Digestive System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What anatomical reason makes individuals with female reproductive organs more susceptible to urinary tract infections?

  • The female urinary system is less developed than the male's.
  • Females produce fewer hormones related to infection.
  • The female urethra is anatomically shorter and closer to the anus. (correct)
  • The female urethra is longer than the male's urethra.

Which organ is NOT typically at risk during a urinary tract infection?

  • The kidneys
  • The pancreas (correct)
  • The bladder
  • The prostate gland

What role do the ovaries play in the female reproductive system?

  • Producing male gametes
  • Secreting testosterone
  • Producing female gametes and hormones (correct)
  • Holding the uterus in place

Which of the following is NOT part of the external anatomy of the female reproductive system?

<p>Uterus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?

<p>To hold the posterior side of the ovary in place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of primordial follicles in the ovaries?

<p>To develop into oocytes during ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the ovaries to the pelvic wall?

<p>Suspensory ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the labia majora in the female reproductive system?

<p>To protect the vaginal opening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm during fertilization?

<p>To penetrate the corona radiata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal changes occur following implantation to prevent menstruation?

<p>Increase in estrogen and progesterone levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure develops into the placenta during the early stages of embryonic development?

<p>Trophoblast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process follows the fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and oocyte?

<p>Cleavage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are present in the zygote after fertilization?

<p>46 chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological characteristics define an individual's sex?

<p>Reproductive organs and hormone levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which terms correctly correspond to the concepts of sex and gender?

<p>Female for sex, Woman for gender (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many gametes are produced when a single cell undergoes meiosis?

<p>4 gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Sansa Stark's menarche is portrayed inaccurately in the depiction?

<p>The volume of blood observed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on semen volume during a vasectomy?

<p>No noticeable change in volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of prenatal development?

<p>About 9 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the initial stages of pre-embryonic development?

<p>Cleavage and Gastrulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what time frame does the embryonic stage occur?

<p>Weeks 3-8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the end of the pre-embryonic stage?

<p>Gastrulation completion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for producing and housing the ova in females?

<p>Ovaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure eventually leads to the formation of the clitoris in females?

<p>Bud (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the yolk sac during early development?

<p>Produces the first blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures allows blood to bypass the lungs during fetal development?

<p>Ductus arteriosus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primary germ layer contributes to the formation of the reproductive system?

<p>Mesoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ductus venosus become after birth?

<p>Ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of labor does the muscle contraction first occur?

<p>Dilation stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the allantois during fetal development?

<p>Forms blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first structure that sperm contacts upon reaching the oocyte?

<p>Corona radiata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the labia minora in females derived from during embryonic development?

<p>Urogenital groove (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxytocin during the dilation stage of labor?

<p>Initiates muscle contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure that surrounds developing oocytes and changes as the follicle matures?

<p>Granulosa cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase occurs immediately after ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?

<p>Luteal phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the maturation of primordial follicles into primary follicles each month?

<p>Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final form of an oocyte prior to fertilization?

<p>Ovum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the uterine tubes, aiding in the movement of the oocyte?

<p>Ciliated simple columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the remaining scar tissue when an egg does not get fertilized?

<p>Corpus albicans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the uterus is shed during menstruation?

<p>Stratum functionalis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle layers are present in the vagina, allowing for contraction?

<p>Smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily produced by Leydig cells in males?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During male ejaculation, which structure closes to prevent urine escape?

<p>Internal urethral sphincter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Why are women more susceptible to UTIs?

Women's urethras are shorter than men's, and they are closer to the anus, increasing the likelihood of bacteria entering the urethra and bladder.

What is the vestibule?

The vestibule is the region between the labia minora and inside the vaginal orifice.

What are the three types of ligaments that hold the ovaries in place?

The three ligaments are the broad ligament (connects to the peritoneal membrane), the ovarian ligament (connects ovary to uterus), and the suspensory ligament (connects ovary to the pelvic wall).

What are the functions of the ovaries?

The ovaries produce female gametes (oocytes), which mature into ova capable of fertilization. They also secrete hormones such as progesterone, inhibin, relaxin, and estrogen.

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What is the hilum of the ovary?

The hilum is the area on the ovary where blood vessels enter.

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What are primordial follicles?

Primordial follicles are the earliest stage of development for an egg cell in the ovary.

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What are the organs at risk during a UTI?

Besides the urethra and bladder, a UTI can also affect the prostate (in males), ureters, kidneys, and potentially the bloodstream.

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What is the external opening of the urethra called?

The external urethral orifice is the opening of the urethra to the outside of the body.

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Amniotic Cavity

The space within the amnion that surrounds the embryo and is filled with amniotic fluid. This fluid cushions and protects the developing embryo.

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Yolk Sac

A temporary structure during embryonic development that helps produce blood cells and gets absorbed as the gonads develop.

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Allantois

A membrane that forms blood vessels and eventually becomes part of the umbilical cord, connecting the fetus to the placenta.

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Chorion

The outermost membrane surrounding the embryo, derived from the trophoblast.

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Umbilical Vein

The vessel in the umbilical cord that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

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Umbilical Artery

The vessel in the umbilical cord that carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus back to the placenta.

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Ductus Venosus

A temporary shunt that allows blood to bypass the liver in the fetus, connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.

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Ductus Arteriosus

A temporary blood vessel that allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus, connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

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Foramen Ovale

An opening between the right and left atria in the fetal heart, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.

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Allometric Growth

The process where different parts of the body grow at different rates during fetal development.

