyst with an outer trophoblast (future placenta) and inner cell mass (future embryo).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Implantation: Attachment to the Uterus

The blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine wall, establishing the placenta and beginning the development of the embryo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the three primary germ layers?

The three primary germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. They form during embryonic development and give rise to all the tissues and organs of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the ectoderm form?

The ectoderm forms the outer layer of the body, including the skin, hair, nails, and the nervous system. It also forms the lining of the mouth and anus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the mesoderm form?

The mesoderm forms muscles, bones, connective tissue, and the circulatory system. It also forms the lining of the body cavities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the endoderm form?

The endoderm forms the lining of the digestive tract, the respiratory system, and the urinary system. It also forms the glands of these systems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is neurulation?

Neurulation is the process of forming the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) from the ectoderm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Describe the steps of neurulation.

Neurulation occurs in four steps: 1. The ectoderm thickens to form the neural plate. 2. The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove. 3. The raised sides of the neural groove (neural folds) grow upward. 4. The neural folds fuse to form the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of the amniotic sac?

The amniotic sac surrounds the embryo and is filled with amniotic fluid, which cushions and protects the developing embryo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the yolk sac?

The yolk sac is involved in the formation of the first blood cells and gets absorbed as the embryo develops.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the extraembryonic membranes?

Extraembryonic membranes are important structures that develop alongside the embryo and support its growth. These include the amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Explain fetal circulation.

Fetal circulation involves unique adaptations to bypass the lungs. Oxygenated blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus through the umbilical vein. The ductus venosus shunts blood away from the liver and into the inferior vena cava. The ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the lungs and directly enter the aorta. The foramen ovale permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the pulmonary circulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the 3 salivary glands?

The three pairs of salivary glands are the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands. They secrete saliva, which lubricates food, breaks down carbohydrates, and fights bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the layers of a tooth?

A tooth has three main layers: enamel (outer, protective), dentin (middle, mineralized), and pulp (inner, containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the pharynx?

The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the esophagus and the nasal cavity to the trachea. It plays a crucial role in swallowing and breathing, and is also involved in speech production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the esophageal hiatus?

The esophageal hiatus is an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes to connect to the stomach.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the 3 phases of deglutition?

Deglutition, or swallowing, has three phases: the voluntary (tongue pushes food back), the pharyngeal (soft palate closes, bolus moves down), and the esophageal (peristalsis carries food to the stomach) phases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main parts of the stomach?

The stomach has four main parts: the cardia (entrance), fundus (storage), body (main part), and pyloric region (exit).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are rugae?

Rugae are folds in the stomach lining, allowing it to expand and increase its surface area to hold more food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main cells in the stomach lining?

The stomach lining has specialized cells: mucous cells (secrete mucus), parietal cells (produce HCl and intrinsic factor), chief cells (secrete pepsinogen), and enteroendocrine cells (secrete gastrin).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the roles of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas?

These are accessory organs of digestion. The liver produces bile to emulsify fats, the gallbladder stores bile, and the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the three smooth muscle layers of the stomach?

The muscularis layer of the stomach has three layers: oblique (inner), circular (middle), and longitudinal (outer). These layers work together to churn and mix food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What increases the small intestine's surface area?

The small intestine has circular folds, villi, and microvilli, which all collectively increase the surface area for maximum nutrient absorption. This is crucial for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we eat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Celiac disease?

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten. It damages the villi in the small intestine, turning them into scar tissue. This makes it difficult to digest food, leading to problems like bloating and chronic diarrhea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What happens in the large intestine?

The large intestine transforms chyme from a liquid to a solid state. Bacteria residing within it digest leftover food, creating vitamins K and B. Its four parts are the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the appendix?

The appendix is a small pouch attached to the cecum. It houses some intestinal bacteria and can sometimes get clogged with chyme, leading to appendicitis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the two smooth muscle layers in the colon?

The colon has two smooth muscle layers, but they do not surround the entire colon. This creates the 'bumps' on the large intestine called haustra.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?

The anal canal has two sphincters: the internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) and the external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle). These work together to control defecation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is diarrhea?

