49 Questions
What is the primary function of the liver in the delivery of nutrients?
To detoxify and distribute nutrients to the body
What type of vitamins are not absorbed directly into the bloodstream?
Fat-soluble vitamins
What is the definition of metabolism?
The sum of chemical reactions that occur in the body
What is the primary energy currency of the body?
ATP
What is the first step in glucose metabolism?
Glycolysis
What is produced during aerobic conditions in pyruvate catabolism?
Acetyl CoA
What is the byproduct of the Citric Acid Cycle?
CO2, water, and GTP
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?
To generate ATP
What is the final destination of the protons in the electron transport chain?
ATP synthase
What is the main functional unit of the small intestine?
Villus
Which structure secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine?
Pancreas
What is the collective term for the cell surface extensions on the villi?
Microvilli
Which structure neutralizes chyme in the small intestine?
Bicarbonate
Where do nutrient subunits typically enter after being absorbed into the villus?
Blood
What function do the liver and gallbladder perform in the digestive process?
Production of bile
Which of the following is NOT contained in pancreatic juice?
Chyme
What is an invagination of the small intestine wall?
Villus
What type of digestion uses physical processes such as chewing to break down food?
Mechanical digestion
What is the purpose of enzymes in digestion?
Speed up the rate of reaction
Which substance in gastric juice is responsible for breaking down lipids in the stomach?
Gastric lipase
In which part of the digestive tract does food remain as a temporary reservoir for 4-5 hours?
Stomach
Which structure directs food from the pharynx into the esophagus instead of the trachea?
Epiglottis
What digestive secretion contains hydrochloric acid, which unravels proteins and activates pepsinogen?
Gastric juice
Which part of the small intestine is the primary site of digestion and absorption?
Duodenum
Which digestive structure secretes saliva that contains salivary amylase, lingual lipase, and mucus?
Mouth
What is the main function of bile in the digestive process?
To emulsify fats and lipids into smaller globules
Which part of the large intestine is the main site for packaging unabsorbed material for removal?
The colon
What role do the microbiota in the large intestine play in vitamin synthesis?
The microbiota synthesize vitamin B12, B2, and K
What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics?
Probiotics are cultures of living organisms, while prebiotics are carbohydrates that act as food for microbiota
What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
Infection with H. pylori
What is the primary function of the microbiota in the digestive tract?
To aid in digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the primary role of the large intestine in digestion?
Fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrates by the microbiota
What is the main difference between probiotics and prebiotics in terms of their effect on the microbiome?
Probiotics introduce new organisms to the microbiome, while prebiotics support the growth of existing organisms
What is the primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Weakened lower esophageal sphincter
Which of the following is the most common symptom of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
Abdominal pain
Which factors increase the risk of developing diverticulitis?
Age, obesity, smoking, and low fiber diet
What type of high-risk diet is linked to gallstones?
High in simple sugars and saturated fat
What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
Physical inactivity, obesity, and high red and processed meat consumption
Which health condition increases the risk of constipation?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
What is the typical cause of diarrhea?
Bacterial and viral infections
What is the main difference between diverticulitis and diverticulosis?
Diverticulitis is the inflammation of diverticula, while diverticulosis is the presence of diverticula
What is the primary role of the liver in delivering nutrients to the body?
To store and distribute nutrients to the rest of the body
Which of the following is a characteristic of anabolism?
Formation of larger molecules from smaller ones
What is the primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic conditions in pyruvate catabolism?
Presence or absence of oxygen
Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell?
Mitochondrial membrane
What is the end product of the breakdown of glucose in anaerobic conditions?
Pyruvate
What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
To capture energy in ATP
What is the net result of the catabolism of energy-yielding nutrients?
Release of energy
What is the byproduct of the Citric Acid Cycle, besides energy?
CO2 and water
Explore the process of digestion and cellular respiration, including the functions of the digestive tract structures, absorptive mechanisms, and factors affecting digestive health. Learn how cellular respiration converts food energy into cellular energy.
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