Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary site of action for salivary amylase?

  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
  • Mouth (correct)

Which enzyme is responsible for the digestion of lactose?

  • Lactase (correct)
  • Pepsin
  • Maltase
  • Trypsin

What is the optimum pH level for activity of pancreatic amylase?

  • Basic (correct)
  • Variable
  • Neutral
  • Acidic

Which enzyme is produced by the gastric glands and functions in the stomach?

<p>Pepsin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does maltase break down?

<p>Maltose to glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes digests proteins in the small intestine?

<p>Trypsin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleases are responsible for the digestion of which type of molecule?

<p>Nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains loose connective tissue and blood vessels?

<p>Submucosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle layer of the stomach is responsible for mechanical digestion?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pyloric sphincter in the digestive process?

<p>Controls the release of chyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is not absorbed by the stomach?

<p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gastric juice in the stomach?

<p>To kill bacteria and digest proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from chyme entering the esophagus?

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the small intestine does the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes?

<p>Duodenum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of gastric juice?

<p>Mucus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH level of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

<p>Strongly acidic (pH 2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of tendons in the body?

<p>Connect muscle to bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skeleton is primarily associated with protection of the brain?

<p>Skull (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of abnormal spinal curvature is characterized by an excessive outward curve, leading to a 'hunchback' appearance?

<p>Kyphosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones make up the adult human skull?

<p>22 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

<p>Protect the spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal sideways curvature of the spine?

<p>Scoliosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrae provide more strength for maintaining an upright posture?

<p>Lumbar vertebrae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the hole in the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass through?

<p>Foramen magnum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes the myocardium of the heart?

<p>Cardiac muscle tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do the membranous fontanels in newborns usually close?

<p>16 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pericardium surrounding the heart?

<p>To secrete fluid for lubrication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valves are classified as atrioventricular (AV) valves?

<p>Bicuspid and tricuspid valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do coronary arteries function in relation to the myocardium?

<p>They supply blood to the myocardium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is blockage in the coronary arteries?

<p>Myocardial infarction (heart attack) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a thrombus?

<p>A stationary clot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a stroke?

<p>A cranial artery is blocked or bursts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can precede a myocardial infarction?

<p>Pain in the chest from a partially blocked artery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is angioplasty used for?

<p>To insert a stent in a clogged artery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option uses a patient's own vein for a procedure?

<p>Coronary bypass operation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary symptom of a stroke?

<p>Numbness of hands or face. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does thromboembolism refer to?

<p>An embolus that becomes lodged in a blood vessel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment can help repair a damaged heart using a specific therapy?

<p>Injection of stem cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the left ventricular assist device (LVAD)?

<p>To assist the heart in pumping blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of maltase in the digestive process?

<p>To break down maltose into glucose molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is produced by the pancreas and plays a key role in fat digestion?

<p>Lipase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the digestive system does pepsin primarily function?

<p>Stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzyme is lactase and what does it digest?

<p>A sugar digesting enzyme that breaks down lactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the breakdown of nucleic acids?

<p>Nuclease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>To hydrolyze macromolecules found in food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the digestive tract wall is responsible for producing mucus and digestive enzymes?

<p>Mucosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of peristalsis in the digestive system?

<p>The contraction of smooth muscles to move food through the GI tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of stages in the digestive process?

<p>Ingestion, Digestion, Movement, Absorption, Elimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the large intestine in digestion?

<p>To absorb water and remove indigestible wastes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Salivary Amylase

An enzyme produced by salivary glands that breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth.

Pancreatic Amylase

An enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose in the small intestine.

Maltase

An enzyme in the small intestine that digests maltose into glucose.

Pepsin

An enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach.

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Trypsin

A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins into peptides in the small intestine.

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Lipase

An enzyme that digests fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids in the small intestine.

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Lactose Intolerance

Inability to digest lactose due to a deficiency of the enzyme lactase.

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GI Tract Submucosa

Loose connective tissue in the GI tract, containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

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Muscularis Layer

Two layers of smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal) in the GI tract, moving food along.

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GI Tract Serosa

The outer lining of the GI tract, part of the peritoneum.

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Stomach Function

Stores food, starts protein digestion, regulates food entry into the small intestine, and doesn't absorb nutrients (except alcohol).

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Stomach Muscle Layers

The stomach muscular layer has three layers (circular, longitudinal, and oblique) for better mechanical digestion.

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Stomach Mucosa Folds

Deep folds (rugae) and gastric pits containing gastric glands are in the stomach mucosa.

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Gastric Juice Components

Gastric juice contains pepsin (protein digestion), hydrochloric acid (kills bacteria, activates pepsin), and mucus.

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Chyme

A mixture of food and gastric juice.

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Small Intestine Digestion

Digestion is completed in the small intestine, with the pancreas providing enzymes, liver/gallbladder bile emulsifying fats.

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Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that forms the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and ribs.

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Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs (arms and legs).

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Skull

The bony structure that forms the head and protects the brain.

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Vertebral Column

The series of vertebrae that form the spine, supporting the body and protecting the spinal cord.

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Vertebrae

The individual bones that make up the vertebral column.

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Foramen Magnum

A large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes.

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Scoliosis

An abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.

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Kyphosis

An abnormal posterior curvature of the spine.

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Lordosis

An abnormal anterior curvature of the spine.

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Long Bone Structure

Long bones have a shaft, called the diaphysis, and ends, called the epiphyses.

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Heart Chambers

The heart contains four chambers: two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers).

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Heart Valves

The heart has two types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.

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Blood flow to the heart

Blood enters the heart through veins, specifically the superior and inferior vena cava, which transport deoxygenated, carbon dioxide-rich blood from the body to the right atrium.

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Coronary Circulation

The network of blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium) itself

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Heart Location

The heart is located between the lungs, and points towards the left hip

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Thrombus

A stationary blood clot.

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Embolus

A blood clot that moves to a different location.

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Thromboembolism

A clot that moves and blocks a blood vessel.

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Stroke

Brain damage due to blocked or burst artery.

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Heart Attack

Part of the heart dies from lack of oxygen.

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Coronary Bypass

A surgery diverting blood flow to improve coronary circulation.

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Angioplasty

Procedure to open clogged arteries using a stent

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Heart Failure

Heart is unable to pump blood effectively.

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Clogged Arteries

Conditions where arteries constrict limiting blood flow.

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Treatment for Clogged Arteries

Techniques to improve blood flow such as bypass surgery, gene therapy or angioplasty.

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Enzyme in mouth that digests starch

Salivary amylase digests starch into maltose.

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Enzyme digesting proteins in the stomach

Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

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Enzyme in small intestine that digests maltose

Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose.

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Small intestine enzyme for lactose digestion

Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

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Pancreatic enzyme for digesting fats

Lipase breaks down fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids.

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Digestion Stages

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption, including ingestion, mechanical/chemical digestion, movement, absorption, and elimination.

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GI Tract Wall Layers

The GI tract wall has four layers: mucosa (innermost, produces mucus and enzymes), submucosa (connective tissue with blood vessels), muscularis (smooth muscle for movement), and serosa (outermost layer).

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Stomach Function

Stores food, begins protein digestion, regulates food entry to the small intestine, and absorbs some materials like alcohol.

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Small Intestine Role

Digestion is completed here, with help from enzymes (pancreas) and bile (liver/gallbladder), and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Digestive System Function

Break down food, absorb nutrients, and remove waste; hydrolyzing food into usable subunits.

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