Diarrhea is the rapid passage of food through the intestines, resulting in loose, watery stools. It often occurs when food isn't properly digested or when gut bacteria are out of balance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is constipation?

Constipation is the slow movement of food through the intestines, leading to infrequent, hard stools. It can be caused by lack of fiber in the diet, dehydration, or other factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is C. diff?

Clostridium difficile, or C. diff, is a deadly infection caused by bacteria. It can lead to severe, bloody diarrhea for months and often arises after antibiotic use, as these kill off good bacteria, allowing harmful ones to take over.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a fecal transplant?

A fecal transplant is a medical procedure where healthy bacteria from a donor's stool is transferred to a recipient's intestines. This helps restore the balance of gut bacteria and treat infections like C. diff.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does bile do?

Bile is produced by the liver and helps to emulsify fats in the small intestine. This means it breaks down large fat globules into smaller droplets, making it easier for digestive enzymes to work on them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How is bile stored and released?

The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver. When you eat fatty foods, the gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine through the cystic duct.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are gallstones?

Gallstones are hard deposits that form in the gallbladder. They're usually made of cholesterol or bilirubin, a waste product from red blood cell breakdown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the pancreas?

The pancreas has two main roles: 1) It produces digestive enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. 2) It secretes bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is the opening where both the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct join together before entering the small intestine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What happens if bile flow is interrupted?

If bile flow is interrupted, the body can't properly digest fats. This can lead to problems absorbing fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and may cause digestive issues like diarrhea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of the small intestine?

The small intestine is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients. It has three main sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Describe the structure of the small intestine.

The inside of the small intestine is covered in villi, which are tiny finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption. Each villi also contains a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal, which absorbs fats.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the two main types of movements in the small intestine?

The small intestine has two main movements: 1) Segmentation, which churns and mixes food. 2) Peristalsis, which propels food forward.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the importance of the ileocecal sphincter?

The ileocecal sphincter is a valve that controls the movement of food from the small intestine into the large intestine. This ensures that food is properly digested and absorbed before moving on.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the urinary system?

The urinary system filters waste products from the blood, produces urine, and regulates blood pressure, pH, glucose, and ion levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Where are the kidneys located?

The kidneys are located retroperitoneally, meaning they sit behind the peritoneum lining in the abdominal cavity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the layers surrounding the kidney?

The kidney is surrounded by three tissue layers: the fibrous capsule (maintains shape), the adipose capsule (protection), and the renal fascia (attachment to the abdominal wall).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Describe the internal anatomy of the kidney.

The kidney has two main regions: the cortex (outer layer) and medulla (inner layer). The cortex contains the renal corpuscle, convoluted tubules, and the proximal ends of collecting ducts. The medulla contains the nephron loops and distal ends of collecting ducts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a nephron, and what is its function?

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. They filter blood to form urine and transport it out of the kidney.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the pathway of urine flow?

Urine flows from nephrons to collecting ducts, then to calyces, merging into the renal pelvis, and finally draining into the ureter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of the glomerulus in blood filtration?

The glomerulus is a specialized capillary network within the nephron responsible for filtering blood. It receives 25% of the blood flow directly from the renal arteries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main steps involved in urine formation?

Urine formation involves three main steps: glomerular filtration (filtering blood in the renal corpuscle), tubular reabsorption (taking back useful substances), and tubular secretion (removing unwanted substances).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the ureters?

Two tubes that sit retroperitoneally and carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They enter the bladder from the bottom and have no valves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Describe the structure and function of the urinary bladder.

A muscular sac located anterior to the rectum that stores urine. It has three layers: mucosa (transitional epithelium), submucosa, and muscularis (detrusor muscle).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the two layers of the ureter's mucosa?

The ureter's mucosa consists of two layers: transitional epithelium, which allows for stretching to accommodate varying urine volume, and lamina propria, which provides structural support.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the glomerulus?

