Unit 4: Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

Absorbs nutrients

Digests proteins

Secretes digestive enzymes

Stores and releases bile (correct)

Which of the following correctly describes the function of villi in the small intestine?

Increase surface area for absorption (correct)

Secrete digestive enzymes

Store bile

Transport fat to the circulatory system

What is the primary function of the esophagus in the digestive system?

Absorbing nutrients from digested food

Storing bile produced by the liver

Secreting digestive enzymes

Transporting food to the stomach (correct)

What is a symptom of Crohn's Disease?

Weight loss (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding constipation is accurate?

It can be influenced by fiber intake and physical activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of digestion involves the use of enzymes to break down food into absorbable components?

Chemical digestion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of insulin in the body?

Increase in blood glucose levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bile in digestion?

To emulsify fats into smaller droplets (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment method for peptic ulcers?

Antibiotics to eliminate Helicobacter pylori (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients in the digestive system?

Small intestine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in the absorption of fats?

Lacteals (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Parietal cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is mastication primarily involved in?

Physical breakdown of food (B) Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus?

GERD (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes involves the immune system attacking pancreatic beta cells?

Type 1 Diabetes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What protective function does mucus serve in the stomach?

Protecting the stomach lining from acids and enzymes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch into glucose?

Amylase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for jaundice in liver disorders?

Bile pigments build-up in the blood (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pyloric sphincter?

Controlling the passage of chyme into the small intestine (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine is primarily involved in digestion rather than absorption?

Duodenum (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes bronchial pneumonia?

It affects patches of both lungs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is primarily responsible for lobular pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with pneumonia?

Sharp, stabbing chest pains (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does tuberculosis affect the body?

It destroys lung tissue and can spread to other organs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do valves play in the heart?

They control the flow of blood. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes arteries?

They have thicker walls due to higher blood pressure. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transportation?

Red blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describe the function of capillaries?

Provide a site for gas, waste, and nutrient exchange. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What causes secondary bacterial infections after a viral infection?

Immune system suppression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

Transport blood, nutrients, and waste throughout the body. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with an aneurysm?

Internal bleeding after a rupture (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves opening a blocked artery using a stent?

Angioplasty (B) Signup and view all the answers

What abnormality may lead to insufficient blood flow in arrhythmia?

Too rapid heartbeat (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with varicose veins?

Rapid heartbeat (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of regurgitation in heart valve disease?

Blood flows backwards through the valve (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a defect present since birth?

Congenital heart defect (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment method for ischemic stroke?

Clot busters (C) Signup and view all the answers

What procedure is often recommended for severe cases of mitral valve prolapse?

Surgical repair or replacement of the valve (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom might indicate a stroke?

Trouble speaking (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for the development of arteriosclerosis?

Loss of arterial elasticity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What structure prevents food from entering the lungs during swallowing?

Epiglottis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for external respiration?

Alveoli (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does asthma have on the bronchi and bronchioles?

Causes chronic inflammation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mucus produced in the nasal passages?

Capture dust and pathogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for voice production?

Larynx (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the alveoli in emphysema?

Their walls lose elasticity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of bronchitis?

Destruction of cilia lining (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the diaphragm contribute to breathing?

Increases volume of the chest cavity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of laryngitis?

Shortness of breath (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

Filter larger particles (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumonia affects a single lobe of the lungs?

Lobular pneumonia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the pleural membrane do?

Reduces friction during lung expansion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which disease results from a buildup of mucus causing lung infections?

Cystic fibrosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive System

Organs and Systems: Organs are different tissues working together for a specific function. Organ systems are composed of multiple organs working together for a related task. Some systems have dependencies on others.
Heterotrophs: Organisms that consume organic matter for survival.
Types of Digestion:
- Physical/Mechanical: Breaking down food into smaller pieces (e.g., mastication, stomach contractions).
- Chemical: Using enzymes and water to break down food for absorption.
Four Main Processes: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Egestion/Elimination.
Ingestion:
- Teeth: Incisors cut, canines tear, premolars grind, molars crush food.
- Tongue: Taste buds, strong muscles move food, initiate swallowing.
- Saliva: Contains amylase for carbohydrate breakdown, lubricates food. Saliva, along with the touching of the food, helps in the tasting process.
- Pharynx: Divides air and food passages, swallowing/gag reflex.
- Epiglottis: Prevents food from entering the trachea.
- Esophagus: Peristalsis (wave-like contractions) moves food.
Digestion:
- Stomach: Stores and digests food.
  - Stomach cells:
    - Mucous cells: Secrete mucus and bicarbonate ions for protection. -Parietal cells: Produce HCl. -Peptic cells: Produce pepsinogens which turn into pepsin (protein-digesting enzyme) via HCl. The J-shaped stomach can hold up to 1.5 liters of food.
  - Sphincters: Regulate food movement into and out of the stomach (esophageal/cardiac and pyloric).
  - Gastric juice: Mix of HCl, mucus, pepsinogens, and other materials.
  - Chyme: The partially digested and liquefied food.
Absorption:
- Small intestine: - Duodenum: Major digestion area. - Jejunum: Absorption of nutrients. - Ileum: Absorption of some nutrients, remaining waste is excreted.
  - Pancreas: Secretes enzymes (trypsin/erepsins for protein, amylase for carbohydrates, lipase for lipids) to aid digestion and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.
  - Bicarbonate: Neutralizes acid entering from the stomach, inactivating pepsin.
- Digestive Enzymes: Amylase for starch, protease for protein, lipase for lipids.
- Carbohydrates: Amylase breaks down complex carbohydrates into glucose, which are then absorbed into capillaries.
- Fats: Bile (from liver, stored in gallbladder) breaks down large fat droplets into smaller droplets mechanically for lipase (from pancreas) to further chemically digest them, absorb into lacteals.
- Proteins: Protease enzymes from the pancreas (trypsin) break down protein into amino acids absorbed into capillaries.
- Vitamins: Essential for metabolism, absorbed in the small intestine.
- Villi and Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption into the capillaries and lacteals.
Liver: Produces bile, removes excess sugar from the blood, detoxifies blood, recycles old red blood cells.
Gallbladder: Stores bile, releases it when needed.
Large Intestine: Wider and shorter than the small intestine, absorbs water, salts, vitamins, stores waste. Contains beneficial bacteria that synthesize vitamins.
Elimination:
- Rectum: Collects waste, prepares it for excretion.
- Anus: Controls waste discharge (feces).

Digestive System Disorders

Peptic Ulcers: Sores in the stomach or duodenum lining, caused by acid and pepsin damaging unprotected tissue. Bacterial infection is a contributing factor
Constipation: Dry, hard stools difficult to eliminate.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Chronic inflammation of the intestines, not curable. Common treatment is a restricted diet.
Crohn's Disease: IBD affecting various parts of the gut, immune system attacking cells.
Ulcerative Colitis: IBD specifically affecting the colon.
Colon Cancer: Tumors in the colon, caused by genetic/environmental errors.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease): Stomach contents reflux into the esophagus.
Liver and Gallbladder Issues: Gallstones (crystals in bile), Jaundice (yellowing of tissues from bile pigments). Liver illnesses are typically infections (hepatitis) or chronic conditions (cirrhosis).
Diabetes: Inability of cells to use glucose for energy, type 1 autoimmune, type 2 insufficient insulin production/response.

Respiratory System

Function: Facilitates gas exchange for cellular respiration.
Upper Respiratory: Nose/mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea.
Lower Respiratory: Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleural membrane.
Upper Respiratory Details:
- Nasal passages/ mouth: Warm, moisten, and filter air, the nose possesses filtering cilia and mucus. The mouth warms and moistens air with no filtration, providing extra space.
- Pharynx: Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx.
- Epiglottis: Flap preventing food from entering the lungs (trachea).
- Larynx: Contains vocal cords, opening the airways for respiration.
- Trachea: Carries air to bronchi, supports itself with rings of cartilage to prevent collapse.
Lower Respiratory Details:
- Bronchi: Primary air passage into the lungs, branches into bronchioles.
- Bronchioles: Branch into smaller tubes, altering diameter for air flow control, the walls are smooth muscles.
- Alveoli: Tiny sacs for gas exchange - oxygen in, carbon dioxide out. Has a large surface area, lined with surfactant.
- Diaphragm: Muscle controlling chest cavity volume changes.
- Pleural membrane: Membranes lining the lungs and chest cavity reduce friction.
Respiratory System Disorders: Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, Emphysema, Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis.
- Disease descriptions provided in detail within the text section. For example, the respiratory diseases.

Circulatory System

Function: Transports blood, nutrients, and waste. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells, removes waste.
Types of Systems:
- Open: Hemolymph bathes body cells, for example in insects.
- Closed: Blood circulates in vessels, for example in humans.
Components: Heart, blood vessels, blood.
Heart: Four chambers: Left atrium, Right atrium, Left ventricle, Right ventricle. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle to facilitate contraction and relaxation.
- Valves: Control blood flow, Atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid, bicuspid/mitral) and semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic).
Blood Vessels:
- Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated except pulmonary artery). Thick walls accommodate high pressure.
- Veins: Return blood to heart (deoxygenated except pulmonary vein). Valved to prevent backflow. Thin walls accommodate lower pressure.
- Capillaries: Site of exchange between blood and body tissues. Thin walls facilitate rapid diffusion.
Blood:
- Red Blood Cells: Transport oxygen.
- White Blood Cells: Part of the immune system.
- Plasma: Liquid portion of blood; contains water, dissolved substances, macromolecules, waste products.
- Platelets: Involved in blood clotting.
Temperature Regulation: Balance heat loss with metabolic heat production.

Circulatory System Disorders

Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity in artery walls due to plaque buildup (fat, calcium, fibrous tissue).
Aneurysm: Bulge in an artery from a weakened area.
Heart Valve Disease: Regurgitation (valves don't close properly) or stenosis (valves narrow).
Arrhythmia: Irregular heart rhythm.
Congenital Heart Defects: Problems with heart structure from birth.
Stroke: Damage to brain blood vessels (ischemic or hemorrhagic).
Fainting: Loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain.
Varicose Veins: Enlarged, engorged veins.
Detailed descriptions of the mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments are within the body of the text.

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Description

Explore the essential components of the digestive system, including its organs, processes, and types of digestion. This quiz covers the roles of different organs, the functions of heterotrophs, and the main processes: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Test your knowledge on how food is transformed and absorbed by the body.