Questions and Answers
During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated?
intestinal phase
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers?
sympathetic postganglionic fibers
Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters?
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder?
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Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions?
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The primary function of the mucosa is __________.
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All of the following mechanisms normally increase gastric acid secretion EXCEPT ________.
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How does the duodenum buffer the acidic gastric chyme?
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What other constituent of gastric juice is harmful to a damaged duodenal wall?
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What is distinctive to the duodenum and formed by the densely packed microvilli on the villi of the mucosal layer?
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The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is __________.
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The __________ circulation includes all of the major abdominal arteries that serve the digestive organs.
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Hyposalivation can be treated with a drug that ______.
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What muscle forms the labia of the mouth?
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The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach.
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Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth?
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In a patient suffering from a gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, the cells most likely to have been damaged first are the ______.
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Which tunic of the stomach is constructed of simple columnar epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells?
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The mucosa collapses inward when the stomach is empty, forming large folds known as __________.
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Which of the following processes occurs only in the large intestine?
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Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine?
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The major function of the large intestine is to __________.
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Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin K.
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Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine?
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Which enzymes are responsible for the final chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?
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Proteins are digested into __________.
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Study Notes
Digestive System Control
- The intestinal phase stimulates bicarbonate and bile secretion.
Neurotransmitters
- Norepinephrine is released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
- Inhibitory enteric interneurons use vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as their neurotransmitter.
Hormonal Regulation
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) triggers bile release from the gall bladder and pancreatic enzyme secretion.
- Secretin promotes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice, aiding in neutralizing stomach acid.
Mucosa Function
- The primary role of the mucosa is to serve as a protective barrier, featuring simple columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting cells that protect against digestive enzymes and pathogens.
Gastric Acid Secretion
- Gastric acid secretion is increased by gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine but NOT somatostatin.
Duodenal Functionality
- The duodenum buffers acidic gastric chyme via secretion of bicarbonate-rich mucus and pancreatic juice.
- Pepsin can be harmful to the duodenal wall, especially in the presence of H. pylori, leading to ulcers.
Structural Features
- The "brush border," formed by microvilli on intestinal villi, enhances absorption in the duodenum.
- Peristalsis is the main mechanism for propelling food through the digestive tract.
Circulatory System
- Splanchnic circulation encompasses abdominal arteries serving digestive organs.
Salivary Function
- Hyposalivation can be treated by drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors in salivary glands.
Oral Cavity Anatomy
- The orbicularis oris muscle forms the labia of the mouth.
- The cardiac sphincter guards the entry of food into the stomach.
Digestive Processes
- Ingestion is a process that specifically occurs in the mouth.
- Defecation, the final elimination of waste, occurs exclusively in the large intestine.
Large Intestine Functions
- Bacteria in the large intestine synthesize B complex and K vitamins.
- The primary function of the large intestine is water absorption.
Additional Facts
- Brush border enzymes are crucial for the final digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- Proteins are ultimately broken down into amino acids.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the control phases of the digestive system with this quiz covering key concepts from chapters 23 and 24. Explore topics such as neurotransmitters involved in digestion and their functions, including the role of bicarbonate and bile. Perfect for students wanting to reinforce their understanding of gastrointestinal physiology.