The glomerulus acts as a filter in the nephron, separating blood plasma from larger molecules like proteins and blood cells. Only water, electrolytes, and small molecules pass through into Bowman's capsule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

The Juxtaglomerular apparatus monitors blood pressure and filtration rate within the nephron. Specialized cells, macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells, regulate blood flow and pressure through hormone release.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the three main functions of the nephron?

The nephron performs three vital functions: glomerular filtration (filtering blood plasma), tubular reabsorption (reclaiming useful substances), and tubular secretion (removing waste products).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the consequences of renal failure?

Renal failure leads to a decline in glomerular filtration, resulting in enlarged kidneys, fluid retention (edema), metabolic acidosis, urea build-up in the blood, and calcium deficiency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the histology of the ureter?

The ureter has three layers: the mucosa (transitional epithelium and lamina propria), the muscularis (smooth muscle for peristalsis), and the adventitia (outer connective tissue layer).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the three layers of the urinary bladder?

The urinary bladder has three layers: the mucosa (transitional epithelium), the submucosa (connective tissue), and the muscularis (detrusor muscle for bladder contraction).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the difference between the male and female urethras?

The male urethra is about 8 inches long and passes through the prostate, while the female urethra is about 1.5 inches long and is shorter and separate from the reproductive system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is micturition and how does it work?

Micturition is the process of urination. Stretch receptors in the bladder send signals to the spinal cord when the bladder fills, triggering relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, contraction of the detrusor muscle, and inhibition of the external urethral sphincter, leading to urine expulsion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main changes in the urinary system during aging?

Aging leads to a decline in nephron function, reducing filtration and urine production. In men, the prostate may enlarge, potentially obstructing the urethra and making urination difficult.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the corpus luteum?

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland that forms after ovulation. It releases progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the four steps of neurulation?

Neurulation occurs in four steps: 1. The ectoderm thickens to form the neural plate. 2. The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove. 3. The raised sides of the neural groove (neural folds) grow upward. 4. The neural folds fuse to form the neural tube, developing into the brain and spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex refers to biological characteristics like chromosomes, reproductive organs, and hormones. Gender is a social construct – roles, behaviors, and expressions based on being male or female.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the terms for biological sex and gender?

Male and female are terms for sex. Man and woman are terms for gender.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does Meiosis produce and how many cells?

Meiosis is a special cell division that makes gametes (sperm or egg cells) with half the chromosomes. It produces 4 cells from one.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Pre-embryonic Stage?

The first stage of development from fertilization to 2 weeks, marked by rapid cell division and implantation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a Blastocyst?

A hollow ball of cells with an outer trophoblast (future placenta) and inner cell mass (future embryo).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Gastrulation and why is it important?

Cells in the inner cell mass move and separate to form the 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). This marks the transition to the Embryonic stage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the Ectoderm become?

The Ectoderm forms the outer layer of the body, including skin, hair, nails, and the nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the Mesoderm become?

The Mesoderm forms muscles, bones, connective tissue, and the circulatory system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the Endoderm become?

The Endoderm forms the linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems, plus their glands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Neurulation and what does it form?

Neurulation is the process that creates the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) from the Ectoderm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Digestive System

  • The digestive system has 7 functions:
    • Mechanical processing (chewing)
    • Digestion (using enzymes)
    • Secretion (releasing substances)
    • Absorption (bringing substances into the body)
    • Excretion (eliminating waste)
    • Compaction (dehydrating and forming feces)
    • Elimination (excretion of feces)
  • Overview:
    • Accessory organs (help with movement, digestion, & processing of food):
      • Salivary glands
      • Liver
      • Gallbladder
      • Pancreas
    • Gastrointestinal (GI) tract/Alimentary Canal (≈ 20 ft long):
      • Mouth
      • Pharynx
      • Esophagus
      • Stomach
      • Small intestine (≈ 18 ft)
      • Colon
      • Rectum
      • Anus
  • 4 Layers of the Digestive System:
    • Mucosa:
      • Innermost layer, mucus membrane lining the lumen.
      • Secretes mucus for lubrication and protection.
      • Epithelial tissue (stratified squamous).
      • Specialized secretory cells (hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes).
      • Enteroendocrine cells regulate hormones.
    • Lamina Propia:
      • Basement membrane
      • Connects to areolar connective tissue
      • Support vessels, lymphatics, glands, and space
      • MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) patrols the tract for pathogens.
    • Submucosa: areolar connective tissue, support vessels, and lymphatics; contains Meissner's plexus (specialized neurons).
    • Muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle (circular & longitudinal)
      • Creates Peristalsis, wave of contraction that moves food along the GI tract.
    • Serosa: -Outermost layer, serous membrane. -Simple squamous epithelium -Allows organs to move without sticking together; contains Auerbach's plexus (specialized neurons).
  • Submucosa contains Meissner's plexus.
  • Muscularis contains Auerbach's plexus.

