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Questions and Answers
Chickens have teeth for grinding down food before swallowing.
False
The liver of a chicken produces heat to warm the blood passing through it.
True
Ammonia is produced when amino acids are limited in the body.
False
Chickens store food in a structure called the crop for later consumption.
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Red blood cells are recycled in the kidneys of a chicken.
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Chickens have a separate urinary tract from their digestive system.
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Food is mechanically ground down by enzymes in the stomach of a chicken.
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The stomach of a chicken is divided into two parts: the proventriculus and the crop.
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Chickens swallow grit to aid in food digestion.
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Bile production in chickens is unrelated to the recycling of red blood cells.
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The beak of a chicken is adapted for different types of feeding depending on its age.
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Chickens regulate their body temperature through food consumption.
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Study Notes
Ingestion and Digestion
- Ingestion is the first stage of the digestive process, which takes place in the mouth, involving both physical and chemical processes.
- Physical process involves breaking down food using teeth and tongue.
- Chemical process involves the breakdown of food by enzymes present in saliva.
Dental Formulas
- Incisors are used for biting.
- Canines are used for tearing.
- Premolars are used for grinding.
- Molars are used for crushing.
Chemical Digestion in the Mouth
- Monogastric animals (humans, pigs) secrete an enzyme called amylase, which breaks down starch into maltose.
- Saliva also acts as a lubricant to soften food for swallowing.
Digestion in Ruminant Animals
- Ruminant animals (cattle, sheep) have a four-chamber stomach: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.
- The rumen contains microorganisms (bacteria and protozoans) to help digest cellulose, and has a pH of 7.
- The plant material, called cud, is regurgitated from the second chamber, and chewed again before being swallowed and passed into the other two chambers.
Ruminant Stomach Chambers
- The rumen is the first chamber, where partial digestion occurs.
- The reticulum is the second chamber, which helps to regurgitate partially digested food back to the mouth for further chewing.
- The omasum is the third chamber, where regurgitated food is passed from the mouth, and water and liquid are reabsorbed.
- The abomasum is the fourth chamber, which breaks down proteins and aids the final stage of digestion.
Digestion in Non-Ruminant Animals
- Monogastric animals (humans, pigs) have only one stomach, and cannot digest cellulose.
- The liver is a vital organ that stores glucose as glycogen, breaks down toxic substances, and carries out various functions.
Symbiosis
- Symbiosis is when two organisms live in close proximity, and at least one benefits.
- Example: bacteria in the rumen feed off cellulose, providing the cow with glucose and vitamins.
Small and Large Intestines
- The small intestine is composed of the duodenum and ileum, where food moves through by peristalsis.
- The large intestine consists of the caecum and the colon, where water is reabsorbed and waste is passed to the anus.
Development of Ruminant Digestive System
- In young ruminant animals (calves, lambs), the rumen and reticulum develop fully in six weeks as they begin to feed.
- Milk is brought straight to the abomasum for digestion until the rumen develops.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the digestive system, including different layers of tissue, chambers in ruminants, and sections of the small intestine. Learn about functions such as food squeezing, protein breakdown, and nutrient absorption.
