Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct?
Which duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct?
What structure is located under the surface of the liver and serves to store and concentrate bile?
What structure is located under the surface of the liver and serves to store and concentrate bile?
Which part of the pancreas has a structure that receives digestive enzymes into the duodenum?
Which part of the pancreas has a structure that receives digestive enzymes into the duodenum?
Which of the following structures is not a part of the gallbladder?
Which of the following structures is not a part of the gallbladder?
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Which duct is referred to as the duct of the gallbladder?
Which duct is referred to as the duct of the gallbladder?
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What is the major function of the submucosa?
What is the major function of the submucosa?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of salivary gland?
Which of the following is NOT a type of salivary gland?
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What type of teeth are typically shed between the ages of 6 and 12?
What type of teeth are typically shed between the ages of 6 and 12?
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Which papillae on the tongue do not contain taste buds?
Which papillae on the tongue do not contain taste buds?
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How many total teeth are present in a full set of permanent teeth?
How many total teeth are present in a full set of permanent teeth?
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What is the average age range for the eruption of deciduous teeth?
What is the average age range for the eruption of deciduous teeth?
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Which segment of the large intestine comes after the ascending colon?
Which segment of the large intestine comes after the ascending colon?
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What structure divides the tongue into anterior ⅔ and posterior 1/3?
What structure divides the tongue into anterior ⅔ and posterior 1/3?
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Which part of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?
Which part of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?
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Where does the esophagus connect to the stomach?
Where does the esophagus connect to the stomach?
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Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?
Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?
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What is the role of intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach?
What is the role of intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach?
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Which anatomical constriction of the esophagus occurs when the left main bronchus crosses it?
Which anatomical constriction of the esophagus occurs when the left main bronchus crosses it?
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Which part of the stomach is located on the left border?
Which part of the stomach is located on the left border?
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What type of cell in the stomach secretes pepsinogen?
What type of cell in the stomach secretes pepsinogen?
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During swallowing, which action occurs to push the food bolus?
During swallowing, which action occurs to push the food bolus?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for general sensory innervation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for general sensory innervation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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What is the primary type of secretion produced by the parotid gland?
What is the primary type of secretion produced by the parotid gland?
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Which structure is embedded within the parotid gland?
Which structure is embedded within the parotid gland?
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Which duct corresponds to the secretion from the submandibular gland?
Which duct corresponds to the secretion from the submandibular gland?
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Mumps primarily affects which salivary gland?
Mumps primarily affects which salivary gland?
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Which part of the pharynx surrounds the point of entry of food?
Which part of the pharynx surrounds the point of entry of food?
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What type of innervation does the glossopharyngeal nerve provide to the posterior one-third of the tongue?
What type of innervation does the glossopharyngeal nerve provide to the posterior one-third of the tongue?
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Which of the following structures does NOT open into the sublingual papillae?
Which of the following structures does NOT open into the sublingual papillae?
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What is the primary function of the digestive system?
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
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Which layer of the digestive tract wall is responsible for absorption and secretion?
Which layer of the digestive tract wall is responsible for absorption and secretion?
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What type of muscle layers does the tunica muscularis typically consist of?
What type of muscle layers does the tunica muscularis typically consist of?
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Which of the following organs is NOT part of the accessory digestive organs?
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the accessory digestive organs?
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What type of epithelium lines the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and lower anus?
What type of epithelium lines the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and lower anus?
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What is the primary role of the tunica serosa in the digestive system?
What is the primary role of the tunica serosa in the digestive system?
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Which of the following correctly describes the three layers of tunica muscularis in the stomach?
Which of the following correctly describes the three layers of tunica muscularis in the stomach?
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Which section of the small intestine is NOT one of its major divisions?
Which section of the small intestine is NOT one of its major divisions?
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What is the main function of the jejunum in the digestive system?
What is the main function of the jejunum in the digestive system?
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What distinguishes the ileum from the jejunum?
What distinguishes the ileum from the jejunum?
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Which part of the large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes?
Which part of the large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes?
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What is the primary role of the liver in the digestive system?
What is the primary role of the liver in the digestive system?
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Which gland produces saliva that is mostly serous and opens into the oral vestibule?