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Germinal Epithelium

The inner lining of the ovary, composed of simple cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium. It's responsible for producing the oocytes, the female gametes.

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Tunica Albuginea

A tough, fibrous connective tissue capsule surrounding the ovary. It's divided into two layers: a dense irregular connective tissue layer in the cortex and a loose connective tissue layer in the medulla.

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Primordial Follicle

The most immature type of follicle in the ovary, containing a primary oocyte arrested in meiosis I. It's surrounded by a single layer of squamous follicular cells.

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Primary Follicle

Develops from a primordial follicle, characterized by a primary oocyte surrounded by multiple layers of cuboidal granulosa cells.

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Ovarian Cycle

The monthly series of events in the ovary leading to ovulation. It involves follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation.

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Uterine Tube (Fallopian Tube)

A muscular tube that connects the ovary to the uterus. It provides an environment for sperm and egg to meet, facilitates fertilization, and transports the zygote to the uterus.

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Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus, composed of a simple columnar epithelium and areolar connective tissue. It's divided into two layers: the stratum functionalis (shed during menstruation) and the stratum basalis (permanent).

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Menstruation

The shedding of the endometrium, accompanied by bleeding, when conception does not occur. It's a natural process in a woman's reproductive life.

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Leydig Cells

Interstitial cells found in the testes, responsible for the production of testosterone, the male sex hormone.

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Erectile Tissue

Specialized tissue found in the penis, composed of sinuses that fill with blood during an erection, causing the penis to become stiff and erect.

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What is fertilization?

The fusion of a sperm and an oocyte (egg cell) to form a zygote, resulting in 46 chromosomes, half from each parent.

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What is the acrosome's role in fertilization?

The acrosome is a cap-like structure on the sperm's head containing enzymes that break down the corona radiata, a layer of cells surrounding the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.

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What happens after the sperm enters the egg?

The zona pellucida, a protective layer around the egg, hardens to prevent other sperm from entering. The sperm's nucleus fuses with the oocyte's nucleus, creating a zygote with 46 chromosomes.

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What is the morula and what does it become?

The morula is a solid ball of 12 or more cells formed after repeated cell divisions of the zygote. It develops into a blastocyst, a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity.

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What are the key parts of a blastocyst?

The blastocyst consists of the trophoblast, an outer layer that develops into the placenta, the blastocoel, a fluid-filled cavity, and the inner cell mass, which develops into the embryo and embryonic membranes.

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What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex refers to biological characteristics like chromosomes, reproductive organs, and hormones. Gender is a social construct related to behavior, roles, and identities.

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Which terms relate to sex and which to gender?

Male and female are used for sex, referring to biological differences. Man and woman are used for gender, reflecting social roles and identities.

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What are gonads?

Gonads are the reproductive organs that produce gametes (sex cells). Ovaries are the female gonads, producing eggs. Testes are the male gonads, producing sperm.

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How many cells are produced by meiosis?

Meiosis, a specialized cell division, produces four gametes (sex cells) from one original cell. Each gamete has half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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What is menarche?

Menarche marks the beginning of menstruation, the monthly shedding of the uterine lining in a woman's reproductive cycle. It typically happens around age 12.

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What is wrong with the 'A Clash of Kings' scene?

The scene depicts an unrealistic amount of blood for a first menstruation. Normal blood flow is much less dramatic.

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What is the effect of a vasectomy on semen volume?

A vasectomy severs the vas deferens, preventing sperm from being ejaculated, but it does not affect the volume of semen released.

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What are the stages of prenatal development?

Prenatal development starts with fertilization and ends at birth. It's divided into three stages: pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal.

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What is implantation?

Implantation is the process by which the fertilized egg (blastocyst) attaches to the uterine wall, where it will continue to develop.

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What is gastrulation?

Gastrulation is a key step in embryonic development where the three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, form, which will later develop into different organs and tissues.

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Study Notes

Digestive System

  • The digestive system has seven functions: mechanical processing (e.g., chewing), digestion (using enzymes), secretion (releasing substances), absorption (bringing substances into the body), excretion (eliminating waste), and compaction (dehydrating and forming feces).
  • Accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas) assist with movement, digestion, and processing of food
  • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract (≈20 ft. long) has multiple sections including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (≈18 ft.), large intestine, rectum, and anus.
  • The GI tract has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
  • The mucosa layer secretes mucus for lubrication and protection.
  • The submucosa layer is composed of areolar connective tissue, which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
  • The muscularis layer is made of smooth muscles for peristalsis and segmentation.
  • The serosa layer is a serous membrane for protection.
  • The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane in the body, with two layers (parietal and visceral).
  • The peritoneal cavity is the space between the parietal and visceral layers.

Layers of the Digestive System

  • Mucosa: Innermost layer, composed of mucus membranes, and secretes mucus.
  • Submucosa: Middle layer of areolar connective tissue.
  • Muscularis: Middle layer, made of smooth muscles, used in segmentation and peristalsis.
  • Serosa: Outermost layer for protection, made of areolar connective tissue.

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Deglutition

  • The oral cavity (buccal cavity) includes the cheeks, lips, vestibule, soft and hard palate, uvula, tonsils, fauces, and salivary glands.
  • The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are parts of the pharynx.
  • The swallowing process (deglutition) includes three stages: voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal.

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Digestive System Lecture Exam 4 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the key functions and components of the digestive system, including the gastrointestinal tract, accessory organs, and the four layers of the GI tract. Test your understanding of how these parts work together for digestion and absorption.

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