Digestive System Overview

Incisors = Used for biting Canines = Used for tearing Premolars = Used for grinding Molars = Used for crushing

Rumen = Where partial digestion occurs Reticulum = First chamber where grass enters Omasum = Chamber where 'cud' is regurgitated and chewed again Abomasum = Chamber where plant material is fully digested

Ingestion = Intake of food into the body Mechanical process = Involves teeth and tongue in breaking down food Chemical process = Involves saliva and enzymes in breaking down food Peristalsis = Involuntary muscular contractions for food movement

Amylase = Enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose Bolus = Food passed from mouth to esophagus Regurgitate = Process of bringing previously swallowed food back to mouth for further chewing Peristalsis = Wave-like motion of involuntary muscle contractions in the digestive system

Monogastric animals (humans, pigs) = Secrete amylase enzyme to break down starch in the mouth Ruminant animals (cattle & sheep) = Have a four-chamber stomach for digesting cellulose in grass Cows = Part of the ruminant animals category Pigs = Part of the monogastric animals category

Rumen = Contains microorganisms to help digest cellulose Reticulum = Helps to regurgitate partially digested food 'cud' for further chewing Omasum = Squeezes the food, reabsorbing water and liquid from it Abomasum = Breaks down proteins and aids the final stage of digestion

Peristalsis = Process by which food moves through the small intestine Symbiosis = Two organisms living in close proximity where at least one benefits Regurgitation = Process of bringing partially digested food back to the mouth for further chewing Fermentation = Process in rumen where microorganisms help digest cellulose

Bloat = Swelling of the left side of abdomen due to gas build-up Troika and cannula = Inserted in the abdomen to allow gas to escape in bloat cases Antacid solution = Used as a cure for bloat in cattle Peristalsis = Movement of food through the small intestine

Carbon dioxide and methane gas = Produced in the rumen Oxygen gas = Not mentioned in the text as a byproduct of rumen digestion Nitrogen gas = Not mentioned in the text as a byproduct of rumen digestion Hydrogen gas = Not mentioned in the text as a byproduct of rumen digestion

Antacid solution = Used to treat bloat in cattle with rumen pH below 5 Incision with troika and cannula = Inserted to allow gas to escape when bloat occurs Symbiotic solution = Not mentioned as a treatment for bloat in cattle Digestive enzyme solution = Not mentioned as a treatment for bloat in cattle

Duodenum = Connects the stomach to the ileum Liver = Stores glucose as glycogen and breaks down toxic substances like ammonia Rumen = Develops microorganisms in young ruminants like calves or lambs Oesophagus = Passes food from the beak to the stomach in chickens

Monogastric animal = Has only one stomach and cannot digest cellulose Abomasum = Where milk is brought for digestion in young ruminants Glycogen = Stored form of glucose in the liver Ileum = Site where majority of nutrient reabsorption occurs in the small intestine

Ammonia = Converted to urea Glucose = Stored as glycogen and broken down when energy levels are low Amino acids = Can produce excess ammonia when broken down Red blood cells = Recycled and used as pigments in bile production

Caecum and colon = Responsible for water reabsorption and waste passage to the anus Beak in chickens = Adapted for different feeding types and passes food to the stomach Pancreatic juices = Secreted into the small intestine for digestion Microorganisms in rumen = Develop as young ruminants like calves or lambs begin feeding

Chickens = Have a beak adapted for feeding and lack teeth Pigs and humans = Monogastric animals with only one stomach and no rumen Calves and lambs = Young ruminants with developing rumen and reticulum over six weeks Ruminant animals = Have a fully functioning rumen for digestion of cellulose