Which gland produces saliva that is mostly serous and opens into the oral vestibule?
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What is the primary structural feature of the large intestine that aids in the digestion process?
What is the primary structural feature of the large intestine that aids in the digestion process?
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What is chyme composed of?
What is chyme composed of?
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Which ligament divides the liver into right and left lobes?
Which ligament divides the liver into right and left lobes?
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Which artery is part of the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract?
Which artery is part of the blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract?
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What structure signals to the brain the need to excrete gas or feces?
What structure signals to the brain the need to excrete gas or feces?
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- Composed of organs responsible for ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food, and excretion of undigested material.
- Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs like salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Wall of the Digestive Tract
-
Tunica Mucosa: Responsible for absorption, secretion, and protection.
- Composed of three sublayers:
- Epithelium: Simple columnar except in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and lower anus, where it's stratified squamous non-keratinized.
- Lamina Propria: Loose areolar tissue.
- Muscularis Mucosa: Smooth muscle.
- Composed of three sublayers:
- Submucosa: Connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves; providing nutrition and protection.
- Tunica Muscularis: Usually 2 layers of smooth muscle (inner circular, outer longitudinal). The stomach has 3 layers (inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal).
- Tunica Serosa: Visceral peritoneum; single layer of simple squamous epithelium secreting lubricating fluid to reduce friction.
Main Divisions of the GI Tract
- Oral Cavity
- Pharynx (oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
- Large Intestines (cecum with vermiform appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus/anal canal)
Accessory Digestive Organs
- Salivary Glands: Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
- Liver: Largest gland, produces bile.
- Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile.
- Pancreas: Endocrine (hormones) and exocrine (enzymes) organ, produces digestive enzymes.
Teeth
- Deciduous (temporary/milk teeth): Typically erupt between 6 and 24 months, and are shed between ages 6 and 12. Full set = 20 teeth.
- Permanent teeth: 32 teeth, including 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars per quadrant, typically erupt after age 18.
Tongue
- Involved in speech and mechanical digestion of food.
- Contains papillae (vallate, foliate, fungiform, filiform), some with taste buds.
Nerves of the Tongue
- Sensory nerves: lingual (CN V) - anterior 2/3, glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - posterior 1/3, vagus (CN X) - epiglottic area.
- Motor nerves: hypoglossal (CN XII) (intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles).
- Special sensory (taste): chorda tympani (VII) – anterior 2/3, glossopharyngeal (IX) - posterior 1/3
Swallowing
- Tongue pushes food bolus upward and backward.
- Soft palate and epiglottis elevate to close off nasal and respiratory passages.
- Food travels through pharynx into esophagus.
- Stomach receives food as chyme.
Stomach
- Located in the peritoneal cavity.
- Curvatures: greater and lesser.
- Regions: fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pylorus.
Small Intestines
- Longest portion of the GI tract.
- Absorb nutrients.
- Villi and microvilli increase surface area for absorption.
- Plicae circulares also increase SA
Large Intestines
- Shorter than small intestine.
- Reabsorbs water and electrolytes.
- Forms and expels feces.
- Includes cecum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anal canal.
Other important details
- Mumps: Viral inflammation of the parotid salivary glands.
- Digestion of Carbohydrates: Begins in the oral cavity with salivary amylase.
- Cells in the stomach: Parietal cells (HCl and intrinsic factor), chief cells (pepsinogen), mucus neck cells, and G cells (gastrin).
Blood Supply of the GI Tract
- Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery supply the GI tract.
Accessory Digestive Organs
- Salivary Glands: Saliva production containing enzymes, like amylase, involved in carbohydrate digestion.
- Liver: Produces bile involved in fat emulsification.
- Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile.
- Pancreas: Is an exocrine organ which secretes pancreatic enzymes that breakdown food, also involved in producing hormones.
- Common bile duct: Bile from the liver and gallbladder flows into the duodenum through this duct.
- Sphincter of Oddi: Controls the flow of bile into the small intestine.
Extrahepatic Biliary Tract
- Includes the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the digestive system. This quiz covers the organs involved in digestion as well as the detailed layers of the digestive tract wall. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