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Deglutition

  • Oral Cavity (Buccal Cavity):
    • Cheeks, Lips, Vestibule, Palate, Uvula, Tonsils, Fauces.
    • Salivary glands (1-1.5 liters/day).
      • Saliva contains water, ions, buffers, digestive enzymes (amylase), and antibacterial enzymes.
  • Teeth:
    • Dental arcades (Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars)
  • Deglutition (swallowing):
    • Voluntary, Pharyngeal, and Esophageal stages.
    • 2 sphincters: Upper Esophageal and Lower Esophageal.

Stomach

  • Stomach: expandable and stretchable; stores food, mixes it with acids and enzymes, absorbs water and alcohol.
  • Parts:
    • Cardia (esophagus entry)
    • Fundus (storage)
    • Body
    • Pyloric region (pyloric antrum, canal, sphincter)
    • Rugae: allows the stomach to expand.
  • Histology:
    • MUCOSA
      • Gastric pits and glands (for functions like mucous, parietal, and chief cells).
      • Mucous cells, Parietal cells (HCl), and Chief cells (Pepsinogen).
      • Intrinsic factor (for vitamin B12 absorption).
  • Chyme: mixture of partially digested food and enzymes.

Accessory Glands (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas)

  • Liver:
    • Recycles old RBCs.
    • Inactivates toxins/old hormones.
    • Stores and breaks down carbs, fats, proteins.
    • Produce bile: emulsify fats for digestion; bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts.,
    • Has 3 parts (Neck, Body, Fundus).
  • Gallbladder: Stores bile; bile ducts connect liver, gallbladder, and small intestines.
  • Pancreas:
    • Produces pancreatic juice (contains buffers and enzymes for protein, fat, and carb digestion),
    • Ducts carry pancreatic juice to the small intestine; hepatopancreatic ampulla/sphincter controls release of pancreatic juice and bile..
  • Pancreatic juice contains enzymes for digestion of carbs (amylase), proteins (trypsin,chymotrypsin), and fats (lipase). Pancreatic juice also contains bicarbonate ions.

Intestines

  • Small intestine: primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption (90% digestion/absorption).
    • 3 sections: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum; duodenum is retroperitoneal.
  • Large intestine (colon):
    • Bacteria digest remaining nutrients, absorb water.
    • Forms feces; contains ileocecal sphincter.
    • 4 parts: Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, and Rectum

Urinary System

  • Kidneys:
    • Filter blood, remove waste, regulate blood pressure, pH, ions, and glucose
    • Blood flows into kidneys via the renal artery and exits via the renal vein.
    • Structures: cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, and nephrons.
  • Nephrons:
    • Functional units of the kidneys
      • Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
  • Urine Formation:
    • Glomeruli filter blood
    • Filtrate enters renal tubules, where reabsorption and secretion occur.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Digestive System Lecture PDF

Description

Explore the essential functions and components of the digestive system in this quiz. Learn about mechanical processing, secretion, absorption, and the various organs involved in digestion. Test your knowledge on the structure and roles of the GI tract and accessory organs.

More Like This

Digestive System Overview Quiz
101 questions
Human Digestive System Overview
24 questions

Human Digestive System Overview

SupportiveLaboradite894 avatar
SupportiveLaboradite894
Digestive System Anatomy and Function
41 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser