Essentials of Digestion
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of bile in lipid digestion?

  • To transport monoglycerides
  • To emulsify large fat droplets (correct)
  • To absorb fatty acids
  • To directly digest triglycerides

    • Short and medium-chain fatty acids can be directly absorbed into the bloodstream.

    True

    What substances do long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides reassemble into within the intestinal cell?

    triglycerides

    The process of combining triglycerides with cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins creates __________.

    <p>chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their role in lipid digestion:

    <p>Bile = Emulsifies fats Pancreatic lipase = Digests triglycerides Short-chain fatty acids = Directly absorbed into the bloodstream Chylomicrons = Transport lipids in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme helps infants digest the fats in their mother's milk?

    <p>Lingual lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gallbladder produces bile for fat emulsification.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one location in the gastrointestinal tract where no enzymatic digestion occurs.

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the storage site of bile.

    <p>gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following digestive organs with their functions:

    <p>Liver = Produces bile Gallbladder = Stores bile Stomach = Mechanical breakdown Small Intestine = Nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the gastrointestinal tract follows the stomach?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas is responsible for producing gastric lipase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile in digestion?

    <p>Emulsification of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

    <p>Alpha cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogenolysis is an anabolic process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of secretin in pancreatic secretions?

    <p>Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a catabolic reaction, large molecules are broken down into __________.

    <p>small ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pancreatic hormones with their functions:

    <p>Insulin = Lowers blood sugar levels Glucagon = Raises blood sugar levels Gastrin = Stimulates gastric acid secretion Somatostatin = Inhibits release of other hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed from triglycerides and cholesterol, allowing for the transport of fats in the body?

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed into the lymphatic system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)?

    <p>Inhibits production of HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chylomicrons travel first into the __________ vessels before entering the bloodstream.

    <p>lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following specialized cells in the stomach to their respective secretions and functions:

    <p>Columnar cells = Mucus - protects and lubricates Parietal cells = HCl - breaks down food and kills bacteria Cells that produce IF = Intrinsic factor - promotes absorption of Vitamin B12 G cells = Gastrin - stimulates acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is necessary for the solubility of chylomicrons?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach consists of two major zones: the cardiac zone and the pyloric zone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance neutralizes acid in the small intestine?

    <p>Sodium bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The end product of digestion in the stomach is called __________.

    <p>chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)?

    <p>Inhibits acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chief cells in the stomach?

    <p>Convert pepsinogen to pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ghrelin is responsible for stimulating appetite.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the small intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ cells in the stomach inhibit the production of HCl.

    <p>D-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by G-cells to increase HCl secretion?

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the small intestine with their characteristics:

    <p>Duodenum = Final chemical digestion site Jejunum = Major site of nutrient absorption Ileum = Absorbs bile acids and vitamins Small intestine = Consists of three parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ileum is shorter than the jejunum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do secretagogues play in the stomach?

    <p>They stimulate the secretion of other substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for digesting lactose?

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile is necessary for the digestion of fats.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribonucleases?

    <p>To digest ribonucleic acids (RNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ deficiency can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating, and metabolic acidosis due to the inability to digest lactose.

    <p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymes with their respective functions:

    <p>Amylase = Digests carbohydrates Lipase = Digests lipids Protease = Digests proteins Nuclease = Digests nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic enzyme cuts at the amino terminal?

    <p>Aminopeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic lactose deficiency is typically temporary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one condition that results from lactose intolerance.

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are absorbed into the body by the ___ after lipid digestion.

    <p>lacteals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme is cholecystokinin classified as?

    <p>Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes that split triacylglycerol are known as lipases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nucleoproteins composed of?

    <p>Amino acids and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary byproduct of purine metabolism is ___ acid.

    <p>Uric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances stimulates the release of histamine in digestion?

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestion

    • Digestion is the process of breaking down food into absorbable substances
    • It starts in the mouth with amylase and lipase
    • Food is broken down into smaller pieces, traveling through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
    • The small intestine is the primary site of digestion
    • The process continues through the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and finally the anus
    • Most digestion occurs in the small intestine

    Digestive Enzymes in Saliva

    • Salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrates into smaller molecules (sugars)
    • Amylopectin and amylose, large carbohydrates, break down into maltose (a glucose sugar)
    • Lingual lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerides, aiding in lipid digestion; works optimally in low pH values, continuing into the stomach.
    • Aids in infant digestion

    Gastrointestinal Tract

    • The mouth is the site for mechanical digestion initially
    • The liver produces bile crucial for fat emulsification
    • The gallbladder stores bile, a substance vital for fat digestion
    • The digestion process requires mechanical and enzymatic actions within the digestive system

    Carbohydrate Digestion

    • The mouth begins the breakdown of carbohydrates into shorter sugar chains with salivary amylase
    • The stomach deactivates salivary amylase where no further carbohydrate digestion occurs
    • The small intestine is the major site for starch digestion and sugars
    • Disaccharidases (sucrase, lactase, and maltase) break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
    • Glucose is stored as glycogen or is transported into the blood
    • Carbohydrate digestion occurs mostly in the mouth and small intestine

    Protein Digestion

    • Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where hydrochloric acid denatures proteins
    • Pepsin, an enzyme, breaks down proteins into shorter polypeptide chains
    • Enzymatic digestion continues in the small intestine with enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidases breaking these chains into their constituent amino acids
    • These amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and travel to the liver. If excess protein is present, it is converted to fats, which cannot be stored in the same way as amino acids. Gluconeogenesis occurs to produce glucose if needed as an alternative energy source.

    Lipid Digestion and Absorption

    • Lipids are emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine
    • Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
    • Absorbed into the bloodstream through lacteals (lymph vessels)
    • These components reform into triglycerides, combined with proteins, and form chylomicrons (lipid transport particles), which enter lymphatic vessels and eventually the bloodstream

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